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 BRIEF CONTENTS
PART 3 Europe in Transition, 1300–1750
13 European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 385
14 New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries 417
15 Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century 449
16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion 481

PART 4 Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700–1850

17 The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought 512
18 The French Revolution 550
19 The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism 584
20 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815–1832) 616
21 Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830–1850) 646

PART 5 Toward the Modern World, 1850–1939

22 The Age of Nation-States 685
23 The Building of European Supremacy: Society and Politics to World War I 715
24 The Birth of Modern European Thought 751
25 The Age of Western Imperialism 782
26 Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace 827
27 The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression 865

PART 6 Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions, 1939–2012

28 World War II 898
29 The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe 936
30 Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present 982

vii
 CONTENTS
Documents xvii
Maps xx
Preface xxi Early Controversy Over Tobacco and Smoking 390
About the Authors xxvii
What Is the Western Heritage? xxix
A Closer LOOK VERSAILLES 397
C O M P A R E The Debate over the Origin and
A N D
C O N N E C T Character of Political Authority 400
PART 3
Europe in Transition, 1300–1750

14 New Directions in Thought and

Culture in the Sixteenth and
13 European State Consolidation
Seventeenth Centuries 417
in the Seventeenth and
Eighteenth Centuries 385 The Scientific Revolution 418
Nicolaus Copernicus Rejects an
The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline 386 Earth-Centered Universe 418
Urban Prosperity 386 Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
Economic Decline 387 Make New Scientific Observations 419
Two Models of European Political Development 388 Galileo Galilei Argues for a Universe
of Mathematical Laws 421
Constitutional Crisis and Settlement Isaac Newton Discovers the Laws
in Stuart England 388 of Gravitation 422
James I 388
Charles I 391 Philosophy Responds to Changing Science 423
The Long Parliament and Civil War 391 Nature as Mechanism 423
Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Republic 392 Francis Bacon: The Empirical Method 423
Charles II and the Restoration René Descartes: The Method
of the Monarchy 392 of Rational Deduction 425
The “Glorious Revolution” 394 Thomas Hobbes: Apologist for Absolute
The Age of Walpole 395 Government 426
John Locke: Defender of Moderate Liberty
Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: and Toleration 427
The World of Louis XIV 395
Years of Personal Rule 396 The New Institutions of Expanding Natural
Versailles 396 Knowledge 429
King by Divine Right 398 Women in the World of the
Louis’s Early Wars 398 Scientific Revolution 432
Louis’s Repressive Religious Policies 399
Louis’s Later Wars 403 The New Science and Religious Faith 433
France After Louis XIV 403 The Case of Galileo 434
Blaise Pascal: Reason and Faith 435
Central and Eastern Europe 406 The English Approach to Science
Poland: Absence of Strong Central Authority 407 and Religion 439
The Habsburg Empire and the
Pragmatic Sanction 407 Continuing Superstition 440
Prussia and the Hohenzollerns 409 Witch Hunts and Panic 440
Village Origins 440
Russia Enters the European Political Arena 411 Influence of the Clergy 440
The Romanov Dynasty 411 Who Were the Witches? 441
Peter the Great 411 End of the Witch Hunts 444
Russian Expansion in the Baltic: The Great
Northern War 412 Baroque Art 444
In Perspective 414 In Perspective 446
Key Terms 415 Key Terms 446
Review Questions 415 Review Questions 446
Suggested Readings 415 Suggested Readings 447
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 416 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 447
viii
 CONTENTS ■ ix

A Closer LOOK THE SCIENCES AND THE ARTS 431 Water, Washing, and Bathing 474
C O M P A R E
A N D
Descartes and Swift Debate
C O N N E C T the Scientific Enterprise 436
16 The Transatlantic Economy, Trade
Midwives 443 Wars, and Colonial Rebellion 481
Periods of European Overseas Empires 482
15 Society and Economy Under the Old Mercantile Empires 483
Mercantilist Goals 484
Regime in the Eighteenth Century 449 French–British Rivalry 484
Major Features of Life in the Old Regime 450 The Spanish Colonial System 485
Maintenance of Tradition 450 Colonial Government 485
Hierarchy and Privilege 450 Trade Regulation 485
Colonial Reform under the Spanish
The Aristocracy 451 Bourbon Monarchs 485
Varieties of Aristocratic Privilege 451
Aristocratic Resurgence 453 Black African Slavery, the Plantation System,
and the Atlantic Economy 486
The Land and Its Tillers 453
The African Presence in the
Peasants and Serfs 453
Americas 489
Aristocratic Domination of the Countryside:
Slavery and the Transatlantic
The English Game Laws 455
Economy 490
Family Structures and the Family Economy 455 The Experience of Slavery 493
Households 456
Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars 497
The Family Economy 457
The War of Jenkins’s Ear 498
Women and the Family Economy 458
The War of the Austrian Succession
Children and the World of the Family Economy 458
(1740–1748) 498
The Revolution in Agriculture 459 The “Diplomatic Revolution” of 1756 499
New Crops and New Methods 460 The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) 499
Expansion of the Population 461
The American Revolution and Europe 501
The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Resistance to the Imperial Search
Century 464 for Revenue 501
A Revolution in Consumption 464 The Crisis and Independence 502
Industrial Leadership of Great Britain 465 American Political Ideas 503
New Methods of Textile Production 466 Events in Great Britain 504
The Steam Engine 467 Broader Impact of the American Revolution 506
Iron Production 468
In Perspective 506
The Impact of the Agricultural and Industrial
Revolutions on Working Women 469 Key Terms 507
The Growth of Cities 470 Review Questions 507
Patterns of Preindustrial Urbanization 470 Suggested Readings 507
Urban Classes 472
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 508
The Urban Riot 475
The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto 476
In Perspective 478
Sugar Enters the Western Diet 491
Key Terms 478
Review Questions 478
A Closer LOOK A SUGAR PLANTATION IN
Suggested Readings 479 THE WEST INDIES 492
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 479
C O M P A R E
A N D
C O N N E C T
The Atlantic Passage 494
A Closer LOOK AN ARISTOCRATIC COUPLE 452

C O M P A R E
Two Eighteenth-Century Writers THE WEST THE WORLD The Columbian Exchange:
A N D
C O N N E C T
Contemplate the Effects of Different Disease, Animals,
Economic Structures 462 and Agriculture 509
x ■ CONTENTS

PART 4 18 The French Revolution 550

Enlightenment and Revolution, 1700–1850
The Crisis of the French Monarchy 551
The Monarchy Seeks New Taxes 551
Necker’s Report 552
17 The Age of Enlightenment: Calonne’s Reform Plan and the Assembly
of Notables 552
Eighteenth-Century Thought 512 Deadlock and the Calling of the Estates General 553
Formative Influences on the Enlightenment 513 The Revolution of 1789 553
The Emergence of a Print Culture 514 The Estates General Becomes
the National Assembly 553
The Philosophes 515
Fall of the Bastille 556
Philosophes and Patrons 516
The “Great Fear” and the Night of August 4 557
The Enlightenment and Religion 518 The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 557
Deism 518 The Parisian Women’s March on Versailles 559
Toleration 519
The Reconstruction of France 560
Radical Enlightenment Criticism of Christianity 519
Political Reorganization 561
The Limits of Toleration 520
Economic Policy 561
The Jewish Enlightenment 522
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy 563
The Enlightenment and Society 523 Counterrevolutionary Activity 563
The Encyclopedia: Freedom and Economic
The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution 567
Improvement 523
Emergence of the Jacobins 567
Beccaria and Reform of Criminal Law 523
The Convention and the Role of the Sans-culottes 568
The Physiocrats and Economic Freedom 524
Adam Smith on Economic Growth Europe at War with the Revolution 569
and Social Progress 524 Edmund Burke Attacks the Revolution 569
Suppression of Reform in Britain 570
Political Thought of the Philosophes 526
The Second and Third Partitions of Poland,
Montesquieu and Spirit of the Laws 526
1793, 1795 570
Rousseau: A Radical Critique of Modern Society 527
Enlightened Critics of European Empires 528 The Reign of Terror 572
War with Europe 572
Women in the Thought and Practice
The Republic Defended 572
of the Enlightenment 529 The “Republic of Virtue” and Robespierre’s
Rococo and Neoclassical Styles Justification of Terror 575
in Eighteenth-Century Art 532 Repression of the Society of Revolutionary
Enlightened Absolutism 538 Republican Women 575
Frederick the Great of Prussia 539 De-Christianization 576
Joseph II of Austria 540 Revolutionary Tribunals 576
Catherine the Great of Russia 544 The End of the Terror 577
The Partitions of Poland 546 The Thermidorian Reaction 578
The End of the Eighteenth Century Establishment of the Directory 580
in Central and Eastern Europe 547 Removal of the Sans-culottes from Political Life 580
In Perspective 547 In Perspective 582
Key Terms 547 Key Terms 582
Review Questions 547 Review Questions 582
Suggested Readings 548 Suggested Readings 582
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 549 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 583

