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ﻛﺘﺎب “ زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ارﺷﺪ زﻳﺮ ذره ﺑﻴﻦ” ﻣﺎﺣﺼﻞ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮده ﺑﻮده و ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ
و ﻧﮕﺮﺷﻲ ﻧﻮ ﺑﻪ درس زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲِ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻣﻴﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﻪ رﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ.
اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ دو ﺟﻠﺪ اﺳﺖ:
ﺟﻠﺪ اول آن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ اﺻﻠﻲ “ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت واژﮔﺎن زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ رﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ و
ﮔﺮاﻳﺸﺎت از ﺳﺎل 86ﺗﺎ “ ،”93ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻟﻐﺎت ﺿﺮوري و ﭘﺮﻛﺎرﺑﺮد” و در
ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ “ﺟﺎﻣﻊﺗﺮﻳﻦ راﻫﻨﻤﺎي واژﮔﺎن ﻣﻬﻢ و ﭘﺮ ﺗﻜﺮار در ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ” ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺟﻠﺪ دوم آن ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ اﻛﻨﻮن ﭘﻴﺶ روي ﺷﻤﺎ ﻋﺰﻳﺰان اﺳﺖ ،ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻪ زﻳﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ اﺻﻠﻲ“ ،ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﻛﻠﻮزﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ رﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ و ﮔﺮاﻳﺸﺎت از ﺳﺎل 86ﺗﺎ “ ،”93ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻧﻜﺎت ﺿﺮوري” و “آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ و ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻲ از ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ و ﭘﺮﻛﺎرﺑﺮد
زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻠﻮزﺗﺴﺖ(” ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﭼﺮا زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ارﺷﺪ زﻳﺮ ذره ﺑﻴﻦ؟
ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ،آن را ﻧﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺑﺎ داﻣﻨﻪ وﺳﻴﻌﻲ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ
ﻣﻲداﻧﻨﺪ .اﻳﺪه ﻧﮕﺎرش ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ درك روﻧﺪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﻮاﻻت زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي
ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ذﻫﻨﻤﺎن ﺧﻄﻮر ﻛﺮد .ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ در آﻳﻨﺪه ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ آن آﺷﻨﺎ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﺪ ﺷﺪ.
ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب :وﺟﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ارﺷﺪ ،ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ
ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ رﻳﺰﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻫﻤﻮاره داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮال را در
ذﻫﻦ ﻣﻲﭘﺮوراﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ “ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮ زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ارﺷﺪ ﻛﺪام ﻣﻨﺒﻊ را ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ؟” ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد ﭼﺎپ
داﺧﻞ و ﺧﺎرج از ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺧﻼء ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ از اﻫﺪاﻓﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ
اﻳﻦ دو ﺟﻠﺪ رأساﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﺧﻮد ﻗﺮار دادﻳﻢ ،اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﺮوف ﺑﻮد:
“ﺑﺠﺎي آﻧﻜﻪ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﺨﻮاﻧﻴﺪ ،ﻳﻚ ﻛﺘﺎب را ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎر ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ”.
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از اﻳﻦ رو ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻴﺖ و ﻣﺎﻧﻌﻴﺖ را در ﺑﺤﺚ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن
اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ .ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻣﻬﻢ و ﺿﺮوري زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ راهﮔﺸﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﻲ
ﺷﻤﺎ داﻧﺶ ﭘﮋوﻫﺎن ﻋﺰﻳﺰ در اﻳﻦ وادي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
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.5در آﺧﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺟﻤﻼت )ﻛﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ از ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﺳﺎده در آن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده
ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ( ﻣﺸﻜﻞ دارﻳﺪ ،ﺣﺘﻤﺎً اﺑﺘﺪا ﺟﻠﺪ اول را ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮاغ اﻳﻦ ﺟﻠﺪ
ﺑﻴﺎﻳﻴﺪ .اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺳﺎده و روان ﺑﻴﺎن ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ داﻣﻨﻪ
ﺑﺎﻻي ﻟﻐﺎت ،ﺟﻬﺖ ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي و ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ.
.6و ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮ از ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻜﺎت ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ،ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺨﺶ را ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ .ﻧﻜﺎت ﺑﺴﻴﺎر
ﻣﻔﻴﺪ و ﺑﺎاﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،در ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
ﭼﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮاﺗﻲ ﺗﺎ ﭼﺎپ آﺗﻲ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﺖ؟
ﻣﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰودن ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﻜﻮر و ﺑﻪ روزرﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻜﺎت ﺿﺮوري دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن
ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ .در ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮز در آﻏﺎز راه ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ ،از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن
ﻋﺰﻳﺰ درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ دارﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ،اﺷﻜﺎﻻت اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ را ﻳﺎدآوري ﻧﻤﻮده ﺗﺎ در
ﭼﺎپﻫﺎي آﺗﻲ ،اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز ﺻﻮرت ﭘﺬﻳﺮد.
ﺷﻤﺎ ﻫﻤﺮاﻫﺎن ﻋﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻴﺪ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدات ،ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات و ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺳﻮال ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺧﻮد را ﺑﺎ
ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ وبﺳﺎﻳﺖ رﺳﻤﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﻪ آدرس www.GeneralEnglish.irو ﻳﺎ از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ارﺳﺎل
اﻳﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ GeneralEnglish.ir @ gmail.comﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﺑﮕﺬارﻳﺪ.
ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ،در راﺳﺘﺎي رﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻛﺘﺎب ،ﺑﻪ زودي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻔﻴﺪ و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي
و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻮع در ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﺎرﮔﺬاري ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ .اﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎ و ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻖ
داﻧﺶ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ .ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻴﺪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺧﻮد را از ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ و ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ در اﺳﺮع وﻗﺖ ،ﺑﻪ آنﻫﺎ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻲ داده ﺷﻮد.
در ﭘﺎﻳﺎن وﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻣﻲداﻧﻴﻢ از ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺠﻴﺪ اﻳﻮزﻳﺎن ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﮔﺮدآوري اﻳﻦ
ﻛﺘﺎب ﻫﻤﺮاﻫﻤﺎن ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ روﺣﻴﻪاي ﺟﻬﺖ اداﻣﻪ دادن اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ
داﺷﺘﻴﻢ ،از ﻫﻴﭻ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ درﻳﻎ ﻧﻨﻤﻮدﻧﺪ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ.
و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﭙﺎس از ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﮕﺎه داﻧﺶ ،ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي ﻣﺤﻤﻮدﻳﺎن ،ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻋﺘﻤﺎدﺷﺎن ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب،
ﻓﺼﻠﻲ ﻧﻮ در زﺑﺎن ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﮔﺸﻮدﻧﺪ.
در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺪت ﻳﻜﺴﺎل ﻧﮕﺎرش ﺟﻠﺪ دوم ﻛﺘﺎب ،ﻟﺒﺨﻨﺪ ﭘﺪر و ﻣﺎدر ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻣﺎن ،اﻣﻴﺪﺑﺨﺶ و ره ﺗﻮﺷﻪ راﻫﻤﺎن ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.
ﻫﺎدي ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺸﺎﻫﻲ -اﻟﻨﺎز ﻳﻮﺳﻒزاده ﺑﺮي
13ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ 1393
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ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﺟﻠﺪ اول ﻛﺘﺎب زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ارﺷﺪ زﻳﺮ ذرهﺑﻴﻦ
ﺟﻠﺪ اول ﻛﺘﺎب زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ارﺷﺪ زﻳﺮذرهﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎري اﻧﺘﺸﺎرات ﻧﮕﺎه داﻧﺶ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ رﺳـﻴﺪه
اﺳﺖ ،ﻣﺒﺤﺚ واژﮔﺎن ارﺷﺪ را ﺑﻄﻮر ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ .اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ از
زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ رﺷﺘﻪ و ﮔﺮاﻳﺸﺎت از ﺳﺎل 86ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮاه ذﻛﺮ ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ آن ﻣـﻲ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﻴﻦ
ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻞﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ واژﮔـﺎن و ﻟﻐـﺎت ﺿـﺮوري و ﭘﺮﻛـﺎرﺑﺮد زﺑـﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴـﻲ اﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ در
ﻛﻨﻜﻮرﻫﺎي 8ﺳﺎل اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ.
وﺟﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ آن ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺘﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ،در ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﺑـﻪ زﺑـﺎن ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻠﻴـﻪ
رﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ و ﮔﺮاﻳﺸﺎت از ﺳﺎل 86ﺗﺎ ،92ذﻛﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﻜﺮار واژﮔﺎن ﻣﻬـﻢ و ﭘـﺮ ﺗﻜـﺮار در اﻧﺘﻬـﺎي ﻛﺘـﺎب و
ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻗﻮي ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻲ و ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ اﺳﺖ.
ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺣﺎوي ﺑﻴﺶ از 3600ﻣﺜﺎل و 2000ﻟﻐﺖ ﭘﺮﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻐﺎت ﭘﺮ ﺗﻜﺮار در ﻛﻨﻜـﻮر و
ﻟﻐﺎت ﻛﺘﺎبﻫﺎي ﭘﺮﻃﺮﻓﺪاري ﻫﻤﭽﻮن 504و ﻟﻐﺎت ﺿﺮوري ﺗﺎﻓﻞ ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻛﺘﺎب و ﺑﻪ ﺻـﻮرت
ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ،ﻣﺘﺮادف و ﻣﺜﺎل اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ آورده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ .اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ واژﮔـﺎن
ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ،ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ داﻧﺶﭘﮋوﻫﺎن ﻋﺰﻳﺰ در ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي ﻟﻐﺎت و ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻳﻦ زﺑـﺎن در ﺑﺴـﺘﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕـﻲ و
ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي آن ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد.
در اﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻳﺎدآور ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻠﺪ اول ﻛﺘﺎب ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻠﺪ ﭘـﻴﺶ رو ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﺎﻟﻪ وﻳـﺮاﻳﺶ ﺷـﺪه و
ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻛﻨﻜﻮر اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه واژﮔﺎن و ﻧﻜﺎت ﺿﺮوري آن ،ﺑـﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋـﻪ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮر اﺿـﺎﻓﻪ ﻣـﻲﮔـﺮدد ﺗـﺎ
ﻣﺠﻠﺪي ﻏﻨﻲ و ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﮔﺮدد.
