1.

A`g¨ AMÖhvÎvq evsjv‽`k:

f‚wgK: evsjv‡`k me evav †cwi‡q GwM‡q Pj‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖMwZ AcÖwZ‡iva¨| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci †_‡K
bvbv fv‡e GwM‡q P‡j‡Q| Ges eZ©gv‡b wb¤œga¨ Av‡qi †`k wn‡m‡e DwbœZ n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b wKQzw`b Av‡MB Avgv‡`i
†`kwU wb¤œ Av‡qi †`‡k cwiMwYZ wQj| M‡elKiv aviYv Ki‡Qb 2024 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ga¨g Av‡qi †`‡k DwbœZ n‡Z
P‡j‡Q| Zvi Rb¨ PvB †hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡, `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv, gvbe mf¨Zv Dbœqb cÖhyw³ Dbœqb I ˆewk¦K evwY‡R¨i we¯Ívi|
Avi GBm‡ei Rb¨ evsjv‡`k AviI `ªyZ A`g¨ AMÖhvÎvq GwM‡q hv‡”Q|
A_©‰bwZK m~PK: 2005 -2006 evsjv‡`‡ki Mo Drcv`b cÖe„w×i nvi wQj ( wRwWwc)5.4 kZvsk Ges gv_vwcQz Avq wQj
543 gvwK©b Wjvi | (cÖvq 45,000 nvRvi UvKv)| 2018-2019 A_© eQ‡i GB nvi 8.13 kZvsk Ges gv_vwcQz Avq
1909 gvwK©b Wjvi|(1, 61000 nvRvi UvKv ) | 2020-2021 A_©eQ‡i gv_vwcQz Avq wQj 2591 Wjvi| hv Av‡Mi
Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk| eZ©gv‡b gvby‡li ïay Avq e„w× Zv bq †e‡o‡Q Mo Avqy| Kg©‡¶‡Îi Rb¨ ev‡R‡Ui AvKvi cwigvY
e„w× cv‡”Q| G ev‡RU ev¯Íevq‡bi Kvi‡Y Kg‡Q ciwbf©iZv| evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi GLb wb¤œgyLx| eZ©gv‡b
evsjv‡`‡ki `vwi‡`ªi nvi 14 kZvsk| wRwWwci wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k GLb we‡k¦i 44 Zg e„nË A_©‰bwZK †`k|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b I †h‡Kv‡bv m~P‡Ki wePv‡i evsjv‡`‡k GLb AMÖMwZi AMÖ`~Z wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q|
AeKvVv‽gvMZ Dbœqb: GKwU †`k‡K AMÖMwZi w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z I A_©bxwZ‡K `„k¨gvb Ki‡Z PvB AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb|
GKwU †`‡ki AeKvVvgMZ Dbœqb _vK‡j †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK m¶gZv I mwVK Rxeb gv‡bi cÖMwZ Abyaveb Kiv hvq| MZ
GK `k‡Ki AeKvVvgMZ Dbœqb †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv| evsjv‡`‡ki eo eo Dbœqb cÖKí ev¯Íevqb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| Zvi GKwU
eo cÖgvY nj Avgv‡`i cÝv †mZz| Avgv‡`i wbR¯^ A_©vq‡b Avgv‡`i †KvwU gvby‡li ¯^cœ ev¯Íevq‡bi cÝv †mZz n‡jv GKwU
gvBj djK| GQvovI wewfbœ cvigvYweK we`¨yr‡K›`ª, e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv Uv‡bj, XvKv †g‡Uªv‡ij mn evsjv‡`‡ki
wewfbœ †QvU eo cÖKí ¸‡jv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q| Avgiv Avkv KiwQ Gfv‡eB wewfbœ AeKvVvgMZ Dbœqb K‡i evsjv‡`k `ªyZ
mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hv‡e| mviv‡`‡k 100 wUi we‡kl A_©‰bwZK AÂj ˆZwii cwiKíbv †bIqv n‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g
†`kxq m¤c` e¨envi K‡i †`‡k Drcv`b e¨e¯’v mPj n‡e| ißvwb cY¨¸‡jv e„w× cv‡e we‡`wk wewb‡qvM e„w× cv‡e Ges
wewfbœ Kg© ms¯’vi my‡hvM n‡e|
cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb: A`g¨ AMÖhvÎvq evsjv‡`k 2023 cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡b A‡bK eo Ae`vb| cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb evsjv‡`k‡K
Av‡iv MwZkxj K‡i Zz‡j‡Q| cÖhyw³i †mev †cŠu‡Q †`Iqvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k 4 nvRvi 550 wU BDwbqb cwil` wWwRUvj
†m›Uvi M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU †Rjv‡K B›Uvi‡b‡Ui AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i †Uwj‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi
†¶‡Î †bIqv wewfbœ c`‡¶c Gi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki †gvevBj e¨enviKvixi msL¨v 12 †KvwU Ges B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvix
cÖvq 4 †KvwU| w_ªwR, ‡dvi wR , I dvBf-wR †gvevBj †bUIqvK© Kvh©µg ïiy n‡q‡Q| GQvovI miKvwi I †emiKvwi wewfbœ
†mev cÖavb cÖwµqv mnR I ¯^”Q Ki‡Z B - †c‡g›U I B - e¨vswKs Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k e½eÜy m¨v‡UjvBU
Dr‡¶cY evsjv‡`k Z_¨ cÖhyw³i GKwU hyMvšÍKvix NUbv| evsjv‡`k e½eÜy m¨v‡UjvBU †_‡K Z_¨ I Qwei gva¨‡g †`‡ki
m¤cÖPvi Kvh©µg mg„× n‡”Q Gi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfevb n‡”Q|
gvbem¤cv`b Dbœqb: evsjv‡`k A‡bK RbmsLv eûj GKwU †`k| GB wecyj Rb‡Mvôx‡K h_vh_fv‡e cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g
Rb m¤c‡` cwiYZ Kivi j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi wewfbœfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q| me©¯Í‡i wk¶v Kvh©µg mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi
j‡¶¨ GKwU Kg©¶g I `¶ †Mvôx M‡o Zzj‡Q|gva¨wgK ch©vq ch©šÍ mKj wk¶v_©x‡K webvg~‡j¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK weZiY, bvix
wk¶v‡K GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqvi j‡¶¨ Dce„wË cÖ`vb, ¯‹zj K‡jR wek¦we`¨vjq wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv Ges KvwiMwi wk¶vi
cÖmvi `¶ Rb‡Mvôx ˆZwi Ki‡Q| †`‡k-we‡`‡k Zv‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †K›`ª ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| K…wl wkí †cvkvK wkí, Ilya wkí
cÖwZwU wkí Lv‡Zi AvKvi e„w× cv‡”Q| Gi d‡j Kg©ms¯’vi my‡hvM evo‡Q| PvKwi wbf©iZv Kg‡Q Ges D‡`¨v³vi msL¨v
evo‡Q| ¯^v¯’¨ †¶‡Îi Dbœq‡bi d‡j gvby‡li Mo Avqy I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM e„w× cv‡”Q| K…wl †¶‡Î cÖhyw³i d‡j Lv‡`¨i
cwigvY e„w× †c‡q‡Q| GLb Avgv‡`i evsjv‡`k Lv`¨‡Z ¯^qsm¤cbœ| eZ©gv‡b mviv we‡k¦i 157 †`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl
Kg©iZ Av‡Q|
ˆewk¦K evwYR¨: evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY AvKvi †hgb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| †Zgwb ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ we¯Í…Z n‡q‡Q| 2018-2019
A_©eQ‡i Ab¨ ißvwb n‡q‡Q Pvi nvRvi gvwK©b Wjvi hv evsjv‡`‡ki GLb ch©šÍ m‡e©v”P ißvwb Avq|
Dcmsnvi: A`g¨ AMÖhvÎvq evsjv‡`k 2023 GLb cy‡iv we‡k¦i Rb¨ `„óvšÍ| ZvB G‡K A`g¨ AMÖhvÎvq evsjv‡`k ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i| A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ I Av_©mvgvwRK m~P‡K evsjv‡`k Qvwo‡q †M‡Q Gwkqvi me †`k‡KB| RvwZi wcZv e½eÜy
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ¯^cœ Gevi c~iY n‡Z P‡j‡Q| wZwb evsjv‡`k‡K A_©‰bwZKfv‡e mg„×kvjx Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb|
¶zav I `vwi`ªª¨gy³ mgvR Mo‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| eZ©gvb miKvi e½eÜyi †mB ¯^cœ c~i‡Yi KvR K‡i P‡j‡Qb|
2.K…wl D‽`¨v³v
f‚wgKv: A_© wewb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g Ges Rbej Kv‡R jvwM‡q †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM© DcvR©‡bi cÖZ¨vkvq hLb †Kv‡bv KvR
Kivi cwiKíbv K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K D‡`¨vM e‡j| hviv GB D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i Zv‡`i e‡j D‡`¨v³v| cÖwZwU †ckv‡K †K›`ª
K‡i D‡`¨v³v nIqv m¤¢e| GKRb D‡`¨v³v AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nb Ges bZzb Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó K‡ib| K…wl‡K D‡`¨vM wn‡m‡e
MÖnY Kivi welqwU evsjv‡`‡k bZzb| wecyj RbmsL¨v, K…wlRwgi cwigvY nªvm, †eKviZ¡ -G mewKQzi wfZ‡i GK`j ZiæY
K…wl‡K cÖavb Aej¤^b wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Qb| wkw¶Z ZiyY‡`i K…wl‡¶‡Î cwiKwíZ D‡`¨vM e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK I RvZxq