A Closer LOOK CHALLENGING THE FRENCH

Coffeehouses and Enlightenment 517 POLITICAL ORDER 558
C O M P A R E The Declaration of the Rights of Man
A Closer LOOK AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY A N D
C O N N E C T and Citizen Opens the Door for
ARTIST APPEALS TO THE
Disadvantaged Groups to Demand
ANCIENT WORLD 537
Equal Civic Rights 564
C O M P A R E
A N D
Maria Theresa and Joseph II
C O N N E C T of Austria Debate Toleration 542 The Metric System 566
 CONTENTS ■ xi

19 The Age of Napoleon and the C O M P A R E

A N D
The Experience of War in the
Triumph of Romanticism 584 C O N N E C T Napoleonic Age 596

The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte 585

Early Military Victories 585
The Constitution of the Year VIII 586 20 The Conservative Order and the
The Consulate in France (1799–1804) 586 Challenges of Reform (1815–1832) 616
Suppressing Foreign Enemies and
The Conservative Order 617
Domestic Opposition 586
The Congress System 617
Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church 587
The Domestic Political Order 617
The Napoleonic Code 588
Conservative Outlooks 617
Establishing a Dynasty 588
The Emergence of Nationalism and Liberalism 618
The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) 588
Nationalism 618
Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814) 590 Early-Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism 622
Conquering an Empire 590 Classical Economics 624
The Continental System 592 Relationship of Liberalism to Nationalism 625
European Response to the Empire 592 Conservative Restoration in Europe 625
German Nationalism and Prussian Reform 593 Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted
The Wars of Liberation 595 in Austria and the Germanies 625
The Invasion of Russia 598 Postwar Repression in Great Britain 627
European Coalition 598 Bourbon Restoration in France 631
The Congress of Vienna and the European The Spanish Revolution of 1820 632
Settlement 599 The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe 632
Territorial Adjustments 599 Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans 633
The Hundred Days and the Quadruple Alliance 600 Russia: The Decembrist Revolt of 1825 634
The Romantic Movement 602 Revolution in France (1830) 636
Belgium Becomes Independent (1830) 638
Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1832) 638
of Reason 603
Rousseau and Education 603 The Wars of Independence in Latin America 640
Kant and Reason 603 Wars of Independence on the South American
Continent 640
Romantic Literature 604 Independence in New Spain 643
English Romantic Writers 604 Brazilian Independence 643
The German Romantic Writers 606
In Perspective 643
Romantic Art 606
The Cult of the Middle Ages and Neo-Gothicism 607 Key Terms 644
Nature and the Sublime 608 Review Questions 644
Religion in the Romantic Period 609 Suggested Readings 644
Methodism 609 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 645
New Directions in Continental Religion 610
Romantic Views of Nationalism and History 610
Herder and Culture 610 C O M P A R E Mazzini and Lord Acton Debate the
A N D
Hegel and History 611 C O N N E C T Political Principles of Nationalism 620
Islam, the Middle East, and Romanticism 611
In Perspective 613
Gymnastics and German Nationalism 628
Key Terms 613
Review Questions 614 A Closer LOOK AN UNSUCCESSFUL MILITARY
Suggested Readings 614 COUP IN RUSSIA 635
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 614

21 Economic Advance and Social

A Closer LOOK THE CORONATION Unrest (1830–1850) 646
OF NAPOLEON 589
Toward an Industrial Society 647
Population and Migration 647
Sailors and Canned Food 594 Railways 648
xii ■ CONTENTS

The Labor Force 650 Cavour’s Policy 690

The Emergence of a Wage-Labor Force 650 The New Italian State 693
Working-Class Political Action: The Example German Unification 696
of British Chartism 651 Bismarck 697
Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution 654 The Franco-Prussian War and the German
The Family in the Early Factory System 654 Empire (1870–1871) 699
Women in the Early Industrial Revolution 656 France: From Liberal Empire to the
Opportunities and Exploitation in Employment 656 Third Republic 700
Changing Expectations in the The Paris Commune 700
Working-Class Marriage 657 The Third Republic 701
Problems of Crime, Order, and Poverty 658 The Habsburg Empire 701
New Police Forces 660 Formation of the Dual Monarchy 703
Prison Reform 661 Unrest of Nationalities 703
Government Policies Based on Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings 705
Classical Economics 661 Reforms of Alexander II 705
Early Socialism 662 Revolutionaries 706
Utopian Socialism 662 Great Britain: Toward Democracy 707
Anarchism 664 The Second Reform Act (1867) 707
Marxism 664 Gladstone’s Great Ministry
1848: Year of Revolutions 666 (1868–1874) 709
France: The Second Republic and Louis Napoleon 668 Disraeli in Office (1874–1880) 709
The Habsburg Empire: Nationalism Resisted 671 The Irish Question 711
Italy: Republicanism Defeated 673 In Perspective 712
The German Confederation: Liberalism Frustrated 674
Key Term 712
In Perspective 676
Review Questions 712
Key Terms 676
Suggested Readings 712
Review Questions 677
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 713
Suggested Readings 677
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 677
A Closer LOOK THE SUEZ CANAL 689
C O M P A R E
A N D
Nineteenth-Century Nationalism:
The Potato and the Great Hunger in Ireland 649 C O N N E C T Two Sides 694
C O M P A R E Andrew Ure and John Ruskin Debate
A N D
C O N N E C T the Conditions of Factory Production 652
The Arrival of Penny Postage 710
A Closer LOOK THE GREAT EXHIBITION IN
LONDON 655
23 The Building of European Supremacy:
Society and Politics to World War I 715
THE WEST THE WORLD The Abolition of Slavery
in the Transatlantic Population Trends and Migration 716
Economy 679
The Second Industrial Revolution 716
New Industries 716
Economic Difficulties 719
PART 5
The Middle Classes in Ascendancy 719
Toward the Modern World, 1850–1939
Social Distinctions within the Middle Classes 719
Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life 722
The Redesign of Cities 723
22 The Age of Nation-States 685 Urban Sanitation 724
Housing Reform and Middle-Class Values 725
The Crimean War (1853–1856) 686
Peace Settlement and Long-Term Results 687 Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century
Women’s Experiences 727
Reforms in the Ottoman Empire 688 Women’s Social Disabilities 727
Italian Unification 690 New Employment Patterns for Women 729
Romantic Republicans 690 Working-Class Women 730
 C ONTENTS ■ xiii

Poverty and Prostitution 730 Retreat from Rationalism in Politics 770

Women of the Middle Class 731 Racism 771
The Rise of Political Feminism 733 Anti-Semitism and the Birth of Zionism 773
Jewish Emancipation 736 Women and Modern Thought 775
Differing Degrees of Citizenship 736 Antifeminism in Late-Century Thought 775
Broadened Opportunities 736 New Directions in Feminism 776
Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I 737 In Perspective 779
Trade Unionism 737 Key Terms 779
Democracy and Political Parties 738
Karl Marx and the First International 738 Review Questions 779
Great Britain: Fabianism and Early Suggested Readings 780
Welfare Programs 739
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 780
France: “Opportunism” Rejected 739
Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism 740
Russia: Industrial Development and the Birth
of Bolshevism 741 The Birth of Science Fiction 754
In Perspective 748 C O M P A R E
A N D The Debate over Social Darwinism 756
Key Terms 748 C O N N E C T

Review Questions 748 A Closer LOOK POPULAR RELIGION AND

Suggested Readings 749 PILGRIMAGE 760
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 749

25 The Age of Western Imperialism 782

Bicycles: Transportation, Freedom, and Sport 721 The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization 783
C O M P A R E Bernstein and Lenin Debate the The Age of British Imperial Dominance 784
A N D
C O N N E C T Tactics of European Socialism 744 The Imperialism of Free Trade 784
British Settler Colonies 785
A Closer LOOK BLOODY SUNDAY,
India—The Jewel in the Crown
ST. PETERSBURG, 1905 747
of the British Empire 785
The “New Imperialism,” 1870–1914 790
Motives for the New Imperialism 791
24 The Birth of Modern
The Partition of Africa 796
European Thought 751 Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Libya 796
The New Reading Public 752 Egypt and British Strategic Concern
Advances in Primary Education 752 about the Upper Nile 796
Reading Material for the Mass Audience 752 West Africa 799
The Belgian Congo 801
Science at Midcentury 752 German Empire in Africa 802
Comte, Positivism, and the Prestige of Science 753 Southern Africa 803
New Theories of Evolution: Lamarck, Lyell,
Darwin, Wallace 753 Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia 805
Science and Ethics: Social Darwinism 755 Western Powers in Asia 806
Christianity and the Church Under Siege 755 France in Asia 806
Intellectual Skepticism 755 The United States’ Actions in Asia,
Conflict Between Church and State 758 the Pacific, and Latin America 807
Areas of Religious Revival 759 The Boxer Rebellion 808
The Roman Catholic Church and the Modern World 759 Tools of Imperialism 810
Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century Steamboats 810
European Thought 759 Conquest of Tropical Diseases 810
Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind 761 Firearms 810
Science: The Revolution in Physics 761 The Missionary Factor 812
Literature: Realism and Naturalism 763 Missionary Movements 812
Modernism in Literature 764 Tensions Between Missionaries and
The Coming of Modern Art 765 Imperial Administrators 813
Friedrich Nietzsche and the Revolt Against Reason 768 Missionaries and Indigenous
The Birth of Psychoanalysis 769 Religious Movements 815
xiv ■ CONTENTS