اﻣﻴﺪ آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ دو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ اﻧﺪك در ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮد آﻣﻮزش زﺑﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺴـﻞ
ﺟﻮﻳﺎي داﻧﺶ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
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ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣــــﻪ
49 ﺻﻔـــــﺖ
.2ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻗﺮارﮔﻴﺮي ﺻﻔﺖ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ .1ﻓﺮم و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺻﻔﺖ
.4ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪاي و ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ .3ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ و ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ
ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪاي ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ
ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ
as…as .6و as not…as .5ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻗﺮارﮔﻴﺮي ﺻﻔﺎت
as … as .7ﻧﻜﺎت ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت
not as … as ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ
more/less/fewer than اﺳﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮوﺷﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺻﻔﺖ
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از someone، something ،someو ...
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي اﺳﻢ
59 ﻗﻴــــــﺪ
.3ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻗﻴﺪ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ .1ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد و ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻗﻴﺪ
.4ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪاي و ﻗﻴﺪ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻲ .2اﻧﻮاع ﻗﻴﺪ
ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪاي ﻗﻴﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )(manner
ﻗﻴﺪ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎن )(place
.5ﻧﻜﺎت ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻗﻴﺪ زﻣﺎن و ﺗﻜﺮار )(time & frequency
ﻗﻴﺪ اﻧﺪازه )(degree
ﻗﻴﺪ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن )(certainty
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ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ
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در ﺑﺨﺶ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن ،ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﻦ ،ﺷﺮوع ﺑﻪ آﻣﻮزش زﺑﺎن ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻳﻢ .دﻳﺪﮔﺎه ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي
ﺗﺪرﻳﺲ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ،ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ .ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮد ،ﻓﺼﻮل را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ
ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻳﻢ:
ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ و ﺣﺮوف ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻣﺼﺪر
ﻗﻴﺪ اﺳﻢ
و در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ در ﻓﺼﻞ آﺧﺮ ﻣﺎﺣﺼﻞ اﻳﻦ اﺟﺰا را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻳﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻧﮕﺎه ﻛﺮدهاﻳﻢ:
ﺟﻤﻠﻪ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر آن Clause Phrase
اﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺳﺒﺐ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺎ اﺟﺰاي ﺳﺨﻦ آﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪه و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺻﺤﻴﺢ
از اﻳﻦ اﺟﺰا در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ را درك ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ وﻳﮋﮔﻲ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ،ﻣﺒﻨﺎ ﻗﺮار دادن روﻧﺪ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ
اﺳﺖ .در اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي دﻓﻌﺎت ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﻜﺎت و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ،ﻓﺼﻞ
ﺟﺎري را ﻧﮕﺎﺷﺘﻪاﻳﻢ.
در ﺑﺤﺚ ﮔﺮاﻣﺮ ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ،در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻫﺮ زﻳﺮﻣﻮﺿﻮع ،ﻋﺪدي ﺑﻪ رﻧﮓ ﻃﻮﺳﻲ درج ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه
ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه از آن ﺑﺨﺶ )از ﺳﺎل 86ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮن( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﺪد 15در ﻛﻨﺎر
زﻳﺮﻓﺼﻞ ) 1,1زﻣﺎن اﻓﻌﺎل( ،ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮ آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﻮن 15ﺳﻮال ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ از اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ در
ﻛﻨﻜﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺮح ﺷﺪهاﺳﺖ .ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﺎً ﻋﺪد ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ درﺟﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي آن ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داﺷﺖ.
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ﺟﺪول زﻳﺮ درﺻﺪ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه ﻃﻲ 8ﺳﺎل اﺧﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ارﺷﺪ را ،ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻓﺼﻮل ﻛﺘﺎب ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ.
% 24 / 9 ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻣﺼﺪر
%2 / 4 ﻣﺒﺤﺚ اﺳــﻢ
%6 / 6 ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺻــﻔﺖ
%5 / 3 ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﻴـــﺪ
% 15 / 5 ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ و ﺣﺮوف
% 39 / 8 ﻋﺒﺎرات ،ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
%5 / 5
1
ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻟﻐﺎت و اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﺎص
اﻟﺒﺘﻪ دﻗﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻓﺼﻮل درﺻﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،اﻣﺎ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ
ﻓﺼﻮل اﺻﻠﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻋﺒﺎرات ،ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﭘﺲ ﻓﺼﻠﻲ را ﺑﺪﻟﻴﻞ درﺻﺪ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ از دﺳﺖ ﻧﺪﻫﻴﺪ.
ﭘﺮ ﺗﻜﺮارﺗﺮﻳﻦ زﻳﺮﻓﺼﻞﻫﺎي ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺴﺖ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه از آن در 8ﺳﺎل اﺧﻴﺮ ،از اﻳﻦ ﻗﺮارﻧﺪ:
78ﺗﺴﺖ clauseﻳﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
23ﺗﺴﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
19ﺗﺴﺖ ﺟﻤﻼت ﻣﻌﻠﻮم و ﻣﺠﻬﻮل
18ﺗﺴﺖ اﺳﻢ ﻣﺼﺪر و ﻣﺼﺪر
17ﺗﺴﺖ Determiners
15ﺗﺴﺖ زﻣﺎن اﻓﻌﺎل
اﮔﺮ زﻣﺎن اﻧﺪﻛﻲ در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر دارﻳﺪ ،ﺣﺘﻤﺎً اﻳﻦ 6زﻳﺮﺑﺨﺶ را ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ .اﻳﻦ 6ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ
66درﺻﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي 8ﺳﺎل اﺧﻴﺮ را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ.
ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ،داﻧﺶ زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻤﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻮن زﻳﺎدي را زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ .ﺻﺮﻓﺎً از ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﻟﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ و ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮدن آن ،ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮان ادﻋﺎ ﻧﻤﻮد ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ
ﻣﺒﺤﺚ وﺟﻮد دارد .ﭘﺲ ،از ﻫﻤﻴﻦ اﻣﺮوز ﺳﻌﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﻮن ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي را ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻮن ﺑﺎ
ذرهﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي دﻗﺖ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرات و ﺟﻤﻼت آن را ﺑﻪ اﺟﺰاي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ دﻫﻨﺪهاش ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ .اﻳﻦ
ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد ﺗﺎ داﻧﺶ ﺧﻮد را در ﺣﺪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻲ ارﺗﻘﺎ دﻫﻴﺪ.
ﻧﻜﺎت ﮔﺮاﻣﺮي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ راهﮔﺸﺎي ﺷﻤﺎ ﻋﺰﻳﺰان در ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ،
ﻛﻨﻜﻮر دﻛﺘﺮي و ﺣﺘﻲ آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ TOEFLو IELTSﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮد.
1در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺳﺎلﻫﺎ از اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت و ﻋﺒﺎرات ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺳﻮال ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﻈﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ داﻧﺶ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﺧﻮﺷﺒﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻏﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﺷﺎﻳﺎن ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ داﻧﺶ ﺟﻠﺪ اول
ﻛﺘﺎب زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ارﺷﺪ زﻳﺮ ذره ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.
GeneralEnglish.ir
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primary auxiliary
perfect progressive
shall
auxiliary verb
past perfect
past progressive
simple present
ought to
has
progressive
after
must
does
simple past
gerund
transitive
are
ing should
2
might can have
active
es
was
determiner
for
would rather
future perfect
am
do
could will is to be
may past participle used to
ed
passive
adjective
simple future
VERBS
since
complement
main verb ing-form
intransitive
present progressive
infinitive
tense
before
were would
present perfect
to
enough
be going to
future progressive
ﺪر ﺪر
ﮐ ﻜ
ﻬﻮ ﻮ
Grammar
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17 زﻣﺎن اﻓﻌﺎل
1
زﻣﺎن اﻓﻌﺎل1,1
The simple Tenses زﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﺳﺎده
( وPresent) ﺣﺎل،(Past) ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ.در ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي ﻫﺮ زﺑﺎن از ﺳﻪ زﻣﺎن اﺻﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد
15
. راﻳﺞﺗﺮﻳﻦ زﻣﺎن ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ، ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺎده زﻣﺎنﻫﺎ.(Future) آﻳﻨﺪه
.ﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎدﮔﻲ آنﻫﺎ را ﻓﺮا ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ
ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎده
Tense Signal Words Meaning
زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎده اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎت،ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻠﻲ
always, every …, never,
Simple Present
normally, often, seldom, ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ را ﺷﺮح ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ
sometimes, usually, ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺎدت،ً ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ،ﻫﻤﻴﺸﮕﻲ
if sentences type I (If در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و، اﻳﻦ رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎ اﻛﻨﻮن.ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ
I talk, …)
.ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻢ در آﻳﻨﺪه وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ
Examples
1. It snows in Alaska.
2. Tom watches TV every day.
3. He plays football every Tuesday.
4. When does the train usually leave?
5. He does not get up early in the morning.
ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده
Tense Signal Words Meaning
yesterday, 2 minutes ago, در ﻳﻚ زﻣﺎن ﺧﺎص در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع
Simple Past
in 1990, the other day, اﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ.ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ
last Friday
ﻗﺒﻼ ﺷﺮوع ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﻴﺰ رﺳﻴﺪه
if sentence type II (If
I talked, …) .اﺳﺖ
Examples
1. It snowed yesterday.
2. Tom watched TV last night.
3. He played football every Tuesday.
4. I killed a snake.
5. I saw the offer advertised in the newspaper.
1
Verbs tense
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18
آﻳﻨﺪه ﺳﺎده
Tense Signal Words Meaning
in a year, next …,
Simple future tomorrow
If-clause Type I (If you در ﻳﻚ زﻣﺎن ﺧﺎص در آﻳﻨﺪه ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع
)ask her, she will help you. ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ.
assumption: I think,
probably, perhaps
Examples
1. It will snow tomorrow. It is going to snow tomorrow.ﻳﺎ
ﻳﺎ 2. Tom will watch TV tomorrow. Tom is going to watch TV tomorrow.