Dbœq‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|-
K…lK I K…wl D‽`¨v³v : K…lK I K…wl D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| GKRb K…lK Zvui cY¨ evRv‡i wewµi †P‡q cwiev‡ii
Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv‡K †ewk ¸iyZ¡ †`b A_ev wKQzUv wewµi Rb¨ Ges wKQzUv cwiev‡ii Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z e¨q K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K,
GKRb K…wl D‡`¨v³vi g~j j¶¨ evRviRvZKiY I gybvdv ˆZwi| ZvB GKRb K…wl D‡`¨v³v‡K e¨emvwqK g‡bve„wËi n‡Z
nq Ges Zvi Kv‡R cÖPzi SzuwK _v‡K|
K…wl D‡`¨v‡Mi †¶Îmg~n : km¨, cÖvYxm¤c`mn K…wl I K…wlmswkøó †h-‡Kv‡bv welq‡K K…wl D‡`¨v‡Mi AvIZvq Avbv m¤¢e|
Z‡e G‡¶‡Î D‡`¨v³v‡K Aek¨B g~jab, Rwgi cwigvY, gvwUi ¸Yv¸Y, AeKvVv‡gv, evjvB e¨e¯’vcbv, †jvKej, cwienY
e¨e¯’v, evRvi I Pvwn`v, Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i msi¶Y e¨e¯’v cÖf…wZ welq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| avb, Mg, Wvj, AvL, cvU,
Nvm, kvKmewR, dzj, dj, gmjv, gay, gvkiyg, †ikg, gvQ cÖf…wZi Pvl I Drcv`b; Miy -QvMj, nvum-gyiwM cÖf…wZ
cÖvYxm¤c‡`i jvjbcvjb; Mv‡Qi Pviv, ˆRe mvi, ev‡qvM¨vm, `ya I `yaRvZ c‡Y¨i Drcv`b I wecYb BZ¨vw` K…wl
D‡`¨v‡Mi AvIZvfz³|
K…wl D‽`¨v³vi KiYxq: GKRb K…wl D‡`¨v³v‡K wb‡æv³ KiYxq m¤^‡Ü AeMZ _vKv DwPZ:
K. D‡`¨v³v‡K cÖ_‡gB Zvi c‡Y¨i evRvi m¤^‡Ü fv‡jv aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e|
L. cÖ‡qvRbxq AeKvVv‡gv I cÖhyw³i e¨envi wbwðZ K‡i AcPq I e¨q nªv‡mi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
M. GKRb K…wl D‡`¨v³v‡K D™¢vebx ¶gZvm¤cbœ n‡Z nq| KviY, Zvui GB D™¢vebx eyw× cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wU‡K
_vK‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
N. K…wlLv‡Z D‡`¨v³v‡K A‡bK iK‡gi SzuwK wb‡Z nq| Gme †¶‡Î jvf-¶wZ we‡ePbv K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq SzuwK wb‡Z n‡e
Ges ¶wZ KvwU‡q IVvi m¤¢ve¨ cÖ¯`wZ ivL‡Z n‡e|
O. D‡`¨v³v †h †¶Î wb‡q KvR Ki‡eb, †m wel‡q hveZxq Z‡_¨i wbqwgZ †LvuR -Lei ivLv Riywi| Dchy³ Lvevi, mvi,
KxUbvkK, AvaywbK hš¿cvwZmn cÖhyw³ m¤^‡Ü aviYv _vKv `iKvi|m¤cÖwZ ¯§vU©‡dvb IB›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨envi D‡`¨v³v‡`i
mvd‡j¨ f‚wgKv ivL‡Q|

P. GKwU wbw`©ó j‡¶¨ K‡qKRb D‡`¨v³v GKm‡½ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z e‡ov ai‡bi Kv‡R nvZ †`Iqv m¤¢e nq Ges
SzuwK nªvm cvq| Z‡e Aek¨B mZK©Zvi m‡½ Askx`vi wbe©vPb Kiv DwPZ|
Q. cwieZ©bkxj cÖvK…wZK I ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek, kªwgK I cY¨ cwienY, evRvi cwiw¯’wZ I cÖwZ‡hvMx‡`i K_v wPšÍv K‡i
Kv‡R AMÖmi n‡j ¶wZMÖ¯Í nIqvi m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K|K…wl D‡`¨v³v‡`i Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii K‡qKwU D‡`¨vM: K…wli
Dbœq‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi †ek wKQz ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Q| †hgb:
K. miKvwi I †emiKvwi e¨vsK¸‡jv K…wli aib Abyhvqx ¯^í my‡` wewfbœ A‡¼i FY cÖ`vb Ki‡Q|
L. K…wl m¤cÖmviY Awa`ßi, cÖvYxm¤c` Awa`ßi I grm¨ m¤c` Awa`ßi D‡`¨v³v‡`i †h-‡Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvR‡b civgk© w`‡q
_v‡K|
M. eQie¨vcx Pvl Kivi Rb¨ K…wl m¤cÖmviY Awa`߇ii I‡qemvB‡U 'wWwRUvj km¨ K¨v‡jÛvi I 'evjvBbvkK wb‡`©wkKv
†`Iqv Av‡Q, hv wVK mg‡q wVK dmj djv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| 16123 b¤^‡i †dvb K‡i K…wlmsµvšÍ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|
evsjv‡`k K…wl M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU K…wl cÖhyw³ m¤^‡Ü Rvbv‡Z K…wl cÖhyw³ fvÛvi' bv‡g GKwU †gvevBj A¨vc ˆZwi K‡i‡Q|