Science and Imperialism 815 C O M P A R E

Botany 816 A N D The Outbreak of World War I 838
C O N N E C T
Zoology 817
Medicine 817 A Closer LOOK THE DEVELOPMENT OF
Anthropology 817 THE ARMORED TANK 845
In Perspective 818
Key Terms 819 War Propaganda and the Movies:
Review Questions 819 Charlie Chaplin 856
Suggested Readings 820
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 821
27 The Interwar Years: The Challenge
of Dictators and Depression 865
A Closer LOOK THE FRENCH IN MOROCCO 793
After Versailles: Demands for Revision
C O M P A R E Two Views of Turn-of-the-Twentieth-
A N D and Enforcement 866
C O N N E C T Century Imperial Expansion 794
Toward the Great Depression in Europe 867
Financial Tailspin 867
Submarine Cables 811 Problems in Agricultural Commodities 868
Depression and Government Policy
in Britain and France 868
THE WEST THE WORLD Imperialism: Ancient
The Soviet Experiment 869
and Modern 822 War Communism 869
The New Economic Policy 870
The Third International 871
Stalin versus Trotsky 872
26 Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace 827 The Decision for Rapid Industrialization 872
The Collectivization of Agriculture 873
Emergence of the German Empire and the
The Purges 875
Alliance Systems (1873–1890) 828
Bismarck’s Leadership 828 The Fascist Experiment in Italy 876
Forging the Triple Entente The Rise of Mussolini 877
(1890–1907) 830 The Fascists in Power 879
World War I 832 German Democracy and Dictatorship 879
The Road to War (1908–1914) 832 The Weimar Republic 879
Sarajevo and the Outbreak of War Depression and Political Deadlock 884
(June–August 1914) 834 Hitler Comes to Power 885
Strategies and Stalemate: Hitler’s Consolidation of Power 887
1914–1917 837 Anti-Semitism and the Police State 888
Racial Ideology and the Lives of Women 888
The Russian Revolution 847 Nazi Economic Policy 889
The Provisional Government 847
Lenin and the Bolsheviks 848 Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe 893
The Communist Dictatorship 850 Economic and Ethnic Pressures 893
Poland: Democracy to Military Rule 893
The End of World War I 851 Czechoslovakia: A Viable
Germany’s Last Offensive 851 Democratic Experiment 894
The Armistice 852 Hungary: Turn to Authoritarianism 894
The End of the Ottoman Empire 852 Austria: Political Turmoil and Nazi Occupation 894
The Settlement at Paris 854 Southeastern Europe: Royal Dictatorships 894
Obstacles the Peacemakers Faced 855 In Perspective 895
The Peace 857
World War I and Colonial Empires 859 Key Terms 895
Evaluating the Peace 860 Review Questions 895
In Perspective 861 Suggested Readings 896
Key Terms 862 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 897
Review Questions 862
Suggested Readings 862
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 863 Cinema of the Political Left and Right 886
 CONTENTS ■ xv

C O M P A R E
A N D
The Soviets and the Nazis Confront A Closer LOOK THE VICHY REGIME IN FRANCE 927
C O N N E C T the Issues of Women and the Family 890

A Closer LOOK THE NAZI PARTY RALLY 892

29 The Cold War Era, Decolonization,
and the Emergence of a New Europe 936
PART 6
Global Conflict, Cold War, and New Directions, 1939–2012 The Emergence of the Cold War 937
Containment in American Foreign Policy 938
Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe 940
28 World War II 898 The Postwar Division of Germany 940
NATO and the Warsaw Pact 941
Again the Road to War (1933–1939) 899 The Creation of the State of Israel 941
Hitler’s Goals 899 The Korean War 945
Italy Attacks Ethiopia 899 The Khrushchev Era in the Soviet Union 946
Remilitarization of the Rhineland 900 Khrushchev’s Domestic Policies 946
The Spanish Civil War 900 The Three Crises of 1956 947
Austria and Czechoslovakia 901
Later Cold War Confrontations 948
Munich 903
The Berlin Wall 949
The Nazi–Soviet Pact 907
The Cuban Missile Crisis 949
World War II (1939–1945) 907 The Brezhnev Era 949
The German Conquest of Europe 907
1968: The Invasion of Czechoslovakia 949
The Battle of Britain 908
The United States and Détente 950
The German Attack on Russia 909
The Invasion of Afghanistan 951
Hitler’s Plans for Europe 911
Communism and Solidarity in Poland 952
Japan and the United States Enter the War 911
Relations with the Reagan Administration 952
The Tide Turns 912
The Defeat of Nazi Germany 916 Decolonization: The European Retreat
Fall of the Japanese Empire 917 from Empire 952
The Cost of War 919 Major Areas of Colonial Withdrawal 954
India 954
Racism and the Holocaust 919
Further British Retreat from Empire 955
The Destruction of the Polish Jewish Community 920
Polish Anti-Semitism Between the Wars 920 The Turmoil of French Decolonization 956
The Nazi Assault on the Jews of Poland 921 France and Algeria 957
Explanations of the Holocaust 922 France and Vietnam 958
Vietnam Drawn into the Cold War 958
The Domestic Fronts 924
Direct United States Involvement 959
Germany: From Apparent Victory to Defeat 925
France: Defeat, Collaboration, and Resistance 926 The Collapse of European Communism 960
Great Britain: Organization for Victory 928 Gorbachev Attempts to Reform
The Soviet Union: “The Great Patriotic War” 929 the Soviet Union 960
1989: Revolution in Eastern Europe 963
Preparations for Peace 930
The Collapse of the Soviet Union 964
The Atlantic Charter 930
The Yeltsin Decade 969
Tehran: Agreement on a Second Front 930
Yalta 932 The Collapse of Yugoslavia
Potsdam 932 and Civil War 970
In Perspective 933 Putin and the Resurgence of Russia 971
Key Terms 934 The Rise of Radical Political Islamism 974
Review Questions 934 Arab Nationalism 974
The Iranian Revolution 975
Suggested Readings 934 Afghanistan and Radical Islamism 975
MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 935 A Transformed West 976
In Perspective 978
C O M P A R E
A N D
C O N N E C T
The Munich Settlement 904 Key Terms 979
Review Questions 979
Rosie the Riveter and American Women Suggested Readings 979
in the War Effort 915 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 980
xvi ■ CONTENTS

The Christian Heritage 1003

C O M P A R E
A N D The Soviet Union and the United States Neo-Orthodoxy 1003
C O N N E C T
Draw the Lines of the Cold War 942 Liberal Theology 1003
Roman Catholic Reform 1004
Late-Twentieth-Century Technology:
Rock Music and Political Protest 962
The Arrival of the Computer 1005
The Demand for Calculating Machines 1005
A Closer LOOK COLLAPSE OF THE
Early Computer Technology 1005
BERLIN WALL 967
The Development of Desktop Computers 1006
The Challenges of European Unification 1007
Postwar Cooperation 1007
30 Social, Cultural, and Economic The European Economic Community 1007
Challenges in the West through The European Union 1007
the Present 982 Discord over the Union 1008
New American Leadership and Financial Crisis 1009
The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples 983 European Debt Crisis 1011
Displacement Through War 983
External and Internal Migration 983
In Perspective 1012
The New Muslim Population 984 Key Terms 1012
European Population Trends 985 Review Questions 1012
Toward a Welfare State Society 988 Suggested Readings 1013
Christian Democratic Parties 988
The Creation of Welfare States 988 MyHistoryLab Media Assignments 1013
Resistance to the Expansion of the Welfare State 989
New Patterns in Work and Expectations C O M P A R E
A N D
Muslim Women Debate France’s Ban
of Women 990 C O N N E C T on the Veil 986
Feminism 990
More Married Women in the Workforce 991
New Work Patterns 991
Women in the New Eastern Europe 993
Toys from Europe Conquer the United States 998
Transformations in Knowledge and Culture 993 A Closer LOOK NAMELESS LIBRARY, VIENNA 1002
Communism and Western Europe 993
Existentialism 994
Expansion of the University Population
and Student Rebellion 995 THE WEST THE WORLD Energy and the
The Americanization of Europe 997 Modern World 1015
A Consumer Society 997
Environmentalism 997
Art Since World War II 999 Glossary G-1
Cultural Divisions and the Cold War 1001 Index I-1
 DOCUMENTS
CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 16
Jan van Linschoten on Dutch Business Jean Baptiste Colbert, “Mercantilism:
in the Indian Ocean 387 Dissertation on Alliances” 484
Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, Politics Drawn *Buccaneers Prowl the High Seas 488
from the Very Words of the Holy Scripture 388 “A Defense of the Slave Trade” July 1740 497
James I on the Divine Right of Kings (1598) 388 *Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” 503
*King James I Defends Popular Recreation The Declaration of Independence 503
against the Puritans 389
*An Account of the Execution of Charles I 393 CHAPTER 17
Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon, Memoires 396
Immanuel Kant Defines the Enlightenment,
*Louis XIV Revokes the Edict of Nantes 404
1784 513
*The Great Elector Welcomes Protestant
Denis Diderot, Preliminary Discourse
Refugees from France 410
from The Encyclopedia (France), 1751 514
*Peter the Great Tells His Son to Acquire
Voltaire, on Social Conditions
Military Skills 414
in Eighteenth-Century France 515
Voltaire, Letters on England 516
CHAPTER 14 Voltaire, “On Universal Toleration” 519
Nicolaus Copernicus: On the Revolution Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Letters:
of the Heavenly Spheres (1500s) 419 (a) on Constantinople; (b) on Smallpox;
Galileo, “Third Letter on Sunspots” (c) on Vaccination in Turkey 519
(Italian States), 1612 421 *Du Châtelet Explains Happiness Scientifically 521
Isaac Newton, from Opticks 422 Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments 524
The Novum Organum (1620) 423 *Adam Smith Calls for Government Action
Rene Descartes, The Discourse on Method 425 to Support the Education of the Poor 525
Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan 426 Baron de Montesquieu, Excerpt from The Spirit
John Locke, Essay Concerning of the Laws 526
Human Understanding 429 *Denis Diderot Condemns European Empires 530
*Margaret Cavendish Questions the Fascination Mary Wollstonecraft, Introduction to
with Scientific Instruments 434 A Vindicaction of the Rights of Woman 532
Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess *Rousseau Argues for Separate Spheres for Men
Christina (1630s) 435 and Women 533
*Galileo Discusses the Relationship of Science Mary Wolllstonecraft Criticizes Rousseau’s View
to the Bible 438 of Women 534
*Man: A Mean Between Nothing and Everything 439 Catherine the Great, “Instructions
*Why More Women Than Men Are Witches 442 for a New Law Code” 545

