MATHEMATICS

POWER THEOREMS
TANGENT SECANT SEGMENT THEOREM
82 = (𝑥 + 12)(𝑥)
If a tangent segment and a secant segment are 64 = 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥
drawn from an external point of the circle, then the
square of the measure of the tangent segment is 0 = 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 64
equal to the product of the measures of the entire 0 = (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 16)
secant segment and its external part. 𝑥−4=0
𝑥 + 16 = 0

𝒙=𝟒
𝑥 = −16

SECAT SECANT SEGMENT THEOREM

If two secant segments are drawn from an external

point to a circle, then the product of the measures of
one secant and its external part is equal to the
product of the measures at the other secant segment
𝑃𝑆 2 = 𝑃𝑅(𝑃𝑄) and its external part.
𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕𝟐 = 𝑾𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕 (𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕)

𝑥 2 = (7 + 9)(7)
𝑥 2 = (16)(7)
√𝑥 2 = 2√112
𝑥 = 4√7
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟖

(𝐴 + 𝐵) ∗ 𝐵 = (𝐶 + 𝐷) ∗ 𝐷
(𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕 + 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕)
∗ 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕
= (𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕
+ 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕)
∗ 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒏𝒕
202 = (𝑦 + 30)(𝑦)
400 = 𝑦 2 + 30𝑦
0 = 𝑦 2 + 30𝑦 − 400
0 = (𝑦 + 40)(𝑦 = 10) (𝑥 + 8)(8) = (10 + 6)(6)
𝑦 + 40 = 0
8𝑥 + 64 = 16(6)
𝑦 − 10 = 0
8𝑥 = 96 − 64
8𝑥 = 32
𝑦 = −40 8𝑥 32
𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 =
8 8
• Only consider the 𝒙=𝟒
positive
 YSL:

For example:
In the following diagram, PA and PB are tangents to
the circle.

Find the value of:

𝑎. ) ∠𝑂𝐴𝑃 = 90°
𝑏. ) ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 132°
𝑐. ) ∠𝑂𝐵𝑃 = 90°
𝑑. ) ∠𝐴𝑆𝐵 = 66°
𝑒. ) ∠𝑃𝐴 = 7 𝑐𝑚

(3 + 𝑥 + 12)(3) = (𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
(5𝑥 + 3)(3) = (2𝑥)(𝑥 + 1)
15𝑥 + 3𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
0 = 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15𝑥 − 3𝑥 ML and PL are tangent to circle O.
0 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3𝑥
0 = (2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 − 3)

2𝑥 + 5 = 0
5
𝑥= − 𝑎. ) ∠𝑀𝑂𝐿 = 82.5°
2
𝑏. ) ∠𝑃𝐿𝑂 = 7.5°
𝑥−3=0 𝑏. ) ∠𝐿𝑀𝑂 = 90°
𝒙=𝟑

TANGENT SEGMENTS THEOREM

CONGRUENT TANGENT SEGMENTS

THEOREM

If two
segments from
the same
exterior point
are tangent to
a circle then
they are
congruent.

𝑨𝑪 ≅ 𝑩𝑪

TANGENTS FROM A POINT

OUTSIDE A CIRCLE

𝑥 2 + 2 = 11
𝑥 2 = 11 − 2
The tangent 𝑥2 = 9
segments to a √𝑥 2 = 2√9
circle from an 𝒙=𝟑
external point
are equal.

2
 YSL:

FIND THE PERIMETER AREA OF SECTOR

PERIMETER – the total length of measurement of a CIRCLE SECTOR – enclosed by two radii and an
shape. arc

𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒓𝒄
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = (𝛑𝐫 𝟐 )
𝟑𝟔𝟎

𝑃 = 1.4 + 1.4 + 0.7 + 0.7 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 1.6 + 1.6

𝑷 = 𝟖. 𝟔
60
𝐴= (π)(122 )
360
𝑨 = 𝟐𝟒𝛑 𝐜𝐦

290
𝐴= (π)(82 )
360
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 = 19 − 9.9 = 9.1 𝑨 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝛑 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝟐
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏 = 21.1 − 9.1 = 12
𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑐 = 12 + 9.9 = 21.9

𝑃 = 21.9 + 21.1 + 19
𝑷 = 𝟔𝟐
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠:
AREA
The equation for the Area of a Circle: 𝑨 = 𝒓𝟐 𝛑