K…wl wecYb Awa`ßi K…w`ªe¨vw`i evRvi`i, K…lKcÖvß evRvi`i, mvßvwnK I cvw¶K wfwˇZ †cÖiY K‡i|
Dcmsnvi: GKRb K…wl D‡`¨v³v mdj n‡j GKw`‡K †hgb `vwi`ª¨ `~ixf‚Z nq, Ab¨w`‡K RvZxq A_©bxwZ k³ wfwËi
Ici cÖwZôv cvq| Z‡e K…wl D‡`¨v³v‡K Aek¨B mZZvi m‡½ KvR Kiv DwPZ| KviY Zvui cY¨ P‚ovšÍ wePv‡i Lvev‡ii
Pvwn`v †gUv‡e|
3.evsjv‽`‽ki Drme
f‚wgKv: gvby‡liv Drme K‡i|gvbyl †hw`b Avcbvi gbyl¨‡Z¡i kw³ we‡klfv‡e ¯§iY K‡i, we‡klfv‡e Dcjwaß K‡i,
†mBw`b| cÖwZw`b gvbyl ¶z`ª `xb GKvKx wKš` Drm‡ei w`‡b gvbyl e„nr, †mw`b †m mg¯Í gvby‡li m‡½ GKÎ nBqv e„nr,
†mw`b †m mg¯Í gbyl¨‡Z¡i kw³ Abyfe Kwiqv gnr|
-iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
Drme mvs¯‹…wZi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| Gi g‡a¨ wbwnZ _v‡K GKwU Rbc‡`i BwZnvm- HwZn¨, wKse`šÍx Ges mswkøó
A‡ji gvby‡li wek¦vm I fvj- g›` jvMvi Dcv`vb| ‡Kv‡bv †`k ev mgv‡Ri Drme m¤c‡K© Rvbv _vK‡j †mB †`k ev
mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡KI A‡bKLvwb Rvbv n‡q hvq| Drme n‡Z cv‡i †Kv‡bv Rb‡Mvóx‡Kw›`ªK, Avevi n‡Z cv‡i Rbc` ev
f‚LÛ‡Kw›`ªK|evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi Drm‡ei cÖPjb i‡q‡Q|Z‡e AwaKvsk DrmeB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv FZz ev gvm‡K
†K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z nq|Gme Drme gvby‡li g‡b †Kej Avb‡›`iB mÂvi K‡i bv eis Gi ga¨ w`‡q †`‡ki HwZn¨ I
ms¯‹…wZi mvgwMÖK wPÎwU dz‡U I‡V|
Drme Kx ?: Drme ej‡Z g~jZ Avb›`gq Abyôvb‡K †evSvq|Drm‡ei gva¨‡g Avgiv Avb›` cÖKvk Ges Avb›` jvf K‡i
_vwK| Z‡e G Avb›` GKvi Avb›` bq|cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK ev mv¤cÖ`vwqK cwigЇj mK‡ji mw¤§j‡b myL ev Avb›`
jv‡fi Dcvq n‡jv Drme|‡m A‡_© Drme mKj‡K Avb›` †`q| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ cÖKvi Drme: Drme Avb‡›`i Abyl½|
evsjv‡`‡k DrhvwcZ Drme¸‡jvi msw¶ß weeiY wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-
ag©xq Drme: a‡g©i cÖwZ gvbyl eiveiB `ye©j| bvbv a‡g©i gvbyl Zv‡`i ag©xq Drme bvbvfv‡e cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
gymjgvb‡`i ag©xq Drme¸‡jvi g‡a¨ C`- Dj- wdZi, C`- Dj- Avhnv BZ¨vw`; wn›`y‡`i `yM©vc~Rv, ¯^i¯^Zx c~Rv BZ¨vw`;
wLªóvb‡`i e‡ovw`b Ges †eŠ×‡`i †eŠ× cywY©gv BZ¨vw` cÖavb ag©xq Drme wn‡m‡e wPwýZ|evsjv‡`‡k gymjgvYMY GK gvm
wmqvg mvabvi ci Avb‡›`i mv‡_ C`- Dj- wdZi cvjb K‡i _v‡K|Zvici Av‡m C`- Dj- Avhnvi Drme| kirKvj
G‡jB wn›`y m¤cÖ`vq Zv‡`i me‡P‡q eo ag©xq Drme `yM©vc~Rvi cÖ¯`wZ‡Z e¨¯Í n‡q I‡V|Ggwbfv‡e wLªóvbiv eow`b I
†eŠ×iv †eŠ× cywb©gv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ag© cÖavb n‡jI Gme Drm‡e gvby‡li Avb›`UvB eo n‡q †`Lv †`q|
RvZxq Drme: G‡`‡ki RvZxq Drme¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKz‡k †deªyqvwi ev kwn` w`em, ¯^vaxbZv w`em, weRq w`em, beel©
cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|GKz‡k †deªyqvwi, ¯^vaxbZv w`em I weRq w`em‡K evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq gh©v`vq cvjb Kiv nq| 26
gvP©‡K ¯^vaxbZv I 16 wW‡m¤^i‡K weRq w`em wn‡m‡e gnvmgv‡iv‡n cvjb Kiv n‡jI 21 †deªyqvwi‡K cvjb Kiv nq †kvK
w`em wn‡m‡e|KviY 1952 mv‡ji 21 †k †deªyqvwi‡Z gvZ…fvlvi Rb¨ G †`‡ki ZiyYiv Rxeb w`‡qwQj|GKz‡ki †kvK
DrmeI GKB ai‡bi Avb›`B e‡q Av‡b|
mvgvwRK Drme: ˆekvL gv‡mi cÖ_g w`b Z_v evsjv beel© evOvwj‡`i Ab¨Zg mvgvwRK Drme|Gw`b nvjLvZv, c~Y¨vn,
ˆekvLx †gjv cÖf…wZ Abyôvb RvuKRg‡Ki mv‡_ cvjb Kiv nq|bee‡l©i w`b e¨emv‡q bZzb wnmve †Lvjv Ges wgwógy‡Li ga¨
w`‡q AvMvgxw`‡bi ïf Kvgbv Kiv nq|ZvQvov wewfbœ GjvKvq wewfbœ Dcj¶‡K mvg‡b †i‡L †jvKRb Drm‡e †g‡Z