?3. Are you going to meet Jane tonight
4. I'll get you some coffee.
?5. Will you make dinner
ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﻌﻤﻮل از ﺧﻮد ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ در ﺟﻤﻼت ﻣﺜﺒﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ) .ﻣﮕﺮ در اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎت و ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ( ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻛﻤﻜﻲ زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ) doﻳﺎ ،(doesزﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ) (didو زﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه ﺳﺎده ) willﻳﺎ (be goinig toاﺳﺖ.
در زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎده ،ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻮم ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻔﺮد ) (he, she, itﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي اﻓﻌﺎل اﺻﻠﻲ sﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ es
اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ.
ﺑﺮاي اﻓﻌﺎل )… to be (am,is,ﻣﺎ از ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﭼﻪ در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻛﺮد.
در زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده اﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن edﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﺎده ﺑﻪ زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻧﺪ.
ﺑﺮاي اﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع از ﻫﻴﭻ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪاي ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﺷﻤﺎ ﺻﺮﻓﺎً ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ و ﺟﺪاول،
ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺟﺪول اﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ) (irregular verbsﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻮم آنﻫﺎ را ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.
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19 زﻣﺎن اﻓﻌﺎل
در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ،اﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﻴﻢ زﻣﺎن ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻳﻚ روﻳﺪاد را ﺑﺎزﮔﻮ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ از زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد
و ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮان از زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮد.
John drove to London on Monday.
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺤﺎوره ،از زﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه ﺳﺎده اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ را ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ) (contractﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ .ﺑﻪ
ﺻﻮرتﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ دﻗﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ:
I will = I’ll They will = They’ll
You will not = You won’t He will not = He won’t
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري ﻣﻮارد ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از willاز be going toﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ و ﻳﺎ ﻗﺼﺪي ﻛﻪ در
آﻳﻨﺪه اﺗﻔﺎق ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ اﻓﺘﺎد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ.
ﺷﺎﻳﺪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮال ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﻗﻴﻮدي ﻫﻤﭽﻮن only, ever, never, still, justو ﻏﻴﺮه در زﻣﺎن
آﻳﻨﺪه ﺳﺎده ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ؟ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺷﻤﺎ در دو ﻣﺜﺎل زﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ:
You will never help him. ?Will you ever help him
You are never going to meet Jane. ?Are you ever going to meet Jane
در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﻲ ) ،(Passiveزﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه ﺳﺎده ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد) :در ﻣﻮرد اﻓﻌﺎل ﻣﺠﻬﻮل در ﺳﺎﻳﺮ
ﻓﺼﻮل اﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎب ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ داد(.
a) John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
b) Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ زﻣﺎنﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ از ﺟﺪول ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ زﻣﺎنﻫﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ .در آﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺮ زﻣﺎن
ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و اﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل اﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻲﻗﺎﻋﺪه ،ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ
ﺟﺪاول و ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﻴﺪ.
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20
ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري
Tense Signal Words Meaning
ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﺪﺗﻲ ﺧﺎص
ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪه و در زﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ در
Past Progressive
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ.ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ در ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ
while, as long as
ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده،ﻛﺎري دﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
.ﻣﻲﺷﻮد
Examples
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21 زﻣﺎن اﻓﻌﺎل
آﻳﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري
Tense Signal Words Meaning
Future Progressive ﺑﺮاي ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ در ﻃﻲ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ در آﻳﻨﺪه
in one year, next week, ﺑﻄﻮل ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ و ﻋﻤﻠﻲ
tomorrow, …
.ﻛﻪ از وﻗﻮﻋﺶ در آﻳﻨﺪه ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻴﻢ
Examples
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22
دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ اﺷﺘﺒﺎه ،زﻣﺎن ﺳﺎده را ﺑﺎ زﻣﺎن اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ .ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺎده ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ .ﻳﻜﻲ از
راهﻫﺎي ﺳﺎده ﺑﺎدﮔﻴﺮي ﮔﺮاﻣﺮ ،اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ اﺳﺖ:
Jane was being at my house when you arrived. WRONG
Jane was at my house when you arrived. CORRECT
ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮدﺗﻮن ﺑﮕﻴﺪ :ﺟﻴﻦ داﺷﺖ در ﺧﺎﻧﻪام ﺑﻮد!!!! وﻗﺘﻲ ﺗﻮ رﺳﻴﺪي ...آﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داد؟
ﭘﺲ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮان از زﻣﺎن اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮد.
ﮔﺎﻫﻲ اوﻗﺎت از زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺸﺎن دادن ﻋﻤﻠﻲ در آﻳﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد .در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ،ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪاي
ﻣﺤﻜﻢ و ﻗﻄﻌﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ در ﻣﻮرد ﻛﺎر ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ دارﻳﻢ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺣﺎل اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ،ﻣﺎ
ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺠﺎم آن ﻛﺎر ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﻳﺰي ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻳﻢ .ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working.
We're eating in a restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table..
ﻣﺎ اﻣﺸﺐ دارﻳﻢ ﺗﻮ رﺳﺘﻮران ﻏﺬاﻣﻮن رو ﻣﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ! ﻫﻢ اﻛﻨﻮن ﻣﻴﺰﻣﻮن رو ﻫﻢ رزرو ﻛﺮدهاﻳﻢ} ...ﻫﻤﻪ ﭼﻲ ﻗﻄﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ{...
ﻳﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺳﺎده دﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ زﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري .ﻓﺮض ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻓﺮدا ﺷﻤﺎ ﻗﺼﺪ دارﻳﺪ ﻛﺎري را در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ 2
ﺷﺮوع ﻛﻨﻴﺪ و در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ 7ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﺑﺮﻳﺪ .ﻳﻌﻨﻲ در ﺳﺎﻋﺖ 4ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﺸﻐﻮل اﻧﺠﺎم دادن ﻛﺎري ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﺪ ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺗﻲ
ﻗﺒﻞ ﺷﺮوع ﺷﺪه و ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ .ﭘﺲ زﻣﺎن آﻳﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻳﻦ ﻛﺎر را در آﻳﻨﺪه
ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﺪ:
At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.
Telegram.me/Academic_Library
ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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44
1
1
2,1اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش و ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش
ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎي اﺳﺎﺳﻲ زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ و زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ اﺳﺖ .در زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ
ﺷﻤﺎرش و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﻳﺎدﮔﻴﺮي اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﺮ آن ،ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺣﻔﻆ
ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻲﺷﻤﺎري ﻟﻐﺎت ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ دو ﮔﺮوه ﻛﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ.
ﻳﻚ ﻟﻐﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺣﺮوف ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻓﻌﻞ
ﻣﻔﺮد ﻳﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﭙﺬﻳﺮد .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﻤﻊ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﺮد ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر روﻧﺪ.
اﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﻐﺎت ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن sﻳﺎ esﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي آن ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ اﺳﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻟﻐﺎت ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ
ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ:
… ): man/men , wife/wives , foot/feet , basis/bases , leaf/leaves,ﺟﻤﻊ/ﻣﻔﺮد( ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت از ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻔﺮد
… ): sheep/sheep , deer/deer , swine/swine,ﺟﻤﻊ/ﻣﻔﺮد( ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺮد ﺧﻮد
1
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
GeneralEnglish.ir
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45 ﺣﺮوف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﭘﺲ از اﺳﻢ
،little ،no ،any ،some دﻗﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻴﻢ ﭘﻴﺶ از اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش از ﺣﺮوﻓﻲ ﭼﻮن
. ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان آن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﻨﻴﻢ... وa great deal of ،a bit of ،a piece of ،a lot of ،more
They have no information about the accused.
There is little milk in the glass.
در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ.در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺳﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺑﻜﺎر روﻧﺪ
ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ وﻗﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ، در ﻣﻌﻨﺎي زﻧﺪﮔﻲlive ً ﻣﺜﻼ.ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺧﺎص ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ اﺷﺎره دارﻧﺪ
.ﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻔﺮ ﻳﺎ زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﻜﺎر ﻣﻲرود ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ اﺳﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻣﻲﺷﻮد
It was feared that two lives had been lost. ()دو ﻧﻔﺮ
She has long blonde hair. ()ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش
My father's getting a few grey hairs now. ()ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮي ﺧﺎص
اﻣﺎ.( اﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش دﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ.. آب ﭘﺮﺗﻘﺎل و، آب،ﻧﻮﺷﻴﺪﻧﻲﻫﺎ و ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت )ﭼﺎي
.اﮔﺮ ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻴﻮان ﻳﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻨﺠﺎن از آن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻣﺜﻼً در رﺳﺘﻮران و ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺳﻔﺎرش( ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ
Two teas and one coffee please.
: اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش را ﺑﻪ اﺳﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮد، ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻳﺎ واﺣﺪ ﺷﻤﺎرش،ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﺎ اﺷﺎره ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع
a glass of milk (countable) / milk (uncountable)
a piece of information (countable) / Information (uncountable)
4
ﺣﺮوف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﭘﺲ از اﺳﻢ2,2
ﻟﻴﺴﺖ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎد اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﻧﻴﺎز دارﻧﺪ،ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺧﻮد
ﺑﻬﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻟﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﻦﭼﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻼت.آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ را ذﻛﺮ ﻧﻤﻮدهاﻳﻢ
. ﺻﻔﺎت و ﻗﻴﻮد را ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺳﭙﺎرﻳﺪ، اﻓﻌﺎل،ﺑﺎ دﻗﺖ و وﺳﻮاس ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺮده و ﺣﺮوف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ
absence from assurance of compassion for
abundance of attack on compensation for
access to attention on complaint against
admission to authority for/on/over concession to
advice against bargain for/with confidence in
affection for battle with conformity to/with
allegiance to belief in contempt for
anger at/about/with benevolence towards control over
anxiety for blindness to conviction of
appetite for cause for/of correspondence with
approval of caution against craving for
aptitude for chance of dependence on
arrival at/in choice between desire for
assent to comparison with difference from/to
GeneralEnglish.ir
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46
. ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺗﺮي در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ و ﺟﺪاول ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ،ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر
ﮔﺎﻫﻲ اوﻗﺎت. ﻣﻜﺎن ﻳﺎ ﭼﻴﺰي اﺳﺖ و ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه وﻳﮋﮔﻲ آن اﺳﻢ، اﺳﻢ ﺷﺨﺺ،ﻫﻤﺎنﻃﻮر ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲداﻧﻴﻢ
: در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺳﻢ اول ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺖ اﻳﻔﺎي ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.ﻳﻚ اﺳﻢ ﺟﻬﺖ وﺻﻒ اﺳﻤﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود
history teacher (history noun as an adjective /teacher noun)
race horse (race noun as an adjective /horse noun)
1
Noun as Adjective
GeneralEnglish.ir
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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GeneralEnglish.ir
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3 position
clause
as...as order
amusing
present
beautiful
linking verb
more
than
continuos
less than
well
too
as not...as amused
2 participles
some
colour
modifier
quantity good best adj.
comparative
noun
hyphen
verb or adjective est er very
quality bad
past
form and function irregular
most
ADJECTIVE
ugly
ﺖ superlative
ﮐر د
در ﻪ ﮕ
ﻮ
ﻪی
ت
ﻜت ﻜ
Grammar
GeneralEnglish.ir
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50
1
3,1ﻓﺮم و ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﺻﻔﺖ
ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺖ ،ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ اﺳﻢ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود .اﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ اﺳﻢ در زﺑﺎن
اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﻠﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮد.
.1اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﻔﺖﻫﺎي ﺳﺎده و ﻣﺘﺪاول
.2اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ
.3اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ
.4اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪاي
اﻳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺷﻜﻞ را در اداﻣﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ داد.
ﻳﺎدآوري :در زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ،ﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻧﺪ و ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻳﺎ ﺟﻨﺲ اﺳﻢ ،ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻧﺨﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮد:
… … some hot potatoes
ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ روي ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻴﻢ از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ دﻳﮕﺮي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﻨﻴﻢ .ﻣﺜﻼً از really ،very ،ratherو ...
ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺪت ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ آن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ:
… … a very hot potato
It starts an essentially chemical reaction.
2
2
3,2ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻗﺮارﮔﻴﺮي ﺻﻔﺖ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺖ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﺟﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﻣﻜﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده دارد.
دﻗﻴﻘﺎً ﻗﺒﻞ از ﻳﻚ اﺳﻢ .1
… … a beautiful girl اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺘﺪاولﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﻔﺖ اﺳﺖ.
.2ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮﺧﻲ اﻓﻌﺎل )ﻋﻠﻲاﻟﺨﺼﻮص ﻓﻌﻞ رﺑﻂ(3
ﺑﺮﺧﻲ اﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺧﻮد ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ از ﺻﻔﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﻨﻨﺪ) .در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎدي ﻗﻴﻮد در
ﻣﻮرد اﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ (.ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﻳﻦ اﻓﻌﺎل ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از:
taste look seem sound smell be
The girl is beautiful.
The meet tastes funny.
The room smells bad.
.3ﭘﺲ از ﺑﺮﺧﻲ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ
در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﺧﺎص ،ﺻﻔﺖ ﭘﺲ از اﺳﻢ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ:
… … The Princess Royal
… … The President elect
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮدﮔﻲ اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت از اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮال ﻃﺮح ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮد.
1
Form and function of adjective
2
Position of adjective
3
linking verb
GeneralEnglish.ir
Telegram.me/Academic_Library
51 ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ و ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ
در زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﺳﺎﻳﺮ زﺑﺎنﻫﺎ ،ﺑﺮﺧﻲ اوﻗﺎت از ﺻﻔﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ از رﻳﺸﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ
اﺳﺎﻣﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ .اﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻪ رﻏﻢ ﺳﺎدﮔﻲ ﻛﻪ دارد ،ﺑﺮاي داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن ﮔﻴﺞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه و ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ
ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ و ﺗﻤﻴﺰ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ در ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ را ﺑﺮاي آنﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ.
ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎده و ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع را ﺑﺮاي ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ رﻓﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ.
3,3,1ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ
زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ) (verb+ingاﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ،اﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ آن را دارﻳﻢ ،ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﻳﺎ
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﺎر اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ "ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ،داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن را ﮔﻴﺞ و ﺳﺮدرﮔﻢ ﻛﺮد» ".ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ« ﻓﺎﻋﻞ و »ﮔﻴﺞ ﻛﺮدن«
ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮح آن ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻳﻢ:
The problem confuses the students. It is a confusing problem.
ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ اﺳﻢ
در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ روﺑﺮو ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﺷﻤﺎ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ
ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ،ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺣﺪس ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻣﻮرد درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻮده ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل:
)ﭘﺎرس ﻛﺮدن=It was a ……. dog. (barking or barked?) (bark
ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮال ﺳﺎده ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻫﻴﺪ .ﺳﮓ ﭘﺎرس ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺳﮓ ﻣﻮرد ﭘﺎرس واﻗﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد!!!؟ ﺧﺐ ،ﻣﺸﺨﺺ
اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اول ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ .ﺳﮓ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ و ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ اﺳﺖ ،ﭘﺲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد:
It was a barking dog.
ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎﻳﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ:
The story amused the children. It was an amusing story.
The class bores the students. !What a boring class it is
The dog frightens the cat. The frightening dog runs after the cat.
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Participles as adjectives
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3,3,2ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ
زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ) verb+edﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ p.pاﻓﻌﺎل ﺑﻲ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ ،اﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ
ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ آن را دارﻳﻢ ،ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻛﺎر اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ "ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ،داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن را ﮔﻴﺞ و ﺳﺮدرﮔﻢ ﻛﺮد ".آن ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ
ﻛﻪ ﮔﻴﺞ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ و ﻣﻔﻌﻮل آن ﻛﺎرﻧﺪ ،داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮح آن ﺑﻬﺮه ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻳﻢ:
The problem confuses the students. They are confused students.
ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ اﺳﻢ
در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻜﻮس ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﻲ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ روﺑﺮو ﺷﻮﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﺷﻤﺎ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ
ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ،ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺣﺪس ﺑﺰﻧﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﻣﻮرد درﺧﻮاﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻮده ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮل:
)?It is a newly ……. room. (painted or painting
ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮال ﺳﺎده ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻫﻴﺪ .اﺗﺎق رﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻳﺎ اﺗﺎق را رﻧﮓ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ!!!؟ ﺧﺐ ،ﭘﺮ واﺿﺢ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ
ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دوم ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﻮده و اﺗﺎق ،ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ ،ﻟﺬا ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد:
It is a newly painted room.
از ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮد .ﻣﺜﻼً اﺗﺎق رﻧﮓ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اﺳﺖ و ﻳﺎ رﻧﮓ ﺷﻮﻧﺪه؟ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﺎً در ﻫﻴﭻ ﺟﺎي دﻧﻴﺎ اﺗﺎﻗﻲ دﻳﺪه
ﻧﺸﺪه ﻛﻪ ﻗﻠﻤﻮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﻣﺸﻐﻮل رﻧﮓ ﻛﺮدن ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ!! ﭘﺲ اﺗﺎق ،رﻧﮓ ﺷﻮﻧﺪه و ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﻓﻌﻞ رﻧﮓ ﻛﺮدن
اﺳﺖ ،ﻧﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ آن.
ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎﻳﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ:
The story amused the children. The amused children laughed a lot.
The class bores the students. The bored students left the class.
The dog frightens the cat. The frightened cat runs away.
ﻳﻚ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل در ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ و ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﮔﻮل زﻣﺎن ﻓﻌﻞ را ﻣﻲﺧﻮرﻳﺪ!! ﻣﺜﻼً ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻪ
ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه edاﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ ﻫﻴﭻ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻧﺪارد ﻛﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺷﺪه از آن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ edدار
ﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
The story amused the children. It was an amusing story.
ﻳﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري اﺳﺖ و ﺻﻔﺖ آن اﻟﺰاﻣﺎً ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ingدار ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
The clown was entertaining the family. The family was entertained.
ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ،ﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ و ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه اﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ را ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺘﻪ ،ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺮاي اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺻﻔﺖ
ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ و ﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ.
ﮔﺎﻫﺎً در ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ دارﻳﻢ .ﺑﺎز ﻫﻢ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ راه درك ،ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ و ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ آن اﺳﺖ:
ﻓﻌﻞ
)در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺳﺮﮔﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﺎ زﻣﺎن ﻣﺎﺿﻲ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري اﺳﺖ( 1. The clown was entertaining the family.
)در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺳﺮﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ( 2. The clown was very entertaining.
ﻓﻌﻞ
ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ راه اﺳﺖ .1 :دﻟﻘﻚ در ﺣﺎل ﺳﺮﮔﺮم ﻛﺮدن ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺑﻮد .2 .دﻟﻘﻚ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺳﺮﮔﺮم ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﻮد.
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53 ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ و ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ
در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﺮاي روﺷﻦ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع و ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ از
ﻗﻴﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﻞ اﺻﻠﻲ )ﭘﻴﺶ از ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺷﺪن( اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ:
… … a newly painted room
She looked immensely relieved when she heard the news.
The experience was absolutely terrifying.
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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4,1ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد و ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻗﻴﺪ
3
ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ داده ﺷﺪ ﺻﻔﺖ اﺳﻢ را ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ اﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﻌﻞ ،ﺻﻔﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ دﻳﮕﺮ را
ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ .در اﺻﻼح ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ modify ،ﻛﺮدن ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ .ﭘﺲ ﻗﻴﺪ 3ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻋﻤﺪه دارد:
ﺟﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺻﺪاي ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ .اﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ و ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮدن اﺳﺖ...
)?Afterwards she smoked a cigarette. (When did she smoke
ﺑﻌﺪ از آن او ﺳﻴﮕﺎري ﻛﺸﻴﺪ ...ﺑﻌﺪ از آن ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي در ﻣﻮرد زﻣﺎن وﻗﻮع ﻓﻌﻞ ﺳﻴﮕﺎر ﻛﺸﻴﺪن اﺳﺖ...
ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ و ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ درﺑﺎره ﺻﻔﺖ:3
)?He is really handsome. (How handsome is he
اون واﻗﻌﺎً ﺧﻮش ﻗﻴﺎﻓﻪ اس ...ﻛﻠﻤﻪ واﻗﻌﺎً در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺧﻮش ﻗﻴﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﻮدن را ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﺑﺪان ﺷﺪت ﻣﻲﺑﺨﺸﺪ.
!You look absolutely fabulous
ﺗﻮ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺷﮕﻔﺖ اﻧﮕﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﺎي ...در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺷﺮﺣﻲ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺖ ﺷﮕﻔﺖ اﻧﮕﻴﺰ اﺳﺖ.
ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ و ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ درﺑﺎره ﻗﻴﺪ:4
She played the violin extremely well.
اون وﻳﻮﻟﻦ رو ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻮاﺧﺖ .اﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي درﺑﺎره ﻗﻴﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺖ...
)?She drives incredibly slowly. (How slowly does she drive
اون ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮز ﺑﺎورﻧﻜﺮدﻧﻲ آروم راﻧﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻪ ...ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮز ﺑﺎورﻧﻜﺮدﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻔﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ آراﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ...
ﻳﻚ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻴﺰ دارد .ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﻪ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ زﻳﺮ دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ "ﺑﻮﺿﻮح" ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﺮددObviously, I can't know everything. .5
در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ "ﻓﻮراً ﻳﺎ دﻗﻴﻘﺎ" ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﺮددIt's immediately inside the door. .6
ﺳﺎدهﺗﺮﻳﻦ راه ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺠﺎد ﻗﻴﺪ ،اﻓﺰودن lyﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺻﻔﺎت اﺳﺖ:
)quick (adjective) quickly (adverb )horrible (adjective) horribly (adverb
She certainly had an interesting life.
اﻟﺒﺘﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﺎً ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن lyﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮان از آن ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ.
1
Form and Function of adverbs
2
Qualify or Modify a verb
3
Modify an adjective
4
Modify another adverb
5
Modify a whole sentence
6
Modify a prepositional phrase
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61 اﻧﻮاع ﻗﻴﺪ
از ﻃﺮف دﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺗﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ lyﺧﺘﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﻣﺜﻼً lonely ،lovely ،friendlyو
neighborlyﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﺻﻔﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ .ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻫﻢ در ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻗﻴﺪي ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ و ﻫﻢ در ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﺻﻔﺖ.
fast ،little ،dailyاز اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﻪاﻧﺪ.
ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻗﻴﻮد ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ از ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ و ﻓﺮم ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه را ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ:
… wrong, hard, well, fast, very, never, always, often, still, late. early, high,
ﺟﻬﺖ آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺪول اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﺎت ﻗﻴﻮد در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.
4,2اﻧﻮاع ﻗﻴﺪ
4
1
ﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﻗﻴﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ را ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ و ﺑﺎ اﻓﻌﺎل ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )(linking verb
از ﻗﻴﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ:
He ran fast. She came quickly. They worked happily. CORRECT
She looked beautifully. It seems strangely. They are happily. WRONG
ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎر را ﺑﺎزﮔﻮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ و ﻣﺜﻼً اﻳﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ از ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻏﻠﻂ اﺳﺖ:
آن ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺷﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ!!! ﻓﻌﻞ ﺑﻮدن ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد ﺑﮕﻴﺮد ...ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ اﻓﻌﺎل از ﺻﻔﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده
ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ They are happy :ﻳﺎ It seems strange.
4,2,2ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎن )(Place
ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ در آن ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ را ﺑﺎزﮔﻮ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ .در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
ﭘﺮﺳﺶ "ﻛﺠﺎ ؟) "(whereاﺳﺖ .اﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﺪ اﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻣﻜﺎن وﻗﻮع ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻋﻤﻞ را ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ:
)?Please sit here. (Where should I sit
)?They looked everywhere. (Where did they look
)?Two cars were parked outside. (Where were two cars parked
ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻗﻴﻮد ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آﻧﻜﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ،ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ:
)ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ( ) / She put the red scarf on the table.ﻗﻴﺪ( She was waiting with a red scarf on.
1ﻗﻴﻮد ،اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ آنﻫﺎ را ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ .ﻗﻴﻮد ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ،ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ و ﻗﻴﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺟﺎي ﺑﺤﺚ دارﻧﺪ.
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62
در اﺻﻄﻼح ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴﺪي ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ? how oftenﻳﺎ ? how frequentlyاﺳﺖ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد.
اﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ دو ﮔﺮوه ﺗﻜﺮار ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد:
… : daily, once a minute, three times,ﺗﻜﺮار ﻣﺸﺨﺺ
… : often, once in a while, sometimes, rarely, seldom,ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻣﺸﺨﺺ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ آورده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد:
The manager checks the toilets every hour.
اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان آن را در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ آورد:
Every day, more than five thousand people die on our roads.
ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻗﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ و ﭘﻴﺶ از ﻓﻌﻞ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ )ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ﻓﻌﻞ (to be
We usually go shopping on Saturday.
ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از اﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﻮد ﻫﻤﭽﻮن frequently ،often ،sometimes ،occasionallyو usuallyﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ در اﺑﺘﺪا ﻳﺎ
اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ آورده ﺷﻮﻧﺪ:
Sometimes they come and stay with us. / I play tennis occasionally.
rarelyو seldomﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ:
We see them rarely.
John eats meat very seldom.
ﺟﻬﺖ آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﻮد ،ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﺪاول و ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ و ﺿﻤﻴﻤﻪ درﺻﺪ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻗﻴﺪ ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻴﻦ
ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﻴﺪ.
در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻋﺎدي ﻓﻌﻞ ﭘﺲ از ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ .اﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻗﻴﻮد ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺒﺐ واروﻧﮕﻲ ) (inversionﺷﻮﻧﺪ .در واروﻧﮕﻲ
ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻼت ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و در ﺻﻮرت ﻧﺒﻮد ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ،آن را ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺎل دوم ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲاﻓﺰاﻳﻴﻢ.
I have never seen such courage.
Never have I seen such courage.
She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﻴﻮد ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ واروﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ،از اﻳﻦ دﺳﺘﻪاﻧﺪ )ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﻤﮕﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﻨﻔﻲ در ﺧﻮد دارﻧﺪ(:
… seldom, scarcely, hardly, not only … but also, no sooner … than, not until,
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
0
0
0
0
0
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68
ﺑﺤﺚ ﺣﺮوف و ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ از ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻬﻢ ،ﭘﺮ ﺗﻜﺮار و اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده اﺳﺖ .از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ اﻓﺮادي ﻛﻪ ﻛﺘﺎب را
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ دﻳﺪ اوﻟﻴﻪ و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع دارﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺑﻮدن ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻠﻲ و در
ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻬﻢ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ را ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ دﻫﻴﻢ .ﻣﻄﻤﺌﻨﺎً اﻳﻦ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻋﻤﻴﻖﺗﺮ از آن ﭼﻴﺰي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در
ﻛﺘﺎب اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﺷﻮد اﻣﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ داﻧﺴﺘﻦ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ارﺷﺪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ.
a,an/the 5,1,1
ﺑﺎ ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ 1ﺣﺘﻤﺎً آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ دارﻳﺪ .ﭘﺲ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺎده و ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ،ﻣﺮوري ﺑﺮ آن ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ داﺷﺖ:
Articles
ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ
the a, an
ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲداﻧﻴﺪ theﺑﺮاي اﺳﺎﻣﻲ آﺷﻨﺎ ﻳﺎ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲرود و a, anﺑﺮاي اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻔﺮد و
اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ .ﻣﺜﻼً ﺷﻤﺎ دﻳﺸﺐ ﺑﻪ آﺳﻤﺎن ﻧﮕﺎه ﻛﺮدهاﻳﺪ .ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎه دﻳﺪهاﻳﺪ و ﻫﺰاران ﺳﺘﺎره .اﮔﺮ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﻴﺪ آﻧﭽﻪ
دﻳﺪهاﻳﺪ را ﺑﺮاي دﻳﮕﺮي ﺑﺎزﮔﻮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ،ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﺮد:
)زﻳﺮا ﻛﻼ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎه در آﺳﻤﺎن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ آن را ﻣﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﻴﻢI saw the moon last night. (.
)ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﻤﺎ از ﺳﺘﺎره ﺑﺎ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻣﻘﺼﻮد ﺷﻤﺎ دﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻴﺴﺖI saw a star last night. (.
در ﻣﺘﻮن ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ از ﭼﻴﺰي ﺳﺨﻦ ﻧﮕﻔﺘﻪاﻳﻢ و ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻧﺎآﺷﻨﺎﺳﺖ ،از ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ aﻳﺎ anاﺳﺘﻔﺎده
ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ اﻣﺎ اﮔﺮ از آن ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻴﻢ در ﺟﻤﻼت ﺑﻌﺪي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ از theﻳﺎ ﺣﺮف ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻬﺮه ﺑﺮﻳﻢ:
A man and a woman were walking in Oxford Street. The woman saw a dress that she liked
in a shop. She asked the man if he could buy the dress for her. He said: "Do you
"think the shop will accept a cheque? I don't have a credit card.
2
5,1,2ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﻲ
ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﻲ از ﺗﻌﺪاد و ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻳﻚ اﺳﻢ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ .ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﺷﻤﺎرﺷﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد زﻳﺎدي از اﻋﺪاد اﺻﻠﻲ و ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﻲ
ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻤﺎرﻧﺪهﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻴﻦ و ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻴﻦ را ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﻣﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ آنﻫﺎ را ﻋﻨﻮان ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮد:
1
Article
2
Quantifier
GeneralEnglish.ir
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69 Determiners
Telegram.me/Academic_Library
70
اﻳﻦ دو در ﺟﻤﻼت ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد دارﻧﺪ اﻣﺎ از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً در cloze testﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻼت ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ روﺑﺮو
ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻴﺪ ،ذﻛﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع را اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ ﻧﺪاﻧﺴﺘﻴﻢ.
ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﺮﻛﺐ از any ،someو noﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎن ﺻﻮرت ﻛﻪ ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ:
some/any/no + body/thing/one/where
ﻫﻤﭽﻮن somethingﻳﺎ ... no one
)ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ( She didn't go anywhere last night.
)ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ( Someone is sleeping in my bed.
)ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ( I have something to tell you.
)ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﺳﺸﻲ( ?Have you anything to say
)ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ( I have learnt nothing since I began the course.
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از nobody ،nothingو ...ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي not … anybody ،not … anythingﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد.
)ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ اﻃﻼع داﺷﺘﻦ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮعI don't know anything about it. (...
)ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ و ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪودي دﻓﺎﻋﻲﺗﺮ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻI know nothing about it (...
اﮔﺮ anyدر ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺑﻜﺎر ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ:
)ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪوم از ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎم رو }ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮاي{ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﻧﻲ ﻗﺮض ﻛﻨﻲYou can borrow any of my books. (.
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺪوﻣﺶ ،ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪوم ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮاي...
)ﻫﺮﻛﻲ ﻣﻲﺧﻮاي ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺎﻫﺎر دﻋﻮت ﻛﻦ ،ﺑﺮام ﻓﺮق ﻧﺪاره( You may invite anybody to dinner, I don't mind.
ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻪ...
ﭘﺲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي "ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ" در رو ﺧﻮد ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ داره ...ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻲ ،ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﭼﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﺪوم....
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ allدر ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﺣﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ofﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺷﻮد .ﻣﺜﻼً all of my friendﻳﺎ .all my friend
ﻧﻜﺘﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ در ﻣﻮرد allاﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﭘﺲ از ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ … we, they,ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﻴﺮد:
We all enjoyed the concert.
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71 Determiners
ﮔﺎﻫﻲ اوﻗﺎت ﺑﺠﺎي allاز ) the whole (ofاﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻧﻴﺰ دارد.
the wholeﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻔﺮد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد:
… the whole meeting, my whole life
She lived in the same house her whole life.
ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن allﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﻋﺒﺎرات زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد:
… all morning / the whole morning
I was there all day. = I was there the whole day.
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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Phrase 6,1
ﻋﺒﺎرت ﻳﺎ Phraseﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺳﺨﻦ )ادات ﺳﺨﻦ( 2ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ 3اﺳﺖ Phrase .ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻛﻠﻤﺎت اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ
ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ دارد اﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي آن ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰودن ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ .ﺑﺎ
ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ و آﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ اﻧﻮاع آن ،ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮي از phraseدﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﺪا ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﺪ ﻛﺮد:
ﺧﺐ! ﻳﻚ ﺳﻮال ﻣﻬﻢ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ آﻣﺪ! ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﭼﻲ اﺻﻼً ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ phraseآﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻴﻢ؟؟
ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺳﺎده اﺳﺖ .ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ اﺟﺰاي آن را ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻴﻢ .ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از اﺟﺰاي
ﺳﺨﻦ و در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮار دادن آنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﻤﻠﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎر ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ .ﺷﻤﺎ
ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻴﺪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ از اﺟﺰاي ﺑﺎﻻ را ﺑﺨﻮﺑﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ درك ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ از اﻳﻦ زﺑﺎن دﺳﺖ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ.
Phrase 1در زﺑﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻧﺪارد ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ آﻧﺮا ﻫﻤﺎن phraseﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﻢ و از ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ آن ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ.
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Part of Speech
3
Part of Sentence
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ﮔﺮوﻫﻲ از ﻟﻐﺎت وﺟﻮد دارد ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺳﻤﻲ ) (noun phraseو ﻳﻚ 1predicateﻣﻲﺷﻮد.
clauseاز ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ دو دﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد:
واﺑﺴﺘﻪ :2ﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻼً ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻲدﻫﺪ:
because she smiled at him
در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻲدﻫﺪ" .ﭼﻮن اون ﺑﻬﺶ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ!" ﺧﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﻴﺪن اﻳﻦ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً در ذﻫﻦ
اﻳﻦ ﺳﻮال ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻴﺎد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪش ﭼﻲ ﺷﺪ! ﭘﺲ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪاي دﻳﮕﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻛﻨﺎر ﻫﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي
ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ داده و ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ .ﻣﺜﻼً "اون ﻣﺤﻜﻢ زد ﺗﻮ ﮔﻮﺷﺶ ،ﭼﻮن اون ﺑﻬﺶ ﺧﻨﺪﻳﺪ!"
ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ :3ﻳﺎ ﺧﻮد ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﮔﺬاري )،!،.؟( ﺑﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد:
He was eating a toasted sandwich
در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻲ دارد" .اون داﺷﺖ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻧﺪوﻳﭻ ﺑﺮﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺧﻮرد" ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ اﻳﻦ clauseﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ
ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﻓﻲ اﺳﺖ در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ " ".ﻗﺮار داده و ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﻮﻧﺪه ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ ﺣﺮﻓﻤﺎن ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﭘﺲ ﻳﻚ
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ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ در ﺻﻮرت داﺷﺘﻦ اﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدي ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
در ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻚ Clauseﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ اﺻﻠﻲ 5ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ و ﺗﺒﻌﻲ .6ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ و ﺷﺒﻪ
ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻲ ،ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دﻳﮕﺮي اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه آن ﻣﻌﻨﻲاش ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ .ﺑﻪ ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ:
She was born in Spain but her mother is Polish.
main clause conjunction main clause
I love sport and I’m captain of the local football team.
main clause conjunction main clause
I first saw her in Paris , where I lived in the early nineties.
main clause subordinate clause
ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﺳﺖ دو ﻣﺜﺎل اول ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ از دو ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺣﺮف
رﺑﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ و دو ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ و ﻳﻚ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .ﺷﺒﻪ
ﺟﻤﻠﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺒﻌﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻲدﻫﻨﺪ :ﻣﺜﻼً در ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ "...ﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ در اواﻳﻞ دﻫﻪ ﻧﻮد زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﺮدم"
predicate 1ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻮرد ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ .ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ،she is an artistﻣﻲﺗﻮان is an artist
را predicateﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ verbﻧﻴﺰ در ﺧﻮد دارد.
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dependent
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independent
4در اداﻣﻪ و در ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﺪ ﺧﻮاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ از ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮي clauseﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ
و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ...
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main cluase
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subordinate cluase
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ﺣﺎل ﺑﺎ روﺷﻦ ﺷﺪن ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﺑﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ conjunctionﻳﺎ ﺣﺮوف رﺑﻂ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺎﻧﺪه ﺑﻮد ﺑﺎز ﻣﻲﮔﺮدﻳﻢ.
ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در آن ﺑﺨﺶ ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎرﻛﺮدي دو ﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ وﺟﻮد دارد coordinating conjunction :و
.subordinating conjunctionﺑﺎ درك ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮاغ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺮوف ﻣﻲروﻳﻢ:
ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻴﻮد رﺑﻂ دﻫﻨﺪه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﺟﺎﻫﺎي دﻳﮕﺮي از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻗﻴﺪي ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ .در اﻳﻦ
ﺻﻮرت اﻳﻦ ﺣﺮوف دﻳﮕﺮ ﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ ﻫﻤﭙﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﺎز ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ و ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻮرد آنﻫﺎ داده ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن
اﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺻﺎدق ﻧﻴﺴﺖ:
!I was still studying at six o'clock in the evening
Joey decided to go to a party instead.
در دو ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺎﻻ دﻳﮕﺮ stillو insteadﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ ﻫﻤﭙﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﺎز ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ و در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻗﻴﺪ را ﺑﺎزي ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ زﻳﺮا
دﻳﮕﺮ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﻤﭙﺎﻳﻪ را ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻧﻤﻲدﻫﻨﺪ.
دﻗﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻴﻮد رﺑﻂ دﻫﻨﺪه ﭘﺲ از ﺧﻮد ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﺎ " ",ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ داﺷﺖ و ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ در ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار
ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﭘﻴﺶ از آنﻫﺎ از ﺳﻤﻴﻜﺎﻟﻦ";" ﻳﺎ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ " ".ﻣﻲآﻳﺪ:
Joey had an upset stomach. Accordingly, he took antacid tablets.
Joey had an upset stomach; accordingly, he took antacid tablets.
ﺟﻮي ﻳﻪ دلدرد ﺷﺪﻳﺪ داﺷﺖ ،ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻗﺮصﻫﺎي ﺿﺪ اﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﻌﺪه رو ﺧﻮرد...
ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ در دو ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ ،در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ از ﻗﻴﺪ رﺑﻂ دﻫﻨﺪه ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺣﺮف اول ﻛﻠﻤﻪ
Accordinglyﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﺰرگ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻫﺮ دو ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺒﻮل اﺳﺖ.
ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ :ﺟﻤﻠﻪ زﻳﺮ را ﺷﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ و ﺻﻮرت دﻳﮕﺮ آن را ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ:
The clams were delicious. Likewise, the eggplant was excellent.
ﺣﻠﺰون ﺧﻮش ﻣﺰه ﺑﻮد ،ﻫﻤﻴﻨﻄﻮر ﺑﺎدﻣﺠﻮن ﻫﻢ ﺣﺮف ﻧﺪاﺷﺖ!
1
coordinating conjunction
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87 Clauseﻳﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
ﺣﺎل زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ از ﺣﺮوف رﺑﻂ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ) (FANBOYSاﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ،ﭘﻴﺶ از آن ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﺎ
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﺮد )اﻟﺒﺘﻪ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري اﺳﺖ( و ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺘﮕﺬاري دﻳﮕﺮي ﻧﻤﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ:
1. She remained silent, for her heart was heavy and her spirits low.
2. You make breakfast, and I set the table.
3. He is not smart, nor is he handsome.
4. It is an old car, but it still works well.
5. You should eat more, or you will make yourself ill.
6. I ate too much, yet I feel hungry.
7. I was in a hurry, so I took a taxi.
ﻣﺜﺎلﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺣﺎوي ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آنﻫﺎ اﺷﺎره ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮد:
ﻣﺜﺎل اول :ﻛﻠﻤﻪ forدر ﻣﺘﻮن ادﺑﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﻮن ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان رﺑﻂ دﻫﻨﺪه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد و در ﻣﻌﻨﺎي "زﻳﺮا" و
"ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻨﻜﻪ" اﺳﺖ .ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﻛﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ،آوردن ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ از آن اﺧﺘﻴﺎري اﺳﺖ.