CHAPTER 15 CHAPTER 18
De Staël on the Ancien Regime (1789) 450 Petition of Women of the Third Estate 553
Voltaire, on Social Conditions Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, What Is the
in Eighteenth-Century France 453 Third Estate? 553
The Marquis de Mirabeau, The Friend of Men, French Peasants, Cahiers de doléances
or Treatise on Population, 1756 453 (Grievances) (France), 1789 554
*Manchester’s Calico Printers Protest the Use *The Third Estate of a French City Petitions
of New Machinery 467 the King 555
James Watt on Steam Engines (mid to late 1700s) 468 *The National Assembly Decrees Civic Equality
Richard Guest, The Creation of the Steam Loom 468 in France 560
*Priscilla Wakefield Demands More Occupations Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights
for Women 471 of Woman and the Female Citizen 561
Jacques-Louis Menetra, Journal of My Life 473 *Burke Denounces the Extreme Measures of the
*Belorussian Jews Petition Catherine the Great 477 French Revolution 571

*Documents preceded by an asterisk appear in the printed book. Documents without asterisks are referenced throughout the text
by title and are available at MyHistoryLab.com.

xvii
xviii ■ DOCUMENTS

The National Convention, Law on Suspects Giuseppe Mazzini, Life and Writings
(1793), and Law of 22 Prairial Year II (1794) 572 of Giuseppe Mazzini, 1805–1872 673
*A Nation at Arms 573 *A Czech Nationalist Defends the Austrian
*The Paris Jacobin Club Alerts the Nation Empire 674
to Internal Enemies of the Revolution 574
Maximilien Robespierre, “Speech to National CHAPTER 22
Convention: The Terror Justified” 575
An Ottoman Government Decree Defines
*The Convention Establishes the Worship
the Official Notion of the “Modern” Citizen,
of the Supreme Being 579
June 19, 1870 688
A Letter from Bismarck (1866) 698
CHAPTER 19 Fustel de Coulanges, Letter to German
Madame de Remusat on the Rise Historian Theodor Mommsen, 1870 700
of Napoleon 585 *Mark Twain Describes the Austrian Parliament 702
Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Emancipation Manifesto (1861) 705
Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte 586 *The People’s Will Issues a Revolutionary
*Napoleon Announces His Seizure of Power 587 Manifesto 708
Charles Parquin, “Napoleon’s Army” 591
Carl von Clausewitz, On War, “Arming CHAPTER 23
the Nation” 593
Napoleon’s Exile to St. Helena (1815) 600 *Praise and Concerns Regarding Railway Travel 720
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile 603 *Paris Department Stores Expand Their Business 722
*Madame de Staël Describes the New Romantic Edwin Chadwick, Summary from the Poor
Literature of Germany 605 Law Commissioners 725
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Prometheus, 1773 606 *A Doctor Learns How to Prevent
*Mary Shelley Remembers the Birth Childbed Fever 726
of a Monster 607 Adelheid Popp, “Finding Work: Women
*Hegel Explains the Role of Great Men Factory Workers” 730
in History 612 George Bernard Shaw, Mrs. Warren’s Profession 731
The Rubaiyat (11th c. C.E.) Omar Khayyam 612 John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women 733
“Freedom or Death” (1913) Emmeline
Pankhurst 734
CHAPTER 20 *Emmeline Pankhurst Defends Militant
*John Stuart Mill Advocates Independence 623 Suffragette Tactics 735
Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations 624 Socialism: The Gotha Program (1875) 740
Laws of Population Growth (1798) Malthus 625 M. I. Pokzovskaya, Working Conditions
David Ricardo, Excerpt from Principles of Women in the Factories 741
of Political Economy and Taxation 625
*The German Confederation Issues CHAPTER 24
the Carlsbad Decrees 629
Auguste Comte, “Course of Positive Philosophy”
The Plan of Iguala 643
(France), 1830–1842 753
Origin of Species, Charles Darwin (1859) 753
CHAPTER 21 Herbert Spencer, Social Darwinism,
Chartist Movement: The People’s Petition from The Data of Ethics (1857) 755
of 1838 651 Matthew Arnold, Excerpt from Dover Beach 755
British Parliament, “Inquiry: Child Labor” 656 Pope Leo XIII, Rerum Novarum (Of New
Industrial Society and Factory Conditions Things), 1891 759
(early 1800s) 657 Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, “Lecture
*Women Industrial Workers Explain Their on Teaching and Learning” 761
Economic Situation 659 *Leo XIII Considers the Social Question
Leon Faucher, “Prison Rules” 661 in European Politics 762
Robert Owen, Excerpt from Address Werner Heisenberg, “Uncertainty” (Germany),
to the Workers of New Lanark, 1816 663 1927 762
Capitalism Challenged: The Communist Emile Zola, Nana 763
Manifesto (1848) 665 Henrik Ibsen, from A Doll’s House, Act Three 764
*Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels Describe John Maynard Keynes, from The End
the Class Struggle 667 of Laissez-Faire 764
Metternich on the Revolutions of 1848 672 Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil 768
 DOCUMENTS ■ xix

*Émile Zola Accuses the Enemies of Dreyfus Heinrich Hauser, “With Germany’s
of Self-Interest and Illegal Actions 772 Unemployed” 880
*Herzl Advocates Jewish Nationalism 774 *Hitler Denounces the Versailles Treaty 882
Ellen Key, from The Century of the Child 776 Adolf Hitler, Excerpt from Mein Kampf 882
Virginia Woolf, from A Room of One’s Own Heinrich Himmler, “Speech to SS Officers” 888
(Great Britain), 1929 777 Gertrud Scholtz-Klink, “Speech to the Nazi
*Virginia Woolf Urges Women to Write 778 Women’s Organization” (Germany), 1935 889