D‡V|G‡Z mgv‡Ri gvbyl hvwcZ Rxe‡bi GK‡N‡qwg †_‡K Avb‡›`i RM‡Z AeMvnb Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡i _v‡K|
mvs¯‹…wZK Drme: evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK Drme¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKz‡ki eB‡gjv, ˆekvLx †gjv, XvKv eB‡gjv, iex›`ª I bRiyj
RqšÍx cÖf…wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GQvov RvZxq KweZv Drme, iex›`ª msMxZ Drme, Lv‡`¨vrme cÖf…wZi Av‡qvRbI n‡q _v‡K|
Gme Drme †_‡K ms¯‹…wZgbv RbMY Avb›` I Ávb `y‡UvB jvf K‡i _v‡K| ZvB Gi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| c‡njv ˆekv‡L
evsjv beel© eiY Drme †MvUv RvwZ‡K Av‡jvwoZ K‡i|
cvwievwiK Drme: evsjv‡`‡k beRvZ‡Ki Rb¥ †_‡K ïiy K‡i bvbv ai‡bi cvwievwiK Drme cvjb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ‡hgb-
R‡b¥vrme, Lvrbv, we‡q, bevbœ, AbœcÖvkb, kªv×, †cŠl- cve©b BZ¨vw`| beRvZ‡Ki bvg ivLvi w`‡bI gymwjg mgv‡R
cvwievwiK Drm‡ei †iIqvR Av‡Q| A‡bK cwiev‡i RvuKRg‡Ki mv‡_ R‡b¥vrme cvjb Kiv nq| cvwievwiK Drme¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ we‡q Ab¨Zg| Gme cvwievwiK Drme gyn~‡Z©i Rb¨ Avgv‡`i Rxe‡b Avb‡›`i Aven e‡q Av‡b|
Avgv‽`i ¯§i‽Yvrme: Avgv‡`i K…Zx mšÍvb, hviv †jvKvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Qb, Zv‡`i cÖwZ kª×v wb‡e`b I Ae`v‡bi g~j¨vqb¯^i~c
Rb¥ ev g„Z¨yw`em‡K Avgiv ¯§i‡Yvrme cvjb K‡i _vwK| G ai‡bi gbxlx‡`i g‡a¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi, W±i gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn, †eMg †iv‡Kqv, e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb, †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x I 71 Gi 14
wW‡m¤^‡i knx` eyw×Rxexe„›` we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨|Zv‡`i Rb¥, g„Z¨y I Kg©‡¶‡Î Ae`vb m¤c‡K© Av‡jvPbv I
¯§i‡Yvrme AbywôZ nq|KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg Avgv‡`i RvZxq Kwe|RvZxqfv‡eI Zvi ¯§i‡Yvrme cvjb Kiv nq| wek¦Kwe
iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Rb¥- ¯§i‡Yvrme cvwjZ nq 25 G ˆekvL|GQvovI evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZôv I †`k‡K M‡o †Zvjvi msMÖv‡g
Ae`vb ivLvi Rb¨ RvZxq Pvi †bZv ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg, ZvRDÏxb Avng`, Gg. gbmyi Avjx I G. GBP. Gg.
Kvgiy¾vgv‡bi ¯§i‡Yvrme ¸iy‡Z¡i mv‡_ cvjb Kiv nq|
Drm‽ei Amv¤cÖ`vwqK ‼PZbv: evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl eiveiB mv¤cÖ`vwqK m¤cÖxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx|ZvB A‡bK Drm‡eB bvbv ag© -
e‡Y©i gvby‡li GKÎ Dcw¯’wZ †`Lv hvq|beel©, ¯^vaxbZv w`em, weRq w`em, GKz‡k †deªyqvwi cÖf…wZ Drm‡e mKj a‡g©i
gvbyl mgvbfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K|‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ag©xq Drm‡eI bvbv a‡g©i †jvK‡`i mgvMg †`Lv hvq|ag©, eY©
wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji AskMÖnY evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li DrmegyLi gvbm‡PZbv Ges mv¤cÖ`vwqK m¤cÖxwZi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
Abyl½|
Dcmsnvi: gvby‡li †e`bvweayi, Kg©e¨¯Í, GK‡N‡q Rxe‡b Drme Avb‡›`i mÂvi K‡i| Aemv` I Møvwb `~i K‡i Avgv‡`i
GK bZzb Rxeb `vb K‡i|ZvB gvby‡li Rxe‡b Drm‡ei cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Drme gv‡bB †Kej Djøvm
bq, Avb›` gv‡b bq h‡_”QvPvi| cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi cÖfv‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡k A‡b‡KB Drm‡ei bv‡g K‡i‡Q
h‡_”QvPvi|GRb¨ we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|d‡j Avgv‡`i A‡bK DrmeB GLb ûgwKi m¤§yLxb|Avgv‡`i
