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Modeling and Simulation
Challenges and Best Practices for
Industry
Modeling and Simulation
Challenges and Best Practices for
Industry
Guillaume Dubois
This book was previously published in French as La simulation numérique: Enjeux et bonnes pratiques pour
l’industrie (Numerical simulation: Challenges and best practices for industry) by Dunod, Malakoff, France.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have
been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility
for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to
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please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit-
ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
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payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
—Gandhi
Foreword
vii
Special Thanks
To Taylor & Francis, especially Cindy Renee Carelli, executive editor, and
Renee Nakash, editorial assistant, for their professionalism and the quality
of their work.
To Dorothée Dorwood and Olivier Franceschi, the Traductorz, for the quality
of their translation and their great conviviality.
To Benoît Parmentier, whom fate took away violently and whom I wish could
have proofread this book, for training me when I was starting out.
To the Ethiopian farmers from 2000 years ago who discovered coffee and
enabled me to write this book within a few weeks, by night.
Finally, to Doug, the fictional engineer we follow in this book, who, although
he doesn’t exist, helped me a lot in my writing.
ix
Contents
2 A Bit of History................................................................................................9
2.1 Before 1940.............................................................................................. 9
2.2 From 1940 to 1960: The First Steps of Numerical Simulation........ 10
2.3 From 1960 to 1980: The Evolution of Numerical Simulation.......... 11
2.4 From 1980 to 1995: The Revolution of Numerical Simulation....... 13
2.5 From 1995 to 2015: The Spread of Numerical Simulation.............. 14
2.6 Three Lessons from History............................................................... 16
xi
xii Contents
He has progressively held the different roles discussed in this book: mod-
eling engineer—developing models, team manager—managing these engi-
neers, project manager—being a client of these teams.
xiii
This book has been translated by Dorothée Dorwood and Olivier Franceschi.
Introduction
The purpose of this work is to bring the clearest answers to these ques-
tions. Our goal here is to contribute to knowledge sharing in order to open
pathways to the expansion of numerical simulation and maximize the cre-
ation of value for our society.
Observation: The objective of this work is not to explain in detail digital
methods and techniques adapted to specific fields. Many works exist about
these topics (including Pratique de la simulation numérique, Dunod).
xvii
xviii Introduction
Who Is This Book For? (To Be Read First If You Are in a Hurry)
This work targets three types of people:
1
2 Modeling and Simulation
Ice cube
Air
Water
c
T0
hwater
Twater
FIGURE 1.1
The system studied: an ice cube floating in a glass of water.
Where:
t is time
hwater is the heat convection coefficient between the water and the ice cube
Twater is the water temperature
T0 is the temperature of the ice cube
c(t) is the width of the cube, still frozen
Our hypothesis is that the heat exchanges with the air, at the upper side
of the ice cube, are insignificant compared with those of the water, and we
are simplifying the problem by also assuming all the other sides are fully in
contact with the water.
Heat energy contained in the ice cube can be approximated as
Where:
E0 is the ice cube’s energy once it has melted
Lwater fusion is the mass enthalpy of the state change from a liquid to a solid
state
Usual physics laws allow us to predict the total exchanged power equal to
the variation of the system’s energy. Thus, we can write
What Is Numerical Simulation? 3
∂E cube (t)
= Pexchanged (t)
∂(t)
c(tfinal) = 0
FIGURE 1.2
Mathematical model vs. reality.
This is a model!
To thoroughly illustrate our example, we can test this model on a specific
situation. The model is solved analytically, and the solution of this set of
equations is (calculation details are skipped)
c(t = 0) = 2 cm
Twater = 20°C
T0 = 0°C
hwater = 250 W/K/m
2
Lwater fusion = 334 kJ/kg
ρice = 917 kg/m 3
Ice cube
Solid
Air
Water
c
T0
hwater Twater
FIGURE 1.3
The new system studied: the ice cube is now touching a solid made of steel.
∂E (t)
cube = Pexchanged (t)
∂t
c(tfinal ) = 0
or
∂c(t) 1
= − A + B 2
∂t c (t)
A = 5hwater (Twater − T0 )
3Lwater fusion ρice
B = ϕsolid
3Lwater fusion ρice
c(tfinal ) = 0
This very simple addition (the heated solid) complicates the situation. Here,
the equation isn’t analytically solvable (without using inverse trigonometric
functions; that would also require the digital tool).
We have to use numerical methods to solve the equation. For instance, we
can reject time, considering an infinitesimal time frame dt (we will take here
dt = 0.1 s).
c(t + dt) − c ( t ) 1
= − A + B 2
dt c (t)
c(tfinal ) = 0
6 Modeling and Simulation
We are thereby able to calculate c step by step, until the value reaches 0.
c(t = 0) = c0
1
c(dt) = c(t = 0) − dt A + B 2
c (t = 0 )
1
c(2 * dt) = c(t = dt) − dt A + B 2
c (t = dt )
1
c(3 * dt) = c(t = 2 * dt) − dt A + B 2
c ( t = 2 * dt )
...
1
c(n * dt) = c(t = ( n − 1) * dt) − dt A + B 2
c (t = (n − 1) * dt)
c(tfiinal ) = 0
In this way, there are n calculations to operate to be able to find the final
value (n being the number of iterations to perform before stopping); that is to
say, before c(n*dt) becomes negative. We’ll see that tfinal ≈ 455 s ≈ 8 mn, where
dt = 0.1 s; so 4550 calculations must be performed to find the answer!