CHAPTER 25 CHAPTER 28
Letter to Queen Victoria (1839) Lin Zexu 785 Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf 899
*A Chinese Official Appeals to Queen Victoria Speech to Spaniards (1936) Francisco Franco 900
to Halt the Opium Trade 786 *Winston Churchill Warns of the Effects of the
Dadabhai Naoroji, The Benefits of British Rule Munich Agreement 906
in India, 1871 787 Adolf Hitler, “The Obersalzberg Speech” 906
The Indian Revolt (1857) 788 Marc Bloch, from Strange Defeat 908
Amrita Lal Roy, English Rule in India, 1886 788 Winston Churchill, “Their Finest Hour”
*Gandhi Questions the Value of English (Great Britain), 1940 909
Civilization 789 An Eyewitness to Hiroshima (1945) 918
Karl Pearson, “Social Darwinism and *Mass Murder at Belsen 922
Imperialism” 791 Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill,
Vladimir Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage “The Atlantic Charter” 930
of Capitalism 791
Arthur James Balfour, “Problems with Which CHAPTER 29
We Have to Deal in Egypt,” 1910 792
Joseph Stalin, Excerpts from the “Soviet Victory”
*Winston Churchill Reports on the Power of
Speech, 1946 938
Modern Weaponry against an African Army 800
Winston Churchill, from the Iron Curtain
Carl Peters, “A Manifesto for German
Speech, 1946 938
Colonization” 802
Gamal Abdel Nasser, Speech on the Suez Canal
*General von Trotha Demands that the Herero
(Egypt), 1956 947
People Leave Their Land 804
*Khrushchev Denounces the Crimes of Stalin:
*The Russian Foreign Minister Explains
The Secret Speech 948
the Imperatives of Expansion in Asia 807
*Gandhi Explains His Doctrine of Nonviolence 956
Frantz Fanon, from The Wretched of the Earth 958
CHAPTER 26 Mikhail Gorbachev on the Need for Economic
Borijove Jevtic, The Murder of Archduke Franz Reform (1987) 961
Ferdinand at Sarajevo (28 June 1919) 834 *Vladimir Putin Outlines a Vision
*The Austrian Ambassador Gets a “Blank of the Russian Future 973
Check” from the Kaiser 836 Statement from Chancellor Schröder
Bolshevik Seizure of Power, 1917 848 on the Iraq Crisis 977
*The Outbreak of the Russian Revolution 849
*An Eyewitness Account of the Bolsheviks’ CHAPTER 30
Seizure of Power 850
Justin Vaisse, from “Veiled Meaning”
Woodrow Wilson, The Fourteen Points (1918) 852
(France) 2004 984
The Covenant of the League of Nations 857
Jörg Haider, from The Freedom I Mean
(Austria), 1995 985
CHAPTER 27 *Simone de Beauvoir Urges Economic
Irish National Identity: (a) Irish Declaration of Freedom for Women 992
Independence; (b) Ulster’s Solemn League and *Sartre Discusses His Existentialism 996
Covenant; (c) Eamon de Valera, radio broadcast 869 Towards a Green Europe, Towards a Green World 997
*John Maynard Keynes Calls for Government *Voices from Chernobyl 1000
Investment to Create Employment 870 Pope John Paul II, from Centesimus Annus 1004
Joseph Stalin, Five Year Plan 873 A Common Market and European
Benito Mussolini, “The Political and Social Integration (1960) 1007
Doctrine of Fascism” 877 Treaty on European Union, 1992 1008
*Mussolini Heaps Contempt on Political *An English Business Editor Calls for Europe
Liberalism 878 to Take Charge of Its Economic Future 1010
 MAPS
13–1 The First Three Wars of Louis XIV 399 26–2 The Schlieffen Plan of 1905 842
13–2 Europe in 1714 405 26–3 World War I in Europe 843
13–3 The Austrian Habsburg Empire, 26–4 The Western Front, 1914–1918 844
1521–1772 408 26–5 World War I Peace Settlement in
13–4 Expansion of Brandenburg-Prussia 409 Europe and the Middle East 858
16–1 Viceroyalties in Latin America in 1780 487 27–1 Germany’s Western Frontier 883
16–2 The Slave Trade, 1400–1860 493 28–1 The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 901
16–3 North America in 1763 502 28–2 Partitions of Czechoslovakia and
17–1 Expansion of Russia, 1689–1796 545 Poland, 1938–1939 903
17–2 Partitions of Poland, 1772, 1793, and 1795 546 28–3 Axis Europe, 1941 910
18–1 French Provinces and the Republic 562 28–4 North African Campaigns, 1942–1945 913
19–1 The Continental System, 1806–1810 593 28–5 Defeat of the Axis in Europe, 1942–1945 914
19–2 Napoleonic Europe in Late 1812 599 28–6 World War II in the Pacific 918
19–3 The German States after 1815 601 28–7 The Holocaust 920
19–4 Europe 1815, after the Congress 28–8 Yalta to the Surrender 932
of Vienna 602 29–1 Territorial Changes in Europe
20–1 Centers of Revolution, 1820–1831 633 After World War II 938
20–2 Latin America in 1830 641 29–2 Occupied Germany and Austria 941
21–1 European Railroads in 1850 648 29–3 Major Cold War European
21–2 Centers of Revolution in 1848–1849 668 Alliance Systems 944
22–1 The Crimean War 686 29–4 Israel and Its Neighbors in 1949 945
22–2 The Unification of Italy 692 29–5 Korea, 1950–1953 946
22–3 The Unification of Germany 696 29–6 Decolonization Since World War II 953
23–1 Patterns of Global Migration, 29–7 Vietnam and Its Southeast Asian
1840–1900 717 Neighbors 961
23–2 European Industrialization, 1860–1913 718 29–8 The Borders of Germany in the
25–1 British India, 1820 and 1856 787 Twentieth Century 965
25–2 Imperial Expansion in Africa to 1880 797 29–9 The Commonwealth of Independent
25–3 Partition of Africa, 1880–1914 798 States 968
25–4 Asia, 1880–1914 809 30–1 The Growth of the European Union 1008
26–1 The Balkans, 1912–1913 834