ﻣﺜﺎل دوم :در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اول youو ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دوم Iاﺳﺖ .در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻠﻴﻪ
ﺣﺮوف رﺑﻂ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد.
ﻣﺜﺎل ﺳﻮم :ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ و ﺳﻌﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ زﻳﺮ را ﭘﻴﺶ از ﺧﻮاﻧﺪن ﻛﺸﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ...
ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از norدر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ،ﺟﺎي ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ و ﺻﻮرت ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻮاﻟﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ .ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ
ﭘﺪﻳﺪه واروﻧﮕﻲ ) (inversionﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ:
He is not smart, nor he is handsome.
He is not smart, nor is he handsome. CORRECT
در ﺷﺮاﻳﻄﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ داراي ﻓﻌﻞ اﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎي ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ و ﻓﻌﻞ ،از ﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻤﻜﻲ ﺑﺮاي inversionاﺳﺘﻔﺎده
ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ )ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﻮاﻟﻲ ﻛﺮدن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ() :ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺼﻞ آﺧﺮ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ(.
I don’t expect children to be rude, nor I expect to be disobeyed.
I don’t expect children to be rude, nor do I expect to be disobeyed.
ﻣﺜﺎل ﺷﺸﻢ :در اﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل yetﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎم ﻣﻌﻨﺎ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻣﻌﻨﺎي butﻣﻲدﻫﺪ:
"ﻣﻦ }ﺑﺎ اﻳﻨﻜﻪ{ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﻮردم ،ﻫﻨﻮزم ﮔﺮﺳﻨﻤﻪ". ﻳﺎ "ﻣﻦ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺧﻮردم اﻣﺎ اﺣﺴﺎس ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻢ".
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﻔﺘﻢ :ﻣﺜﺎل آﺧﺮ را ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي دﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﮔﺬاري ) (punctuationﻧﻤﻮد{… .so, …} :
7. I was in a hurry. So, I took a taxi.
ﻫﻴﭻ وﻗﺖ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ را ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ اﺗﺼﺎل ﻧﻤﻲدﻫﻴﻢ و ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل آن ﺣﺘﻤﺎً از
ﺣﺮوف رﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﻨﻴﻢ:
The day was long , he got very tired. WRONG
اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮان دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ را ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﻤﻴﻜﺎﻟﻦ و ﺑﺪون ﻗﺮار دادن ﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻧﻤﻮد:
The bank robber dodged the bullet; Joey was shot seventeen times.
ﺑﺎﻧﻚزن از ﮔﻠﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ ﺟﺎﺧﺎﻟﻲ داد ،ﺟﻮي 17ﺑﺎر ﺷﻠﻴﻚ ﻛﺮده ﺑﻮد.
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در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ اون ﺧﻮاب ﺑﻮد ،دزدﻫﺎ وارد ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﻛﻴﻒ دﺳﺘﻲاش را دزدﻳﺪﻧﺪ.
دزدﻫﺎ وارد ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﻛﻴﻒ دﺳﺘﻲاش را دزدﻳﺪﻧﺪ در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ اون ﺧﻮاب ﺑﻮد.
در ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ ﺗﺒﻌﻲ در اﺑﺘﺪاي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ،اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻛﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ اﺳﺖ و در زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد دﻳﮕﺮ
ﻧﻴﺎزي ﺑﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻛﺎﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ دﻗﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮف رﺑﻂ ﺗﺒﻌﻲ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ از ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺒﻌﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻗﺮار
ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮد .در ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺎﻻ "در ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ اون ﺧﻮاب ﺑﻮد" ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﻊ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ.
ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻤﺎم ﺣﺮوف رﺑﻂ ﻫﻤﭙﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﺎز و ﺗﺒﻌﻲ ذﻛﺮ ﺷﺪه را ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﺨﺎﻃﺮ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ.
1
subordinating conjunction
2
correlative conjunction
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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0
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ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﻣﺮور ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ و ﺟﻤﻊﺑﻨﺪي ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ .دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم اراﺋﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ
ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ و ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻳﺴﺖ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ
ﮔﺮاﻣﺮ و ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ.
ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﺶ از اﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﻮال از آنﻫﺎ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ،
ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪه و ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺑﺤﺚ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن در ذﻫﻦ ﺷﻤﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺎ
روﻧﺪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ و ﻳﺎدآوري ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﭘﺮﻛﺎرﺑﺮد ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻨﺠﺸﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ از
داﻧﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ آﻳﺪ.
در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﻣﻔﻴﺪي ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﻧﻜﺎت ﺗﺴﺖزﻧﻲ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن در داﺧﻞ
ﺑﺎﻛﺲﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
اﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ 16ﻛﻠﻮزﺗﺴﺘﻲ ،ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ و ﻫﻢ ﺗﺮاز ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﻜﻮر اﺻﻠﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ.
ﺗﻌﺪاد آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ در ﭼﺎپﻫﺎي آﻳﻨﺪه اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ.
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119 ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ و ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻲ
Cloze test 1
(storyline of Inception (2010)) Dom Cobb is a skilled thief, the absolute
best in the dangerous art of extraction, …(1)… valuable secrets from deep within
the subconscious during the dream state, …(2)… the mind is at its most vulnerable.
Cobb's rare ability …(3)… him a coveted player in this treacherous new, but it has
also made him an international fugitive and cost him everything he has ever loved.
Now Cobb …(4)… a chance at redemption. One last job could give him his life
back but …(5)… he can accomplish the impossible-inception.
، ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ }ﺑﻲ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ{ در ﻫﻨﺮ ﭘﺮﺧﻄﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج،(( "دام ﻛﺎب" دزدي ﻣﺎﻫﺮ اﺳﺖ2010) inception )داﺳﺘﺎن ﻓﻴﻠﻢ
زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ذﻫﻦ در،دزدﻳﺪن رازﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ارزش از اﻋﻤﺎق }روح{ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻧﺎﺧﻮدآﮔﺎه }ﻣﻐﺰ{ ﻃﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ }ﺷﺒﻴﻪ{ روﻳﺎ
ﭘﺮ از او را ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎزﻳﻜﻦ }ﻣﻬﺮه{ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب در اﻳﻦ دﻧﻴﺎي ﺟﺪﻳﺪ،" ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺎدر "ﻛﺎب.ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ آﺳﻴﺐ ﭘﺬﻳﺮي ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
اﻣﺎ اﻳﻦ }ﻣﻮﺿﻮع{ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ او را ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮاري ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮده و ﺑﻪ او ارزﺷﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدل،ﺧﻴﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺒﺪل ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ
آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ. ﻫﻢاﻛﻨﻮن ﺑﻪ "ﻛﺎب" ﺷﺎﻧﺴﻲ ﺑﺮاي رﺳﺘﮕﺎري ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﻣﻲﺷﻮد.ﻫﺮ}آن{ﭼﻪ دﻟﺶ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ
.ﺑﻪ او زﻧﺪﮔﻲ دوﺑﺎره ﺑﺒﺨﺸﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ در ﺻﻮرﺗﻲﻛﻪ او ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺮوع ﻧﺎﻣﻤﻜﻦ را }ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ{ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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Cloze test 14
…(1)… people breathe, pollutants in the air …(2)… in the lungs or absorbed
into the body. And polluted air can harm animals and plants …(3)… people. For
this reason, our air supply should be …(4)… watched and managed to assure
…(5)… good quality.
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ " ﭘﻨﺠﺎه و ﻳﻚ" دوره از ﺳﻮاﻻت زﺑﺎن ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ از ﺳﺎل 86اﻟﻲ 93ﭘﺎﺳﺦ داده ﺷﺪه
اﺳﺖ .اﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﺑﻮده و ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ آن ،ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﻮاﻻت و ذﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن
ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ﻋﻨﻮان ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر ،ﺳﻌﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ
ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﻤﺮاه ﻛﻨﻨﺪه اراﺋﻪ ﺷﻮد و در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺴﺖ دﻻﻳﻞ رد ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ
ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﻮد .ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺘﻮن ﻛﻠﻮزﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻔﻆ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ و در اﻧﺘﻬﺎي ﻣﺘﻦ اﺻﻠﻲ آورده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
اﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ روﻧﺪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ،در ﻃﻲ اﻳﻦ
ﺳﺎلﻫﺎ آﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪه و از ﺳﺮدرﮔﻤﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ،ﭘﻴﺮاﻣﻮن ﻛﻠﻮزﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ رﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ رﻫﺎ ﺷﻮﻳﺪ.
ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي اﻳﻦ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﺑﺎ اراﺋﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ،ﺑﻪ داوﻃﻠﺒﺎن ﻋﺰﻳﺰ ﻛﻤﻚ
ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪاي واﺣﺪ ،ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺑﺴﻴﺎري را ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ.
دﻗﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﭘﻴﺶ از ﺷﺮوع ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎل ،ﺟﺪوﻟﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﺴﺖ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ
ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻓﺼﻞ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ .اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪول ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ دﻳﺪي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ
ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﭘﺮ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ و روﻧﺪ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎ ﻃﻲ 8ﺳﺎل ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ داد.
ﻣﺎ در ﻓﺼﻞ ،3ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺐ و ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻲ را ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺳﺮي از ﺗﺴﺖﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ﻗﺮار دادهاﻳﻢ.
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ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺎً ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ را از ﺳﺎل 86ﺷﺮوع ﻛﺮده و ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎل 93ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن رﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪ.
ﺷﺎﻳﺎن ذﻛﺮ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻧﻮﺑﺖﻫﺎي آزﻣﻮن ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ در ﭼﺎپﻫﺎي آﺗﻲ ،ﺳﺎل ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎل ﺑﻪ
اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ از ﻛﺘﺎب اﻓﺰوده ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺪ و ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻛﻨﻜﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ روز ﺧﻮاﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ.
