NOUNS

Describe people, animals, places, objects and ideas.

EX
o The dog is big Pronoun: I/we/they/she/he…
o Paris has many beautiful places Noun: Nallely
o I love pizza

COUNTABLE NOUNS
Are the Ones that we can easily count with numbers or numerical expressions, and by
consequence, can be pluralized.

EX
o I have 3 dogs
o My sister has many friends
o Edward took a lot of photographs
o Mexico has a Few beautiful cities

HOW TO PLURALIZE A NOUN

Most nouns can be pluralized by only adding “s” to the end.

o Kid - kids
o Chair - Chairs
Nouns whose singular form finished with “s”, “z”, “ch”, “o” or “sh” need an “es” to be
plural.
o Boss - Bosses
o Box - Boxes
o Watch - Watches
Nouns that finish with an “f” or “fe”, change the “f” for a “v” and add “es”.
o Knife - Knives
o Wolf - Wolves
If a noun finished with “y”, change the “y” for an “i”, and add “es”.
o Lady - Ladies
If the noun finished with “is” change to “es”
o Analysis - Analyses
Irregualr plural nouns: When you have to change them to plural, their spelling
changes.
o Tooth - Teeth
o Man - Men
NOUN COUNTABLE
Anything that cant be countable is an uncountable nou, with this, normally we talk
about liquids, gases, abstract, concepts, skills and values.
If we have the necessity to count a un intubare noun, we can take a contable one that
can help us to count the other.

EX
o Water - uncountable noun
o A cup/glass/bottle of water - countable

NOUN GENDER

Masculine Femenine Neutral

Father Mother Parent
Husband Wife Spouse
Actor Actress —————-
Waiter Waiterss Server
Uncle Aunt —————-
——————— ——————— Doctor
—————— ——————— Teacher

ORDER OF DESCRIPTIONS

Articles and possessive and indicative adj

o A, the, my, that…
Ordinals Cuando lo hablas no
o First, second, third… siempre se sigue el orden,
Quantifiers pero si se escribe si.
o Few, some, many
Size
o Big, small, tall, large
Opinion or quality
o Beautiful, ugly, weird, intelligent
Age or temperature
o Young, old, hot, freezing…
Shape
o Circular, triangular…
Color
o Black, dark…
Origin
o American, handmade
Material
o Glass, metal, wooden…
Nouns
o Sugar, movie

QUANTITY ADJECTIVES
This category of adjectives answer the questions how many, and how much.
EX
o Many
o A lot of
o A little
o Much
o Etc…

DEMOSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
Demostrate or point out nouns, and always come before the noun that they are
describes.
Singular Plural
This These Near objects
That Those Far away objects

POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES
They show an owner shop or possesion, they are very normally used and are always
before the noun that they are describs.
Pronoun Possessive adjective
I My
You Your
We Our
They Their
He His
She Her
It Its

TYPES OF PRONOUNS
In general, we can say that a pronoun is a word that replaces a noun, the most
common are the subject pronouns (I, you, we, he….), object pronouns (Me, you, us,
him….) and possessive pronouns (Mine, yours, ours,his….). But there are more kinds
than only those, and today we will analyze some of them.
DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
These pronouns are used to demonstrate or indicate. This, that, these and those are
examples of demonstrative pronouns. Remember, hey substitute the non, in contrast
with the Demonstrative adjectives.
EX:
o Those are totally awesome
o Can i take that
o This is so incredible
o These are black

Demostrative pronoun = replace a noun

Demostrative adjectives = modify a noun gives extra info

This + noun = demostrative adj

This + no noun = demostrative noun

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
These pronouns, in function, are the opposite of the demonstrative ones; they refer to
a non specific person or object, as they don't indicate any particular noun.
EX
o Are all, any, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many,
nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, and someone.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative pronouns are some of the Wh questions that we normally use. They are who,
whom, which and whose.
EX: o Whom/ objects belong to a person
object of the sentence.
o Who baked the cake?
o Who/ subject of the sentence/ noun/ pronoun
o Which is your dog?
o Whom/ him her
o Whom do you love? o Who/ he/i/you
o Whose is this cellphone?

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
The reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of the sentence are the
same.
Myself - himself - herself - themselves - ourselves - itself - yourself (singular) -
yourselves (plural).
EX:
o The teacher bit himself
o She is talking to herself
o The dog is watching itself in the mirror
ACTION VERBS
Action verbs are verbs that describe what the subject of the action is doing. They are
the verbs that you have seen all your life, for example play, eat, sleep, go, watch, etc. It
is important to
understand that some verbs have more impact than others. In the sentence « The
criminals entered into the house», we can substitute.
Entered for Broke, which has more impact, without changing the meaning of the
sentence.

REGULAR VERBS
Rules for Past Tense of Regular Verbs

If the verb finishes with “e”, just add a “d”

o Agree - Agreed
o Like - Liked
If a verb finishes in a “vowel” and a “consonant”, the consonant is doubled before
“ed”
o Stop - Stopped
o Ram - Rammed
If the verb finishes with a “consonant” and “y”, elimínate the “y” an add “ied”
o Try - Tried
o Carry - Carried
But if the word finishes with a “vowel” and “y”, you only add “ed”.
o Play - Played
o Enjoy - Enjoyed
If the verb finishes with “c”, only add “ked”.
o Panic - Panicked

IRREGULAR VERBS
Irregular verbs dont follow the mentioned rules; therefore, they have to be learned
one by one individually.

LINKING VERBS
Linking verbs are another form of verbs that dont function the same as the action
verbs. They can be referred to as copulas or copular verbs. Their functions are:
To connect or link the subject of the sentence with more information about it, maybe
a descripción or something that identifies it.
A good way to identify a linking verb is to change it for an equal sin (=). If it si
logical, it is a linking verb.
Ex
o The soup looks delicious
TRUE LINKING VERBS
There are some verbs that are always linking verbs, which are all the forms of the verb
to be, and the verbs Seem and Become.
Time To be Seem Become
Present Am, is, are Seem (s) Become (s)
Past Was, were Seemed Became
Participle Been Seemed Become
Base form Be Seem Become
Continuous Being Seeming Becoming

OTHER LINKING VERBS

In addition to true linking verbs, there are other words that can be linking verbs or
action verbs, depending on the situation.
Some examples of this are:
o Grow
o Look
o Smell
o Sound
o Taste
o Turn
o Get
o Appear
o Feel
o Transform

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE / CONTINOUS

We use this structure for two principal things: Something is taking place now, while
speaking.
EX:
o I am studying english
Events in the future that are already organized
EX:
o I’m meeting some friends in the mall tonight

s + is/am/are + verb ing + complement

SIMPLE PAST TENESE
It is used to narrate an action that started an finish in the past; normally we add
specific time.
EX:
o I traveled to Cancún (incorrect)
o I traveled to Cancún yesterday (correct)

Subject + verb past simple + complement

I finished my career las year