xx
 PREFACE
T
he years since the publication of the Tenth Edi-
tion of The Western Heritage have produced sig-
nificant changes that present new and serious
challenges to the West and the rest of the world. The
most striking of these changes is in the economy. In
2008, a serious financial crisis produced a deep recession
that diminished the widespread economic growth and
prosperity of the West and much of the world and threat-
ened to produce the political instability that usually
accompanies economic upheaval. By 2012, the European
Union, long an economic powerhouse, felt the threat to
its currency and the solvency of its weaker members.
The United States also suffered a severe setback, and the
recovery from its recession was the slowest in decades.
There seems to be little agreement as to solutions to the
problem within or among the nations of the West and
even less willingness to make the sacrifices that might
be necessary.
In the realms of international relations and politics,
the United States and its European friends and allies
pursued mixed policies. The war in Iraq, which some
had thought lost, took a sharp turn in 2008 when the
Americans changed their approach, that was popularly
called “the surge,” introducing a sharply increased mili-
tary force and a new counter-insurgence strategy. It was
so successful that the Western allies chose to withdraw
their combat troops and leave the remaining fighting to
the new Iraqi government. With fewer troops and a less
clear commitment the Americans undertook a similar
“surge” using a similar plan in Afghanistan. The effort
met with considerable success, but the prospect of con-
tinued fighting and diminishing support by the engaged
Western powers left the future of their efforts to clear
the region of terrorist bases uncertain.
New challenges arose in still another area involving
important Western interests: the Middle East. Insurrec-
tions against well-established autocracies in Libya and
Egypt drew support in different degrees from members
of NATO. Both nations succeeded in removing dicta-
torial rulers, but the character of the new regimes and
their relationship with the West remains uncertain.
The authors of this volume continue to believe that
the heritage of Western civilization remains a major
point of departure for understanding and defining the
challenges of our time. The spread of its interests and
influence throughout the world has made the West a
crucial part of the world’s economy and a major player
on the international scene. This book aims to introduce
its readers to the Western heritage so that they may be
better-informed and more culturally sensitive citizens
of the increasingly troubled and challenging global age.
Since The Western Heritage first appeared, we have
sought to provide our readers with a work that does jus-
tice to the richness and variety of Western civilization
and its many complexities. We hope that such an under-
standing of the West will foster lively debate about its
character, values, institutions, and global influence.
Indeed, we believe such a critical outlook on their own
culture has characterized the peoples of the West since
the dawn of history. Through such debates we define
ourselves and the values of our culture. Consequently,
we welcome the debate and hope that The Western Heri-
tage, Eleventh Edition, can help foster an informed dis-
cussion through its history of the West’s strengths and
weaknesses and the controversies surrounding Western
history. To further that debate, we have included an
introductory essay entitled “What Is the Western Heri-
tage?” to introduce students to the concept of the West
and to allow instructors and students to have a point
of departure for debating this concept in their course of
study.
We also believe that any book addressing the expe-
rience of the West must also look beyond its histori-
cal European borders. Students reading this book come
from a wide variety of cultures and experiences. They
live in a world of highly interconnected economies
and instant communication between cultures. In this
emerging multicultural society it seems both appropri-
ate and necessary to recognize how Western civilization
has throughout its history interacted with other cul-
tures, both influencing and being influenced by them.
For this reason, there is a chapter that focuses on the
nineteenth-century European age of imperialism. Fur-
ther examples of Western interaction with other parts
of the world, such as with Islam, appear throughout the
text. To further highlight the theme of cultural interac-
tion, The Western Heritage includes a series of compara-
tive essays, “The West & the World.”
In this edition as in past editions, our goal has been
to present Western civilization fairly, accurately, and
in a way that does justice to this great, diverse legacy
of human enterprise. History has many facets, no sin-
gle one of which can alone account for the others. Any
attempt to tell the story of the West from a single over-
arching perspective, no matter how timely, is bound
to neglect or suppress some important parts of this
story. Like all other authors of introductory texts, we
have had to make choices, but we have attempted to
provide the broadest possible introduction to Western
civilization.
▼ Goals of the Text
Our primary goal has been to present a strong, clear, nar-
rative account of the central developments in Western
history. We have also sought to call attention to certain
critical themes:
xxi
xxii ■ PREFACE
s The capacity of Western civilization, from the time of
the Greeks to the present, to transform itself through
self-criticism.
s The development in the West of political freedom,
constitutional government, and concern for the rule
of law and individual rights.
s The shifting relations among religion, society, and the
state.
s The development of science and technology and
their expanding impact on Western thought, social
institutions, and everyday life.
s The major religious and intellectual currents that
have shaped Western culture.
We believe that these themes have been fundamental
in Western civilization, shaping the past and exerting a
continuing influence on the present.
Flexible Presentation The Western Heritage, Elev-
enth Edition, is designed to accommodate a variety of
approaches to a course in Western civilization, allowing
instructors to stress what is most important to them.
Some instructors will ask students to read all the chap-
ters. Others will select among them to reinforce assigned
readings and lectures. We believe the documents as well
as the “Encountering the Past” and “A Closer Look” fea-
tures may also be adopted selectively by instructors for
purposes of classroom presentation and debate and as the
basis for short written assignments.
Integrated Social, Cultural, and Political History The
Western Heritage provides one of the richest accounts of
the social history of the West available today, with strong
coverage of family life, the changing roles of women, and
the place of the family in relation to broader economic,
political, and social developments. This coverage reflects
the explosive growth in social historical research in the
past half-century, which has enriched virtually all areas
of historical study.
We have also been told repeatedly by instructors that
no matter what their own historical specialization, they
believe that a political narrative gives students an effec-
tive tool to begin to understand the past. Consequently,
we have sought to integrate such a strong political narra-
tive with our treatment of the social, cultural, and intel-
lectual factors in Western history.
We also believe that religious faith and religious
institutions have been fundamental to the development
of the West. No other survey text presents so full an
account of the religious and intellectual development
of the West. People may be political and social beings,
but they are also reasoning and spiritual beings. What
they think and believe are among the most important
things we can know about them. Their ideas about God,
society, law, gender, human nature, and the physical
world have changed over the centuries and continue to
change. We cannot fully grasp our own approach to the
world without understanding the religious and intel-
lectual currents of the past and how they have influ-
enced our thoughts and conceptual categories. We seek
to recognize the impact of religion in the expansion of
the West, including the settlement of the Americas in
the sixteenth century and the role of missionaries in
nineteenth-century Western imperialism.
Clarity and Accessibility Good narrative history
requires clear, vigorous prose. As with earlier editions,
we have paid careful attention to our writing, subjecting
every paragraph to critical scrutiny. Our goal has been to
make the history of the West accessible to students with-
out compromising vocabulary or conceptual level. We
hope this effort will benefit both instructors and students.
▼ The Eleventh Edition
New to This Edition
s This edition is closely tied to the innovative website,
the New MyHistoryLab, which helps you save time
and improve results as you study history (www
.myhistorylab.com). MyHistoryLab icons connect
the main narrative in each chapter of the book to a
powerful array of MyHistoryLab resources, including
primary source documents, analytical video segments,
interactive maps, and more. A MyHistoryLab Media
Assignments feature now appears at the end of each
chapter, capping off the study resources for the
chapter. The New MyHistoryLab also includes both
eBook and Audio Book versions of The Western
Heritage, Eleventh Edition, so that you can read or
listen to your textbook any time you have access to
the Internet.
s New with this Eleventh Edition: The Western Heritage
now uses the latest release of the New MyHistoryLab,
which offers the most advanced Study Plan ever.
You get personalized Study Plans for each chapter,
with content arranged from less complex thinking—
like remembering facts—to more complex critical
thinking—like understanding connections in history
and analyzing primary sources. Assessments and
learning applications in the Study Plan link you
directly to The Western Heritage eBook for reading
and review.
s For the Eleventh Edition, the authors welcome Alison
Frank, professor of history at Harvard University.
Alison Frank is interested in transnational approaches
to the history of Central and Eastern Europe, partic-
ularly the Habsburg Empire and its successor states in
the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Other interests
include the Eastern Alps, the Mediterranean slave trade,
and environmental history.

Here are just some of the changes that can be found
in the Eleventh Edition of The Western Heritage:
Chapter 13
s New Document: An Account of the Execution of
Charles I
Chapter 14
s New Document: Man: A Mean between Nothing and
Everything
Chapter 16
s Expanded coverage of slavery and racism as well as the
wars of the mid-eighteenth century.
s New Document: Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”
Chapter 17
s Extensive new coverage of Enlightenment attitudes
toward Islam and a new discussion of Immanuel Kant
and his ideas.
s Expanded coverage of the philosophes, particularly in
regard to patronage.
s Revised discussion of the Jewish Enlightenment.
s New Document: Du Châtelet Explains Happiness
Scientifically
Chapter 18
s New coverage of U.S. attitudes toward the French
Revolution.
s Expanded coverage of taxation by the monarchy,
particularly in regard to its impact on peasants.
s New Closer Look feature focusing on a late eighteenth-
century cartoon satirizing the French social and
political structure
s New Document: A Nation at Arms
Chapter 19
s Coverage of the Haitian Revolution was moved from
Chapter 20 to Chapter 19 in the new edition.
s A new discussion of Mary Godwin Shelley.
s Expanded coverage of the Romantic movement and its
origins, with a particular focus on writers of the period,
and expanded coverage of British naval supremacy as
evidenced during the Battle of Trafalgar.
s New Documents: Napoleon Announces His Seizure of
Power, Mary Shelley Remembers the Birth of a Mon-
ster, A Polish Legionnaire Recalls Guerilla Warfare in
Spain [part of the Compare & Connect feature]
Chapter 20
s The entire chapter has been completely reorganized to
create a more logical sequence of topics.
s Coverage of Classical Economics was moved from
Chapter 21 to Chapter 20 in the new edition.
s New coverage of the relationship of nationalism to
liberalism.
PREFACE ■ xxiii
s New Document: John Stuart Mill Advocates Inde-
pendence
s New Closer Look feature focusing on the painting
titled The Insurrection of the Decembrists at Senate
Square, St. Petersburg on 14th December, 1825, by
Karl Kolman
Chapter 21
s Expanded coverage of the revolutions that occurred in
1848 and of nationalist movements.
s New Document: A Czech Nationalist Defends the
Austrian Empire
Chapter 22
s Expanded coverage of the aftermath of the Crimean
War and of Italian and German unification, and greatly
expanded coverage of the Habsburg Empire.
s New Map of Crimea has been added to the chapter
s New Map showing nationalities within the Habsburg
Empire has been added to the chapter
s New Document: Mark Twain Describes the Austrian
Parliament
s New Closer Look feature focusing on a painting by
Albert Rieger titled The Suez Canal
Chapter 23
s New subsection on the influence of the British Suf-
frage movement abroad, particularly in the United
States.
s Expanded coverage of women and gender.
s New Documents: Praise and Concerns Regarding Rail-
way Travel, A Doctor Learns How to Prevent Childbed
Fever
Chapter 24
s Darwin’s significance in regard to thought about evo-
lution and natural selection is placed within a more
realistic context by emphasizing predecessors and
contemporaries that arrived at similar conclusions.
s Expanded coverage of the Kulturkampf in Germany.
s Coverage of the Dreyfus Affair was moved from
Chapter 22 to Chapter 24 in the new edition.
s New Document: Herzl Advocates Jewish Nationalism
s New Closer Look feature examining the 19th century
revival in popular religiosity, and in particular in the
practice of pilgrimage
Chapter 25
s New section on women’s involvement in missionary
activity.
s Expanded coverage of the Berlin Conference and of
U.S. efforts to acquire the rights to build and control
the Panama Canal.
s New Document: Gandhi Questions the Value of English
Civilization
xxiv ■ PREFACE

Chapter 26 English transliterations of Arabic words. For example,

today Koran has been replaced by the more accurate
s Greatly expanded coverage of World War I, inclu-
Qur’an; similarly Muhammad is preferable to Moham-
ding new military technology used during the war,
med and Muslim to Moslem.
increased opportunities for women on the home front,
and increased government involvement in domestic
economies to address shortages and inflation.
s New Document: The Austrian Ambassador Gets a ▼ Ancillary Instructional Materials
“Blank Check” from the Kaiser Instructors using this text can visit the Instructor’s
Chapter 27 Resource Center online at www.pearsonhighered.com/
irc in order to downoad text-specific materials, such
s New Document: Hitler Denounces the Versailles as the Instructor’s Resource Manual, Test Item File,
Treaty MyTest, and PowerPoint™ presentations.
Chapter 28
s Greatly expanded coverage of the domestic front dur-
ing World War II, particularly regarding government
involvement in private affairs.
s New Document: Winston Churchill Warns of the
Effects of the Munich Agreement
Chapter 29
s Expanded coverage of the ideological differences be-
tween the Soviet Union and the United States that
formed the basis of the Cold War.
Chapter 30
s New section on the European debt crisis.
s Increased focus on women throughout the chapter.
s Greater emphasis on social issues after 1991. ▼ Acknowledgments
s Updated and expanded coverage of European population
trends. We are grateful to the scholars and instructors whose
s New Document: Voices from Chernobyl thoughtful and often detailed comments helped shape
s New Compare & Connect feature: Muslim Women this revision: Patricia Behre, Fairfield University; Hans
Debate France’s Ban on the Veil—Mona Eltahawy Broedel, University of North Dakota; Dorothea Browder,
Argues Women’s Rights Trump Cultural Relativism Western Kentucky University; Edward Cade, Lakeland
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 Stella oli saanut määrätä pojalle nimen ja vaikka hänestä oli
yksinkertaista nimittää lapset vanhempain, sukulaisten ja kummien
nimellä, niin hän kuitenkin itse antoi esikoiselleen nimeksi Harald
Erik Henrik. Silloin lapsen isä oli sanonut:

— Aika veitikka olet, kun panit pojalle noin hassun nimen. Mutta
odotapa, tyttöseni, jahka vielä synnytät miehellesi tytönkin, niin
annan sille nimen, joka ontuu ainakin yhtä pahasti kuin sinun
antamasi nimi. Hänen nimensä olkoon Helena Irene Stella.