Drm‡ei †h gnvb g~j¨‡eva Avgv‡`i Pj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q, Avgv‡`i wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ‡K dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Q Zv‡K Avevi
cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z n‡e|G wel‡q Avgiv mK‡j m‡PZb n‡jB M‡o DV‡e GK RvwZ, GK cÖvY I GKZv|

4. RM`xk P›`ª emy ※

weÁvb cÖv‡P¨iI b‡n, cvðv‡Z¨iI b‡n, Bnv wek¦Rbxb- RM`xk P›`ª emy
f‚wgKv: RM`xk P›`ª emy Av‡gwiKvb †c‡U›U cÖvß fvi‡Zi cÖ_g weÁvbx| hvu‡`i Ae`vb AvaywbK weÁvb‡K Ggb DrK‡l©i
wkL‡i †cŠu‡Q w`‡q‡Q Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ evOvwj weÁvbx RM`xk P›`ª emyi bvg me©Rbxbfv‡e ¯^xK…Z| wZwb wQ‡jb Dcgnv‡`‡ki
cÖ_g AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z weÁvbx| Zvi nvZ a‡i fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k M‡elYvag©x weÁv‡bi m~Pbv nq| RM`xkP›`ª emy
me©cÖ_g cÖgvY K‡iwQ‡jb †h Dw™¢‡`iI cÖvY i‡q‡Q Ges Zviv D‡ËRbvB mviv †`q| GKvi‡YB mevB Zv‡K Dw™¢` weÁvbx
e‡j wP‡b _v‡K| wZwb †h ïay Dw™¢` weÁvbx wQ‡jb GgbUv bq, GQvovI wZwb GKRb gnvb c`v_©we`, RxeweÁvbx,
eûkv¯¿, Ges cÖZœZvwË¡K wQ‡jb| gnvb cÖwZfvai GB weÁvbx‡K †iwWI weÁv‡bi GKRb RbK wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
Rb¥ I ˆkkeKvj: RM`xk P›`ª emy 30 b‡f¤^i 1858 mv‡j ZrKvjxb weªwUk fvi‡Zi †e½j †cÖwm‡WwÞ c~e©cÖv‡šÍ ev Aaybv
evsjv‡`‡ki AšÍM©Z gqgbwmsn MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| RM`xkP›`ª emyi c~e©cyiyl evm Ki‡Zb gyÞxMà †Rjvi ivwoLvj
MÖv‡g|
cvwievwiK Rxeb: RM`xk P›`ª emyi evevi bvg fMevb P›`ª emy Ges gvZvi bvg wQj evgv my›`ix †`ex| fMevb P›`ª emy eªvþ
ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb Ges dwi`cy‡ii †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ªU wQ‡jb| g¨vwR‡÷ªU nIqvi c~‡e© wZwb 1853 †_‡K 1858 mvj ch©šÍ
gqgbwmsn wRjv ¯‹z‡ji cÖavb wk¶‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| fMevb P›`ª GB ¯‹z‡ji cÖ_g cÖavb wk¶K wQ‡jb| gvZv
evgv my›`ix †`ex M„wnYx wQ‡jb|

cÖv_wgK Rxeb I wk¶v Rxeb: fMevb P›`ª Bs‡iR miKv‡ii Aax‡b D”Pc`¯’ Kg©KZ©v _vKv m‡Ë¡I RM`xk P›`ª emy‡K
Bs‡iwR ¯‹z‡j fwZ© Kivbwb| KviY wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb Bs‡iwR wk¶vi c~‡e© G‡`‡ki †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`I gvZ…fvlv m¤c‡K© Ávb
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GB gvbwmKZvi †cÖw¶‡Z †Q‡j RM`xkP›`ª emy‡K gqgbwmsn wRjv ¯‹zj fwZ© Kwi‡q †`b| gqgbwmsn wRjv
¯‹zj †_‡KB RM`xkP›`ª emyi wk¶vRxeb ïiy nq| wcZv fMevbP›`ª †WcywU †gwR‡÷ªU e`wji PvKwii myev‡` wewfbœ †Rjvq
Zv‡K e`wj Kiv n‡Zv | †hLv‡bB hvb †mLvbKvi ¯‹z‡j †Q‡j‡K fwZ© K‡i †`b | MÖv‡gi cvV †kl K‡i KjKvZvq G‡m
nvB‡qi ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nb| 1879 wLªóv‡ã †m›U †Rwfqvm© K‡jR †_‡K weG cvk K‡ib| K‡j‡Ri cvV †kl K‡i wZwb
AvBwmGm cix¶vq emvi Rb¨ Bsj¨v‡Û hvIqvi B”Qv †cvlY K‡ib| cÖ_‡g fMevb P›`ª G‡Z ivwR bv n‡jI cieZ©x‡Z
evevi B”Qv‡Z 1880 mv‡j wPwKrmvweÁvb cv‡Vi D‡Ï‡k¨B jÛ‡b cvwo Rgvb| we‡kl kvixwiK Amy¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y covïbv
†ewkw`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb| ZvB wZwb 1882 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi‡Z jÛb Z¨vM K‡ib Ges Zvi fwMœcwZ Avb›`‡gvnb emyi
K_v gZb cÖK…wZweÁvb m¤^‡Ü wk¶vjv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kgweª‡Ri µvB÷ K‡j‡R fwZ© nb| †mLv‡b wZwb wµ÷ K‡j‡R fwZ©
nb Ges cÖvK…wZK weÁvb Aa¨qb ïiy K‡ib| GLvb †_‡K UªvBcm cvk K‡ib| 1884 wLªóv‡ã wZwb jÛb wek¦we`¨vjq
†_‡K weGmwm cvV m¤cbœ K‡i †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb|