This is the moment the digital tool unveils its usefulness. It is able to per-
form these 4550 calculations in a split second, whereas a human being would
have needed several hours. A computer just needs these previous equations
translated into a digital language to solve them (see the numerical model in
Figure 1.4).
By using a computer and the appropriate software, these calculations are
performed in a split second, and the solution we find is tfinal ≈ 455 s ≈ 8 mn.
Thus, in 99% of the situations encountered in industry, mathematical mod-
els are converted into numerical models, in order to solve them with digital
tools.
As explained in the previous paragraph, a numerical simulation is the action
of performing a test with a numerical model.
CONTRE-RÉVOLUTION.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mais, indépendamment des causes latentes qui peu à peu se
révèlent, d’autres causes visibles menaient le Directoire à sa perte.
On prévoyait la guerre. La Réveillère lui-même, devant la
coalition qui se formait, grandie de l’alliance russe, avait dit : « La
guerre est nécessaire. »
Pour en payer les frais, on eut recours à une ressource fort
dangereuse : on rétablit l’octroi, avec les grotesques forteresses des
fameuses barrières de Paris, dont plusieurs subsistent encore.
Au milieu de l’irritation causée par cette mesure, arriva la
nouvelle de l’assassinat de nos envoyés, tués par les Autrichiens à
Rastadt.
Déjà des traitements barbares, infligés aux prisonniers français
en Angleterre, indiquaient qu’aux yeux de nos ennemis, un Français
n’était plus un homme. Cette inhumanité nous fut très-profitable. Elle
remonta, tendit le nerf national. Nous retrouvâmes l’élan de 92. Une
nouvelle génération, surgit, non moins brave, et bien plus
disciplinée. A cette époque, le culte de la république était si fort
encore, qu’on l’opposait comme une autre religion aux barbares et
fanatiques soldats de Suvarow.
La loi de la conscription (réquisition perpétuelle) fut proposée par
Jourdan, votée avec enthousiasme. L’élan fut tel que le
gouvernement se trouva fort embarrassé de suivre un mouvement si
rapide.
Au milieu de cet élan guerrier, éclata le désastre d’Aboukir.
Le Directoire, apprenant ce malheur, causé surtout par la
négligence de Bonaparte, qui n’approvisionnait pas la flotte, ne
l’accusa pas en séance publique, mais assembla le Corps législatif
dans la Bibliothèque. Là eut lieu une vive contestation entre les
frères de Bonaparte et ses adversaires (certainement la Réveillère-
Lepeaux) [114] .
[114] Le roi Joseph, dans ses Mémoires, nous a
donné cette anecdote, t. I.
Les frères virent désormais dans celui-ci leur principal obstacle,
et commencèrent contre lui une guerre singulière. Ils se plaignaient
des dépenses du Directoire, ils accusaient surtout le plus économe,
le plus sévère des Directeurs, celui qui ne dépensait rien.
Avec deux mots, déficit et octroi, plus d’impôt sur les choses
nécessaires à la vie du pauvre, — on commença une guerre terrible
contre les Directeurs, surtout contre la Réveillère, la vraie colonne, la
pierre de l’angle du Directoire. Lui tombé, on le savait bien, tout était
abattu.
Sa figure magnifique (voy. au Cabinet des Estampes) en donne
une grande idée. Et ses épaules un peu voûtées ne font qu’exagérer
l’impression d’indomptable résistance qu’exprime cette figure. — Lui
seul était la Loi.
La Réveillère n’avait qu’un tort, d’exiger qu’un moment si trouble
fût conduit par l’ordre rigoureux de la paix, et de vouloir soumettre
les généraux aux commissaires civils. — On destitue Championnet,
le conquérant de Naples, aimé de l’Italie, malgré les contributions
qu’il était obligé de demander aux Italiens.
La situation ne permettait guère cette rigoureuse austérité. —
Nos généraux, dans de telles circonstances, devaient avoir quelque
latitude, ne pas être gênés par les agents civils.
Derrière cette idée fort juste, beaucoup d’intrigues se cachaient.
Les bonapartistes hardiment, sous le masque patriotique, étaient
prêts à se porter à de grandes violences. Barras flottait, et, trop
heureux de rester au pouvoir, s’était mis du côté des violents.
Ici s’ouvrit une scène mémorable. Cet étourdi Barras, oubliant le
ferme courage de celui à qui il parlait, osa dire à la Réveillère : « Eh
bien, c’est fait ! les sabres sont tirés ! » et par là s’attira cette
foudroyante réponse : « Misérable ! que parles-tu de sabres ? Il n’y a
ici que des couteaux, et ils sont dirigés contre des hommes
irréprochables que vous voulez égorger ! »
Il résista tout le jour, ne céda que le soir, réfléchissant sans doute
qu’un massacre dans Paris encouragerait nos ennemis, refroidirait
l’élan des nôtres. Donc il céda au parti militaire, quoiqu’il vît bien
l’intrigue qui s’y mêlait, et qui en profiterait. — Il dit : « Je cède. Mais
la république est perdue ! »
Il se retira, nu et pauvre, en refusant les sommes qu’en cas de
retraite, on devait donner aux Directeurs.
DE LA RUE CHANTEREINE.
A. M.
CHAPITRE V
COMMENT BONAPARTE OBTINT DE SORTIR D’ÉGYPTE.
D’ÉGYPTE.