— Älä koskaan enää kutsu minua tytöksesi, muista se!

Näin oli Stella vastannut ja siihen nyt jätämme heidät. Jos heille on
syntynyt useampia lapsia kuin yksi, niin on luultavaa, että joku niistä
on saanut Erkin mainitsemat nimet.

Tyytykäämme siihen, että tiedämme Erkin ja Stellan olevan

onnellisia ja että tuota onnea näkyy heillä vastedeskin kestävän.
Vaikka heidän taivaallansa onkin ollut pilviä, niin nämä eivät
kuitenkaan ole sitä kokonaan peittäneet, vaan niiden lomitse on
taivas siintänyt vain sinisempänä ja kirkkaampana. Ja samoin kuin
pilvenhattarat illansuussa tavallisesti hajaantuvat ja katoavat, niin
toivokaamme, että heidänkin taivaallansa, silloin kun heidän
elämänsä kääntyy illanpuolelle, ei tule olemaan muuta kuin valoisia,
läpikuultavia pilviä, joiden takaa ijankaikkisuuden kirkkaat, loistavat
tähdet pilkottavat.

*****

Käykäämme vielä kerran Ristilän puistossa, jossa tapaamme

Irenen istumassa aivan yksinänsä Henrik Henningin hautakivellä.
Ken ennen olisi tuntenut Irenen, olisi sanonut hänen paljon
muuttuneen, mutta ken ei ennen olisi häntä nähnyt, olisi säikähtäen
väistynyt syrjään, vakuutettuna siitä, että satukirjat, joista hän ennen
lapsena oli lukenut metsän-neidoista, sinipiioista ja muista
tarunomaisista ketteräjalkaisista olennoista, olivatkin puhuneet totta.

Irene heilutti ensin hiljakseen päivänvarjoaan, mutta otti sitten

taskustaan päiväkirjansa ja alkoi puhella itsekseen:

— Tänään juuri kaksi vuotta takaperin minä ensi kerran näin

Haraldin. Kuinka elämäni sitä ennen olikaan pimeä, synkkä ja
kaikkea iloa vailla, mutta sen jälkeen, oi kuinka valoisaa, rikasta ja
täynnä iloa! Vähän aikaa taaksepäin minusta vielä olisi tuntunut niin
kauhealta kuolla näin rakastettuna, varsinkin koska itsekin rakastan
näin äärettömästi… mutta nyt ovat asiat toisin. Jokaisella
hengenvedolla tunnen kuoleman lähestyvän, mutta nyt se ei enää
minua kammota ja ilomielin riennän sitä vastaan. Haraldia minä
kuitenkin kaiholla muistelen. Hän on sureva minua… oi, liiaksikin.
Hänen taakkansa minä niin mielelläni kantaisin… oi, jospa saisin
viedä sen muassani taivaaseen, niin ilolla surisin hänen sijassansa.
Mutta se ei käy päinsä ja sen vuoksi kuolema ei olekaan minulle niin
tervetullut kuin se muutoin olisi… Mutta jos Harald on sellainen, joksi
häntä luulen, niin toivonpa hänen muistavan, että tämä lyhyt aika
maan päällä ei ole mitään ijankaikkisuuteen verrattuna. Hän on
ajatteleva jälleennäkemisen autuutta ja muistava, että hänen
Irenensä uskollisesti seuraa kaikkia hänen askeleitaan, iloiten
nähdessään kuinka Jumala häntä rakastaa. Kärsivällisesti on Harald
vaeltava synkkää tietänsä, katse tähdättynä taivaallista kotiansa
kohden.

Näin ajatellessaan Irene kuuli askelia, jotka nyt kuten ainakin

saattoivat hänen sydämensä sykähtämään ja mielensä
innostumaan. Harald lähestyi.

— Eiköhän ilma näin illalla jo käy liika viileäksi, sanoi hän, tässä
tuon sinulle saalin, kääri edes se ympärillesi. Mitenkä laitasi on,
armaani? Miksi olet pyrkinyt yksinäisyyteen ja tullut tänne kylmälle
kivelle istumaan?

— Minusta tuntuu ikäänkuin voisin vähän paremmin. Pistos ei

enää niin suuresti vaivaa ja hengittäminenkin käy helpommin. Kysyit,
miksi olen pyrkinyt yksinäisyyteen. Siksi, että tänään on kaksi vuotta
siitä, kun näin sinut ensimäisen kerran. Nämä vuodet ovat olleet
onnellisia, liiaksikin onnellisia. Tässä on päiväkirja, jota tyttönä
kirjoittelin… Nyt en enää pidä päiväkirjaa, se tulisi liian
yksitoikkoiseksi, ei olisi muuta kirjoitettavaa kuin onnestani ja
Haraldista, yhä vain Haraldista. Nyt minua huvitti lukea, mitä
seitsemäntoista vuotiaana olin sinusta kirjoittanut.

— Nähdessäni sinut tuossa kivellä, oma Ireneni, muistuu mieleeni,

että sinulla oli ylläsi sininen hame sekä tuo sama saali, joka nytkin
on hartioillasi, silloin kun ensiksi sinuun ihastuin ja minulle alkoi
käydä selväksi, että rakastin sinua. Ja minä muistan päivänkin: se oli
heinäkuun viimeinen päivä.

— Minä en silloin vielä ymmärtänyt, että rakastin sinua. Kuitenkin

olen siltä päivältä kirjoittanut muistikirjaani näin: ”Hän tuli kävellen
pappilasta ja minä näin hänet jo kaukaa. Aijoin nousta kiveltä, jolla
istuin, ja lähteä, mutta tuntuipa ikäänkuin joku olisi minua pidättänyt
ja minä jäin kun jäinkin paikalleni. Tultuaan puistoon, Harald —
mitäpä minä tässä päiväkirjassani häntä maisteriksi nimittäisin! —
Harald jäi ikäänkuin maahan juurtuneena seisomaan, katsellen
Ristilän päärakennusta juuri kuin jotain outoa olisi liikkunut hänen
mielessään. Mutta minut nähdessään hän kävi hyvin iloiseksi.
Puhuin hänelle jotain, jota en enää itsekään muista, ja hän vastasi
imarrellen. Sitä en kuitenkaan viitsi kirjoittaa kirjaani, koska tahdon
sen unohtaa. Puhelimme sitten vielä vähän aikaa ja siitä muistan
vain sen, että toruin häntä, kun hän kepillään löi poikki tätyruohoja.
Samassa tuli sinne eräs, jota en voi sietää.”

Heidän yhdessä luettuaan nämä sanat päiväkirjasta, Irene jatkoi:

— Tästä huomaat, rakas Haraldini, että jo silloin pidin sinusta,

vaikka en itse ymmärtänyt sitä, nuori ja kokematon kun olin. Nyt sen
jo tiedän ja uskallan Jumalan edessä ja näiden kainojen kukkasten ja
muhkeitten, vakavien puitten läsnäollessa vakuuttaa, että
sydämestäni rakastan sinua ja että olen äärettömän onnellinen.
Eihän tuo ole sinulle mitään uutta, mutta suutele minua kuitenkin
vastaukseksi, armaani.

Irenen rinta alkoi rajusti kohoilla, Haraldin pitäessä häntä hellästi

sylissään. Irenen jälleen vähän toinnuttua, niin että hän saattoi
paremmin hengittää, hän hiljaa sanoi:

— Ehkä et sallisi minun näin paljo puhua, koska luulet sen

vahingoittavan minua. Tahdon kuitenkin vielä vastata kysymykseesi,
miksi olen tullut tänne kylmälle kivelle istumaan.

Hän taukosi hetkeksi puhumasta, jotta ei antaisi miehelleen, jonka

sylissä yhä vielä lepäsi, syytä nuhteisiin. Tämä, joka ymmärsi mitä
hän tarkoitti, suuteli häntä, hymyillen lempeästi.