𝑨 = 𝒓𝟐 𝛑
𝑨 = (𝟗)𝟐 𝛑
𝑨 = 𝟖𝟏𝛑

3
 YSL:

15π 150
= (π)(r 2 )
1 360
𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 60
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (π)(62 )
360
5400π 150π 2
= (r )
150π 150π = 18.85 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2
𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙 150π and divide

𝑟 2 = 36
√𝑟 2 = 2√36
𝒓 = 𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕
(6)(3√3)
𝐴 △=
AREA OF SEGMENT 2
= 15.59 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2

SEGMENT – a region 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 18.85 − 15.59

bound by a chord and = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝟐
its corresponding arc.

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒆𝒈𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
= 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 − 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑐
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (πr 2 )
360
𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
2

90
120 𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (π)(162 ) = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟎𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝟐
𝐴𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = (π)(242 ) 360
360 (16)(16)
𝐴 △= = 𝟏𝟐𝟖 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝟐
2
= 603.19 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 201.06 − 128 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟎𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝟐

FUNDAMENTAL COUNING
PRINCIPLE (FCP)
FCP or Fundamental Counting Principle is the
basics of probability
12√3(12)
𝐴 △=
2 2 METHODS
= 249.42 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 2
01. TREE DIAGRAM – diagram used to show the
total number of possible outcomes in a probability.

EXAMPLE:
You are purchasing a new car. Using the following
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 603.19 − 249.42
manufacturers, car sizes, and colors, how many
= 𝟑𝟓𝟑. 𝟕𝟕 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝟐

4
 YSL:

different ways can you select one manufacturer, one
size, and one color?
Manufacturer: Ford, GM, Chrysler
Car Size: Small, Medium
Color: White (W), Red (R), Black (B), Green (G)
How many plate numbers are possible if:
a. The letters and digits cannot be repeated
in the same plate number (Dependent
Event)
b. The letters and digits can be repeated in
the same plate number (Independent
Event)

Solution a:
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

21𝑥20𝑥9𝑥8𝑥7𝑥5 = 𝟏, 𝟎𝟓𝟖, 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Solution b:
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

21𝑥21𝑥9𝑥9𝑥9𝑥5 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟕, 𝟒𝟒𝟓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

05. Five cards are drawn from a standard deck of

cards. Three are black and two are red.

02. FCP – if one thing can occur in 𝑚 ways, the In a standard deck of cards here are:
second can occur in 𝑛 ways, and the third can occur 52 playing cards
in 𝑝 ways, and so on, then the sequencing of things 10 (each) number cards
can occur in 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥 𝑝 𝑥 … ways. 3 (each) face cards

Using FCP for the example earlier: a. How many possibilities are there?
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 3 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑟𝑠 2 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 4 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑠
3 𝑥 2 𝑥 4 = 𝟐𝟒 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 26𝑥25𝑥24𝑥26𝑥25 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

FCP EXAMPLES b. If exactly one of the reds is a face card, how many
possibilities are there?
01. If you flip a coin, how many possible outcomes ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
are there?
2 ∶ ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑠 26𝑥25𝑥24𝑥6𝑥20 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟏𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

02. If you roll a die, how many possible outcomes 06. How many three-digit even numbers can be
are there? formed with the digits, 2, 4, 5, 3, and 7, with no
repetitions allowed?
6 ∶ 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑒 (1 𝑡𝑜 6) ___ ___ ___

03. When a die is rolled and you flip a coin how many 4 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 = 𝟐𝟒 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
possible outcomes are there?
FACTORIAL NOTION
6𝑥2 = 12 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
The 𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙, denoted by 𝑛!, is the product of all
04. A plate number is made up of two consonants positive integers from 1 to n.
followed by three non-zero digits followed by a
vowel. 𝑛! = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) … (2)(1)
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ 0! = 𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 1