ˆeevwnK Rxeb: 1887 mv‡j 29 eQi eq‡m RM`xkP›`ª emy Aejv emyi m‡½ weevn e܇b Ave× nb| Aejv emy fviZxq
mgvR ms¯‹vwiKv wQ‡jb, whwb bvix wk¶vi cÖmvi I weaev‡`i Rxebhvcb DbœZ Kivi †Póvi Rb¨ cwiwPZ| Aejv emy
weL¨vZ eªvþ mgvR ms¯‹viK `yM©v‡gvnb `v‡ki Kb¨v wQ‡jb| weev‡ni mgq RM`xkP›`ª emy Avw_©K Ae¯’v fv‡jv bv _vKvq
Zv‡`i‡K Avw_©K K‡ói ga¨ w`‡q †h‡Z nq| KviY RM`x‡ki evevi wKQz FY wQj hv RM`xk I Aejv Dfq wg‡j cwi‡kva
K‡i| ZvQvov †m mgq wZwb K‡jR †_‡K †eZb wb‡Zb bv|
Aa¨vcbv Rxeb: jÛb †_‡K †`‡k Avmvi ci 1885 wLªóv‡ã RR© iwebmb Gi Aby‡iv‡a †cÖwm‡WwÞ K‡j‡R c`v_©we`¨vi
Aa¨vcK wbhy³ K‡ib| †m mgq K‡j‡Ri Aa¨¶ Pvj©m †nbwi Uwb RM`xkP›`ª emyi wb‡qv‡Mi wec‡¶ wQ‡jb| †cÖwm‡WwÞ
K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv KivUv emyi Rb¨ myLKi wQj bv| M‡elYvi Rb¨ Zv‡K †Kvb iKg myweav †`Iqv nZ bv †mB mv‡_ †eZbI
†`Iqv nZ A‡a©K| Gi cÖwZev‡` wZwb Uvbv wZb eQi K‡jR †_‡K †eZb †bIqv eÜ K‡i †`b| cÖwZev‡`i dj¯^iƒc Zvi
†eZb BD‡ivcxq‡`i mgZzj¨ Kiv nq Ges M‡elYvi Rb¨ 24 eM©dzU †QvU GKwU Ni Zv‡K †`Iqv nq| †cÖwm‡WwÞ K‡j‡R
M‡elYvi Rb¨ †Zgb †Kvb my‡hvM myweav bv _vKv m‡Ë¡I emyi M‡elYv Kvh© †_‡g _v‡Kwb| Aa¨vcbvi cÖ_g AvVv‡iv gv‡m
RM`xk †h mKj M‡elYv KvR m¤cbœ K‡iwQ‡jb Zv jÛ‡bi i‡qj †mvmvBwUi Rvb©v‡j cÖKvwkZ nq| 1896 mv‡ji †g
gv‡m Zv‡K jÛb wek¦we`¨vjq wWGmwm wWwMÖ cÖ`vb K‡i| RM`xkP›`ª emy 1915 mv‡j †cÖwm‡WwÞ K‡j‡Ri Aa¨vcbv †_‡K
Aemi MÖnY K‡ib|

weÁvb PP©vq RM`xkP›`ª emyi Ae`vb: evevi B”Qv‡ZB evsjv ¯‹z‡j fwZ© nIqv Gici jÛ‡b cvwo Rgv‡bv †Q‡j RM`xkP›`ª
emy weÁvb PP©vq Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb| A‡bK PovB-DrivB †cwi‡q wb‡R‡K cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb GKRb mdj
weÁvbx wn‡m‡e| K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbv Ki‡Z G‡m n‡jb ˆel‡g¨i ¯^xKvi| †KvbiKg †KvYVvmv iy‡g Pvjv‡Zb M‡elYv Kvh©|
Avi A_© msKUI‡Zv Av‡QB| Zvi M‡elYv Kg© jÛ‡bi i‡qj †mvmvBwUi Rvb©v‡j cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci Bsj¨v‡Ûi
wjfvicy‡j e³…Zv †`qvi Rb¨ weªwUk A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb Zv‡K Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡qwQj|

‼eZvi Zi½ m¤cwK©Z M‽elYv: RM`xkP›`ª emyi AmsL¨ M‡elYvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg M‡elYv nj †eZvi Zi½ m¤cwK©Z
M‡elYv| K‡j‡R Aa¨vcbvi 18 gv‡mi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk mgq w`‡qwQ‡jb †eZvi Zi‡½| wZwb webv Zv‡i †iwWI ms‡KZ
cvVvbv‡i hš¿ ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb| †m mg‡q Zv‡ii gva¨‡g GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq kã cvVv‡bv †hZ| 1895 mv‡j
wZwb cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv webv Zv‡i GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq kã cvVv‡Z m¶g nb| wZwb me©cÖ_g cÖvq 5 wgwjwgUvi
Zi½ ˆ`N¨©wewkó Zi½ ˆZwi K‡ib| G ai‡bi Zi½‡KB ejv nq AwZ ¶z`ª Zi½ ev gvB‡µvI‡qf| AvaywbK ivWvi,
†Uwjwfkb Ges gnvKvk †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î GB Zi‡½i f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| g~jZ Gi gva¨‡gB eZ©gvb we‡k¦i AwaKvsk
Z‡_¨i Av`vb cÖ`vb N‡U _v‡K|
Dw™¢` msµvšÍ M‽elYv: †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB RM`xkP›`ª emyi cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi cÖwZ we‡kl AvMÖn wQj| †cÖwm‡WwÞ K‡j‡R
Aa¨vcbv Kivi mgq, wZwb Dw™¢` ch©‡e¶‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨, †µm‡KvMÖvd GKwU we‡kl hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| GB hš¿wU Øviv `xN©
ch©‡e¶‡Yi gva¨‡g, RM`xk P›`ª emy cÖgvY K‡ib †h Mv‡QiI cÖvY Av‡Q, ZvivI DÏxcbvq mvov †`q; Zv‡`iI Av‡Q myL -
`ytL, †e`bv, Av‡eM BZ¨vw`|