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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159 86/12/1 - ﺻﺒﺢ ﭼﻬﺎرﺷﻨﺒﻪ
(1203) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ- (1201) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ- (1134 ) ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري- (1142) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ
(1106) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ و ﻋﻠﻮم ورزﺷﻲ- (1267) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ- (1207) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ آﻣﺎر
ﺑﻪ روﺷﻨﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ }و ﺗﻨﺪرﺳﺘﻲ{ دﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻢ اﺷﺨﺎص و ﻫﻢ ﺟﻬﺎن را ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻛﻞ }ﺑﻨﻲ آدم
اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﻣﺮاض رﻳﺸﻪ ﻛﻦ ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ }ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل{ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ }ﺑﺼﻮرت{ ﻳﻚ.{ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ...اﻋﻀﺎي ﻳﻚ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻧﺪ
ﺑﺎ.ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪهاﻧﺪ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺣﺪ از آﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ }ﺗﻮان{ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮيﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ از اﻳﻦ در، ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ در ﺣﺎل ﺑﻬﺒﻮد اﺳﺖ و در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ،اﻳﻦ وﺟﻮد در ﻛﻞ
.ﺗﻼش ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮي اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﻟﻢﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ
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161 ﺻﺒﺢ ﭼﻬﺎرﺷﻨﺒﻪ 86/12/1 -
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
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ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه ،ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻛﺘﺎب
ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺗﻜﺮار ﻧﺎم ﻣﺒﺤﺚ
5 /5 ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻌﻞ و ﻣﺼﺪر
1/5 زﻣﺎن اﻓﻌﺎل
2 ﺟﻤﻼت ﻣﻌﻠﻮم و ﻣﺠﻬﻮل
1/5 اﺳﻢ ﻣﺼﺪر verb + -ing
0/5 اﻓﻌﺎل ﻛﻤﻜﻲ
2/ 5 ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺻﻔﺖ
1 ﺻﻔﺖ ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻲ
1 ﺻﻔﺖ ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻲ
0/ 5 as … as
4 /5 ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ و ﺣﺮوف
1 a ,an/the
0/ 5 اﻋﺪاد
1 ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻣﻜﺎن
1 ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ زﻣﺎن
1 ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ ﺑﺮاي اﺷﻴﺎ
16/5 ﻋﺒﺎرات ،ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪ
1 ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﺣﺮوف رﺑﻂ ﻫﻤﭙﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﺎز )در ﻣﺒﺤﺚ (clause
1 ﻛﺎرﻛﺮد ﺣﺮوف رﺑﻂ ﺗﺒﻌﻲ )در ﻣﺒﺤﺚ (clause
2 ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ
1/ 5 that-clause
1 why-clause ،where-clauseوwhen-clause
5/ 5 ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺣﺬف ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ از ﻋﺒﺎرات ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ
0 /5 ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ در ﺳﻮم ﺷﺨﺺ )ﺿﻤﺎﻳﺮ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﻔﺮد(
3 رﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮازي در ﻛﻠﻤﺎت رﺑﻂ ﻫﻤﭙﺎﻳﻪ ﺳﺎز
1 واروﻧﮕﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﻗﻴﻮد ﻣﻨﻔﻲ
1 ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻟﻐﺖ و اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺧﺎص
1ﻣﻨﻈﻮر از ﻋﺪد 0,5آن اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ دادن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮاﻟﻲ ﺧﺎص ،ﻧﻴﻤﻲ از داﻧﺶ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ و ﻧﻴﻤﻲ از داﻧﺶ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ دﻳﮕﺮ ﻻزم ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ.
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255 92/11/16 - ﺻﺒﺢ ﭼﻬﺎرﺷﻨﺒﻪ
(1201) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ زﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ- (1207) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ آﻣﺎر-(1134 ) ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري- (1142) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ
(1203) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ- (1106) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﺑﺪﻧﻲ و ﻋﻠﻮم ورزﺷﻲ- (1267) ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ
Since World War II, direct observation of marine organisms in their natural
habitats has been made possible by underwater cameras, television, …(11)…, and
submersible craft, or submarines, that can descend to great depths. Underwater
television provides the observer with a continuous picture of events …(12)…
within the field of the submerged camera. The development of self-contained
diving equipment made it possible …(13)… marine organisms in their natural
habitat.
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ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ 1ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮازي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ andرا ﺑﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮاﻫﻢ زد .زﻳﺮا ﻣﺎ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ اﺳﻢ دارﻳﻢ ﻧﻪ ﻣﺼﺪر:
… … underwater cameras , television , …….…. , and submersible craft
-12ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ » «1ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ.
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ،ﺑﺮاي اﺗﺼﺎل دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ و اﻳﺠﺎد ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ از ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ thatاﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد.
دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ 4اﺷﺘﺒﺎه اﺳﺖ .زﻳﺮا ﻓﻌﻞ occurﻻزم اﺳﺖ و ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮان از آن ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﺠﻬﻮل ﺳﺎﺧﺖ:
… {that are} occurred … WRONG
و ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺨﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﮕﻮﻳﻴﻢ that areﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺣﺬف ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ.
ﺣﺎﻟﺖ دﻳﮕﺮي ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ ﺟﻮاب ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و اﻟﺒﺘﻪ در ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺖ) :رﺟﻮع ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﺣﺬف ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﻲ(
… … continuous picture of events that occur within the field
predicate 2ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻮرد ﻓﺎﻋﻞ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ .ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺜﺎل در ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ،she is an artistﻣﻲﺗﻮان is an artist
را predicateﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ verbﻧﻴﺰ در ﺧﻮد دارد.
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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در اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ،ﺟﺪاول و ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻤﻲ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه
در ﻗﺴﻤﺖ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد .اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪاول از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ و ﻣﺘﻌﺪد زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد،
ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﺪه و ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮاﻣﺮ زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺷﻤﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ.
ﺳﻌﻲ ﻛﺮدهاﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ در ﻫﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻴﺎز را اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ .اﮔﺮ درك ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﺟﺪوﻟﻲ
ﺧﺎص ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻤﺎ دﺷﻮار اﺳﺖ ،اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺪم درك ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ .در اﻳﻦ ﺻﻮرت از
ﺑﺨﺶ دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن ،ﮔﺮاﻣﺮ آن ﻗﺴﻤﺖ را ﻣﺠﺪدا ﻣﺮور ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﺪ .اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ دارﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺨﺶ
دﺳﺘﻮر زﺑﺎن ،ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ،ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺟﺪاول و ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ ارﺟﺎع داده ﺷﺪه ﺑﻮد.
ﺑﺮاي ﮔﺮدآوري اﻳﻦ ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﺪاول ،زﺣﻤﺎت ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﻴﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ .ﻟﺬا از اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ
راﺣﺘﻲ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻧﻜﻨﻴﺪ .اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً در ﻃﻮل ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻛﻨﻜﻮر ،ﺑﺎرﻫﺎ و ﺑﺎرﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺳﺮ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﺪ زد.
از اﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ و داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن ﻋﺰﻳﺰ ﺧﻮاﻫﺸﻤﻨﺪﻳﻢ ،از اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺟﺪاول اﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺪون ذﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺧﻮدداري
ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ.
GeneralEnglish.ir
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271 ﺟﺪاول و ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ
Simple Past A: He spoke. زﻳﺎدي ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. in 1990, the other day, last
ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎده اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﭘﺲ از دﻳﮕﺮي ﺑﻪ وﻗﻮع ﻣﻲﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻧﺪ.
N: He did not speak. Friday
ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻋﻤﻠﻲ دﻳﮕﺮ اﺗﻔﺎق ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ.
if sentence type II (If
او ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻛﺮد.
?Q: Did he speak
)… I talked,
From: (was/were)+ verb+ ing ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ در زﻣﺎن ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل اﻧﺠﺎﻣﻴﺪه
A: He was speaking. اﺳﺖ.
اﺗﻔﺎﻗﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻫﻢزﻣﺎن رخ داده اﺳﺖ.
Past Progressive N: He was not speaking.
ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري when, while, as long as
ﻛﺎري ﻛﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎري دﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺷﺪه
?Q: Was he speaking
او داﺷﺖ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﺮد. اﺳﺖ.
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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279 ﺟﺪاول و ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ
زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ beginدر ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ زﻣﺎن ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻤﺮاري اﺳﺖ ،ﺗﻨﻬﺎ
begin
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﻮد ،ﻣﻲﺗﻮان از ﻫﺮ دو ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﻣﻜﺎن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از infinitiveﻣﻴﺴﺮ اﺳﺖ.
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد.
She dreaded taking the test. He dreaded to think of the
consequences of his actions.
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280
زﻣﺎﻧﻴﻜﻪ needﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه gerundاﺳﺘﻔﺎده در اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻮارد needﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه infinitiveﻳﺎ
*need
ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﻲ در ﺧﻮد ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺮ دارد. ﺿﻤﻴﺮ و infinitiveاﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد.
ﺧﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﻴﺎز داره ﻛﻪ ﺗﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﻪ. در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ needﻣﻌﻨﻲ necessaryﻣﻲدﻫﺪ.
=house needs to be cleaned. اون ﻻزم ﺑﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ رﺋﻴﺴﺶ زﻧﮓ ﺑﺰﻧﻪ.
I regretted being late to the We regret to inform you that
interview. your position at the company is
being eliminated.
regret در ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮل regretﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه gerund ﮔﻪﮔﺎه regretﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه infinitiveاﺳﺘﻔﺎده
اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲﺷﻮد. ﻣﻲﺷﻮد ،ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ :ﻓﻌﻞ .informﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ:
در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي اﻓﺴﻮس ﺧﻮردن وﺟﻮد دارد. ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﻴﻢ از ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﺪ و دوﺳﺖ داﺷﺘﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ
ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ﺑﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻦ ﺧﺒﺮ اﺧﺮاج ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﺒﻮدﻳﻢ...
I remember meeting him last He remembered to turn off the
year. lights before he left.
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ﺮﻣ ﺮم ﺻﻔ تﻃ ﺻ
. ﺪ ﻞﻣ در ﺨ ﭼ ﭘ ﺬفﮔﺮد ﺪ
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