01. 7! = 7𝑥6𝑥5𝑥4𝑥3𝑥2𝑥1 = 5040

12!
02. 9!
= 12𝑥11𝑥10𝑥9 = 1320

5
 YSL:

03. (4!)(3!) = (4𝑥3𝑥2𝑥1)(3𝑥2𝑥1) = 144 these books be arranged on a shelf if books of

the same kind are placed beside each other?
04. (0! + 0! + 0!)! = 6
7𝑃7 ∗ 5𝑃5 ∗ 4𝑃4 ∗ 3𝑃3 = 𝟖𝟕, 𝟎𝟗𝟏, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
100! 99! 98! 100𝑥99 99𝑥98! 98𝑥97!
05. + − = + −
99! 98! 97! 99! 98! 97! PERMUTATION WITH REPETITION
= 100 + 99 − 98 = 101
The number of permutations of 𝑛 things where 𝑎
PERMUTATION things are alike, 𝑏 things are alike, 𝑐 things are alike,
and so forth is:
PERMUTATION – arrangement of elements in a
certain order. 𝒏!
• The order of the arrangement makes a 𝑷=
𝒂! 𝒃! 𝒄! …
difference.
01. How many different 5-letter arrangements can
LINEAR PERMUTATION be formed from the word APPLE?

LINEAR – arranged in a straight line. 5!

𝑃= = 𝟔𝟎 𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔
2!
FORMULAS
02. How many ways can we arrange the letters from
𝑛𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) … (3)(2) 𝑜𝑟 the word TOOTH?
𝑛𝑃𝑛 = 𝒏!
5!
𝑃= = 𝟑𝟎 𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒔
𝑛𝑃𝑟 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 3) … (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1) 𝑜𝑟 2! 𝑥2!
𝒏!
𝒏𝑷𝒓 = 03. How many different 6-digit numerals can be
(𝒏 − 𝒓)!
written using the following 7 digits? Assume the
01. 7𝑃7 𝑜𝑟 7! = 7𝑥6𝑥5𝑥4𝑥3𝑥2𝑥1 = 5040 repeated digits are all used. (3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6)

7! 7! 7!
02. 7𝑃3 = (7−3)! = = 7𝑥6𝑥5 = 210 𝑃= = 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒙 − 𝒅𝒊𝒈𝒊𝒕 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔
4! 2! 𝑥3!
8! 8! 04. Using the digits 1, 2, 3, and 5, how many 4-digit
03. 8𝑃5 = (8−5)! = = 8𝑥7𝑥6𝑥5𝑥4 = 6720
3!
numbers can be formed if:
WORD PROBLEMS a. The first digit must be 1 and repetition is
allowed
01. Number of permutations that can be made from
the word PAMO.
1 𝑥 4 𝑥 4 𝑥 4 = 𝟔𝟒 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
4𝑃4 𝑜𝑟 4! = 4𝑥3𝑥2𝑥1 = 𝟐𝟒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
b. The first digit must be 1 and repetition is not
allowed
02. In how many ways can the first, second, and
third honors be selected in a class of 25
1 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 𝑥 1 = 𝟔 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
students?
c. The number must be divisible by 2 and
25!
25𝑃3 𝑜𝑟 = 25𝑥24𝑥24 = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 repetition is allowed
(25 − 3)!
4 𝑥 4 𝑥 4 𝑥 1 = 𝟔𝟒 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
03. The Exponent Book Store is reducing the prices
of mathematics books for promotion. The store d. The number must be divisible by 2 and
has 7 different Algebra books, 5 different repetition is not allowed
Geometry books, and 4 different Statistics books
to be arranged on a shelf. How many ways can 1 𝑥 2𝑥 3 𝑥 1 = 𝟔 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔

6
 YSL:

CIRCULAR PERMUTATION Solution a:

CIRCULAR – arrangement of things in a circular 7𝑃7 = 7! = 𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

pattern.
Solution b:
FORMULAS
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
𝑛𝑃𝑟 6𝑃6 = 6! 𝑥 2! = 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑃𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒): 𝑜𝑟 (𝒏 − 𝟏)!
𝑟
Solution c:
(𝑛 − 1)!
𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑂𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑠): 7! − (6! 𝑥 2!) = 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2

01. How many ways if 5 people on a circular table? 02. A family consisting of 5 people, 2 adults and 3
children, are going to a movie. In how many
= (5 − 1)! ways can they sit in 5 adjacent seats under the
= 4! = 4𝑥3𝑥2𝑥1 following conditions:
= 𝟐𝟒 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
a. Parents sit together
02. In a table of 6 people, A and B must sit together: b. The children must sit together
c. Children must sit together and adults must sit
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 𝑥 ___ ___ ___ ___ together
(5 − 1)! 𝑥 2! = 𝟒𝟖 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 d. The father must not sit in the middle