Irene jatkoi:

— Tulin tänne istumaan, koettaakseni miltä tuntuisi istua sillä

kivellä, jonka alla tulen pian lepäämään. Sillä yhtä minä sinulta
pyydän, Harald: älä vie minua isoihin, muhkeihin hautaholveihin,
vaan hautaa minut tähän puitten ja kukkasten keskelle, jossa Irenen
on paljo parempi maata. Olkoon tämä myös hautakiveni, sillä muuta
en kaipaa. Eikä siinä tarvitse olla minun nimeäni, parempi, että siinä
on hänen nimensä, jota rakastan ja joka rakastaa minua. Olkoon
siinä edelleenkin vain Henrik Henning, jonka sydämen tiedän
seuraavan minua hautaan. Nyt olen sanonut sinulle sanottavani ja
tiedän, ettet koskaan sitä unohda.

— En armaani, huudahti Harald, älä puhu haudasta! Vielä on

rakkaudelle jäävä monta ihanaa päivää. Kesän lämmin ilma on sinua
vahvistava ja syyskuussa lähdemme etelämaihin, missä sinä yhä
enemmän virkistyt, niin että pian parannut täydellisesti. Sinulla on
vielä syytä toivoa terveyttä, onnea ja rakkautta, miksi siis puhut
kuolemasta ja hautaamisesta… Mutta miksi noin surullisesti
myhäilet?

— Sinä ajattelet maallista tulevaisuutta, minä taivaallista.

— Oi, miksi noin puhut, oma, ainoa armaani? — kysyi Harald

äänellä, jonka koetti saada tyyneksi, mutta joka epätoivosta vapisi.

— Tahdon uskoa sinulle jotakin, Harald, joka on yhteydessä tuon

hirveän tapauksen kanssa, josta emme koskaan ole puhuneet…
koska muutenkin niin hyvin ymmärrämme toinen toistamme… ja
koska se on minua lohduttanut että hän, jonka julmista kourista
silloin pelastit minut, ei ollutkaan isäni. Mutta tiedätkö, että silloin
ensimäisen tautini jälestä välistä tunsin samallaisia taudinoireita kuin
nytkin. Tuntui niinkuin veri äkisti olisi noussut rintaani ja kurkkuuni,
niin että olin tukehtumaisillani. Suo anteeksi, että salasin sen sinulta;
en tahtonut saattaa sinua levottomaksi, varsinkin koska toivoin sen
menevän ohitse. Ja niin kävikin, etten toukokuusta tammikuuhun asti
tuntenut mitään kipua. Mutta sitten vilustuin… ja siitä alkaen olen
itsekin huomannut, kuinka olen ruvennut riutumaan ja tullut heikoksi
ja voimattomaksi. Pidätkö vääränä, että puhun suoraan, riistäen
sinulta kaiken toivon? Enkö siis saisikaan puhua haudasta?

Mies ja nainen olivat ikäänkuin vaihettaneet luontoa. Irene puhui

juhlallisella levollisuudella kuolemasta ja haudasta. Harald kuunteli
häntä peläten ja vavisten, virkkamatta sanaakaan. Surullisesti
hymyillen Irene jatkoi:

— Ollessamme pappilassa ja minun nähdessäni Stellan lapsen,

kävi melkein vähän kateekseni. Tulin ajatelleeksi: "Ehkä Harald
rakastaisi minua vielä enemmän, jos minäkin olisin synnyttänyt
hänelle lapsen." Pian kuitenkin hylkäsin tämän ajatuksen, sillä
olethan vakuuttanut, ettei mikään maailmassa voisi lisätä sinun
rakkauttasi. Mutta sitten minulle taas johtui mieleen: "Olisihan lapsi
saanut olla muistuttamassa Haraldia minusta."

Hiljaa ja niinkuin itsekseen puhuen Harald vastasi:

— Lasta sanotaan rakkauden pantiksi, mutta kaipaako meidän

rakkautemme mitään vahvistusta? Sanot, että lapsi olisi joutanut olla
sinusta muistuttamassa… mutta mitäpä minä muistoista, kun Irene
kerran on poissa? Mitä ne minua hyödyttäisivät!

— Tulet siis elämään vain toivossa, Haraldini. Eikö totta?

*****

Irene heikkeni heikkenemistänsä; hän sairastui kuumeeseen, joka

pani hänen poskensa punaisina hehkumaan. Mutta mikäli eronhetki
lähestyi, hän tätä viimeistä hetkeä varten näytti kokoavan kaikki
voimansa, ollakseen niin hyvä ja miellyttävä kuin mahdollista, ja
hänen rakkautensa loi ihanan hohteen tälle hänen elämänsä
illansuulle.

Harald koetti unhoittaa tulevaisuuden, eläen vain nykyhetkeä

varten ja muistuttaen ihmistä, joka kesän päivinä ahmien nauttii
luonnon ihanuutta, tahtoen miltei väkisin pidättää ajan juoksua,
estääksensä syksyn ja hävityksen lähenemistä, mutta nähdessään
sen mahdottomaksi, tuntee itsensä äärettömän onnettomaksi. Ja
samoin oli Haraldinkin laita.

Onko kukaan lukijoistani kokenut tuota tuskaa, kun tuntee

sydämen, jota hellästi on rakastanut, hiljakseen lakkaavan
sykkimästä, kun päivä päivältä huomaa valtasuonen tykinnän
heikkenevän, kun painaessaan tätä rakasta olentoa rintaansa
vastaan, joka kerran täytyy itsekseen ajatella: kentiesi yhden
kuukauden, viikon tai päivän perästä tämä Jumalan luoma, jota nyt
pidän sylissäni ja joka vielä elää, ajattelee ja rakastaa, voi olla
kankea, eloton ruumis.

Näytti kuitenkin siltä kuin Irene elokuun alkupuolella olisi vähän

toipunut. Erkki ja Stella olivat Ristilässä käydessään kovasti iloinneet
ja lohduttaneet Haraldia, kehottaen häntä toivomaan parasta.

Irene sanoi jaksavansa nyt hyvin kuulla soitettavan ja pyysi

Haraldia laulamaan hänelle jotain. Harald jätti väliovet auki ja meni
pianon säestyksellä laulamaan erästä kaunista laulua.

Laulettuaan ensimäisen värsyn loppuun, oli hän kuulevinaan

itseänsä heikosti huudettavan. Hän kuunteli ja kuuli nyt selvästi
ensin nimen Henrik ja sitten taas Harald. Hän riensi Irenen luo.
 Tämä teki jo loppua, eikä tahtonut kuolla yksin. Kun ei Harald
hänelle vastannut, niin hän kuolemantuskissaan oli noussut
vuoteeltaan ja tullut häntä hakemaan. Punainen verivirta osoitti,
mistä hän oli kulkenut. Häntä oli kohdannut verensyöksy.

Hän yritti puhua, mutta kun hän ei sitä voinutkaan ja tunsi

kuoleman lähestyvän, niin hän toisella kädellään osoitti kaulaansa ja
toisella Haraldia, ikäänkuin olisi tahtonut häneltä jotakin kysyä.
Harald nosti hänet syliinsä ja kantoi vuoteelle, kuiskaten jotakin
hänen korvaansa. Nyt hän hymyili ihanasti kuin autuaat henget ja
osoitti kädellään sinnepäin, missä muistokivi oli. Harald laski toisen
kätensä hänen sydämellensä ja, kietoen toisen hänen kaulaansa,
suuteli häntä, kunnes kuolema oli hänet vapauttanut.

Hänen sydämensä oli lakannut sykkimästä ja huulet tuntuivat

kylmiltä… Kuolleen kylmyys vaikutti Haraldiin, niin että häntä vilutti
sielua myöten.

*****

Kreivi Henrik Henningillä on kaikki, mitä ihmiset pitävät onnena.

Sekä herrasmiehet että talonpojat pitävät häntä arvossa ja moni
kadehtii häntä, kun hän on korkeaa sukua, rikas ja uljas. Köyhät
kunnioittavat ja siunaavat häntä, koska hän on antelias ja oikeutta
noudattava, eikä katso omaa etuansa. Hänellä on ystäviä, jotka
tarjoavat hänelle neuvoja ja lohdutusta, eikä hänen tarvitsisi olla
ilman rakkauttakaan, jos hän vain siitä välittäisi. Hänellä on taivaan
tähdet, jotka viihdyttävät hänen sydäntänsä, raitis ilma ja aaltojen
loiskina, jotka haihduttavat hänen suruansa, sävelet antavat hänelle
lohdutusta ja kukkaset levittelevät hänen ympärilleen tuoksuansa…
siniset tätyruohot heiluvat tuulessa, ilahuttaen häntä kauneudellaan.
Hänellä on sanalla sanoen kaikki, mitä ihmissydän voi pyytää… yksi
häneltä kuitenkin puuttuu ja se on… Irene.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARMAA
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