03. In the same table, A and B must sit together Solution a:

and C and D must also sit together: 𝑃1 𝑥 𝑃2 𝑥 ___ ___ ___
4! 𝑥 2! = 𝟒𝟖 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵 𝐶 𝑥 𝐷 ___
(3 − 1)! 𝑥 2! 𝑥 2! = 𝟖 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 Solution b:
𝐶1 𝑥 𝐶2 𝑥 𝐶3 ___ ___
04. There are 5 keys on a key ring 3! 𝑥 3! = 𝟑𝟔 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

(5 − 1)! 4! Solution c:
= = = 𝟏𝟐 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑃1 𝑥 𝑃2 𝐶1 𝑥 𝐶2 𝑥 𝐶3
2 2
2! 𝑥 3! 𝑥 2! = 𝟐𝟒 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
05. There are 6 charms on a bracelet
Solution d:
(6 − 1)! 5! 4 𝑥 4! = 𝟗𝟔 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
= = = 𝟔𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
2 2
03. At a used car lot, 9 different cards models (3 of
PERMUTATION WITH RESTRICTIONS which are red) are to be parked close to the
street for easy viewing. How many ways can the
RESTRICTIONS are often placed on the order on 9 cards be parked if:
which objects are arranged.
• Deal with the restrictions first. a. The 9 cars must be parked so that there is a red
• Conditions car at each end and the 3rd red car is exactly in the
middle.
01. A group of 7 people sit together at a high school b. The three red cards must be parked side by side.
graduation ceremony. c. The three red cars must not be pared side by side.

a. How many different ways can they sit together? Solution a:

b. How many ways can they sit together if two people
must sit next to each other? R ___ ___ ___ R ___ ___ ___ R
c. How many ways can they sit together if two people
must not sit next to each other? 3! 𝑥 6! = 𝟒, 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

7
 YSL:

Solution b: Nathan wants to order a sandwich with two of the

following ingredients: mushroom, eggplant, tomato,
𝑅 𝑥 𝑅 𝑥 𝑅 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ and avocado. How many different sandwiches can
Nathan choose?
6! 𝑥 3! = 𝟑𝟎, 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 • COMBINATION
• 4𝐶2 = 𝟔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
Solution c:
Four people need to be selected from a class of 15
9! − (7! 𝑥 3!) = 𝟑𝟑𝟐, 𝟔𝟒𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 to help up clean the campus. How many ways can
the 4 people be chosen?
COMBINATION • COMBINATION
• 15𝐶4 = 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
COMBINATION – an arrangement of items in which
the order does not matter. Four people need to be selected from a class of 15
• The items are selected from the same group to help up clean the campus. How many ways can
• No item is used more than once the 4 people be chosen, if only two girls refuse to
• The order of items makes no difference help?
• COMBINATION
𝑛! • 13𝐶4 = 𝟕𝟏𝟓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝒏𝑪𝒓 =
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
A basketball team has 12 members who can play
NOTE: any position. How many different ways can the
Permutation problems involve situations in which coach choose 5 starting players?
order matters. • COMBINATION
Combination problems involve situations in which • 12𝐶5 = 𝟕𝟗𝟐 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠
the order of items makes no difference.
A basketball team has 12 members who can play
PERMUATIONS OR COMBINATIONS any position. How many different ways can the
coach choose 5 starting players if the captain MUST
Six students are running for student government play the first half?
president, vice-president, and treasurer. The student • COMBINATION
with the greatest number of votes becomes the • 11𝐶4 𝑥 1 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦
president, the second highest vote-getter becomes
the vice-president, and the student who gets the A research team of 6 people is to be formed from 10
third largest number of votes will be the treasurer. chemists, 6 statisticians, 8 economists, and 15
How many different outcomes are possible? biologists. How many teams have at least 5
• PERMUTATION – order matters since the chemists?
number of the three highest votes determine • COMBINATION
the office. • 10𝐶5 𝑥 28𝐶1 + 10𝐶6 = 𝟕𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝑤𝑎𝑦

Six people are on the board of supervisors for your

neighborhood part. A three-person committee is
needed to study the possibility of expanding the
park. How many different committees could be
formed from the six people?
• COMBINATION – the order in which the
three people are selected does not matter
since they are not filling different roles.
• 6𝐶3 = 𝟐𝟎 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠

Determining the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA

strand.
• PERMUTATION