¯^‽`k‽cÖgx: M‡elYvi Kv‡R bvbv †`‡k cvwo Rgv‡jI wbR †`‡ki cÖwZ emyi wQj AK…wÎg fvjevmv| ¯^‡`‡ki Uvb wZwb
memgq Dcjwä Ki‡Zb| ¯^‡`k‡cÖg wQj e‡jB evevi K_vq evsjv wgwWqvg ¯‹z‡j fwZ© n‡qwQ‡jb| GKRb Aa¨vcK
wn‡m‡e wZwb Abyaveb Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb wk¶vi Av‡jv Qvov GB †`‡ki gyw³ m¤¢e bq| †`k I we‡`‡k fviZel© m¤cwK©Z
Zvi wewfbœ e³…Zvq GB `„wófw½B cÖwZdwjZ nq| wZwb memgq PvB‡Zb fviZe‡l© wk¶vi Av‡jv D‡¤§vwPZ †nvK|
ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYv Kvh©‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z 1917 mv‡j fvi‡Z emy weÁvb gw›`i (‡evm Bbw÷wUDU) ¯’vcb K‡i| GwU
fvi‡Zi cÖvPxbZg Ges Ab¨Zg cÖavb M‡elYv cÖwZôvb¸wji g‡a¨ GKwU emy weÁvb gw›`i|
mvwn‽Z¨ RM`xkP›`ª emy: RM`xkP›`ª emy ïay GKRb weÁvbx wQ‡jb bv, mvwnZ¨ mvabvqI †ek cUz wQ‡jb| Kwe ¸iy
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi I RM`xkP›`ª emy Lye fv‡jv eÜy wQ‡jb| RM`xk P›`ª emyi mv‡_ iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii wcZvi cwiPqm~Î a‡i
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤c‡K©i ïiy| iex›`ªbv‡_i †jLv ÔwcZ…¯§„wZÕ MÖ‡š’i ÔAvPvh© RM`xkP›`ª Avgvi evj¨¯§„wZÕ cÖe‡Ü Zv‡`i eÜy‡Z¡i
K_v Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| iex›`ªbv‡_i Av‡ivI A‡bK †jLvq RM`xkP›`ª emyi bvg D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| RM`xk P›`ª emy Zvi
weÁvbKg© w`‡q iex›`ªbv_‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wVK †Zgwb iex›`ªbv‡_i Aby‡cÖibvq emyI AbycÖvwYZ n‡qwQ‡jb| ïay
weÁvb bq, evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g KíKvwnwbi †jLKI wQ‡jb RM`xkP›`ª emy| Zvui †jLv mv‡qÞ wdKkvb Ôwbiy‡Ï‡ki KvwnwbÕ
cÖ_g KzšÍjxb cyi®‹vi jvf K‡iwQj| wkïwK‡kvi‡`i Rb¨ †ek wKQz weÁvb-cÖeÜ wj‡LwQ‡jb RM`xkP›`ª hvi mvwnZ¨-g~j¨I
A‡bK| RM`xkP›`ª e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil‡`i mfvcwZI wQ‡jb K‡qK eQi| evsjvq weÁvb-mvwn‡Z¨ RM`xkP‡›`ªi Ae`vb
HwZnvwmK| ÔAe¨³Õ emyi †jLv GKwU weL¨vZ eB‡qi bvg| GQvovI wZwb †ek wKQz Bs‡iwR iPbvejxI wj‡L‡Qb| †hgbt
Plant Responses as a Means of Physiological Investigations (1906), Motor Mechanism of
Plants (1928), Growth and Tropic Movement in Plants (1929)
m¤§vb I cyi¯‹vi: mgMÖ Rxebe¨vcx gnvb me K‡g©i Rb¨ RM`xkP›`ª emy AmsL¨ cyi¯‹vi I m¤§vbbv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| m¨vi
RM`xk P›`ª emyi D‡Ï‡k gnvb weÁvbx AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb e‡jwQ‡jb -ÒRM`xkP›`ª †hme Ag~j¨ Z_¨ c„w_ex‡K Dcnvi
w`‡q‡Qb Zvi †h †KvbwUi Rb¨ weRq¯Í¤¢ ¯’vcb Kiv DwPZ|Ó iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi RM`xk P›`ª emy m¤c‡K© wj‡L‡Qb, Ôm¨vi
RM`x‡ki Nwbô ms¯c‡k© Avmvi †mŠfvM¨ hLb Avgvi nq ZLb wZwb hyeK Ges AvwgI wQjvg Zvunvi cÖvq mgeqmx|Õ
wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi RM`xkP›`ª emy‡K KweZvi gva¨‡g kª×vN¨© Ávcb K‡i AvPvh© Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡i‡Qb| GQvov
wZwb AmsL¨ m¤§vbbv Ges cyi¯‹vi AR©b K‡ib| G¸‡jv nj:
1916 mv‡j cÖvß bvBUûW cyi¯‹vi
†iwWI weÁv‡bi GKRb RbK wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
1920 mv‡j wZwb i‡qj †mvmvBwUi †d‡jv wbe©vwPZ nb|
1927 fviZxq weÁvb Ks‡MÖm-Gi 14Zg Awa‡ek‡bi mfvcwZ|
wewewm GK Rwi‡c wZwb nvRvi eQ‡ii †kªô evOvwji ZvwjKvq mßg ¯’vb jvf K‡ib|
†KvjKvZv mv‡qÞ wmwU‡Z RM`xð›`ª emyi cÖwZK…wZ ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
g„Z¨y: wek¦weL¨vZ weÁvbx AvPvh© RM`xk P›`ª emy 23 b‡f¤^i 1937 mv‡j 78 eQi eq‡m fvi‡Zi SvoLÛ iv‡R¨i
wMwiwW‡Z g„Z¨yeiY K‡ib| g„Z¨yi AvM ch©šÍ wZwb weÁvb I RvwZi †mevq KvR K‡i‡Qb| g„Z¨yi wKQzw`b Av‡M, wZwb Zvi
cÖwZwôZ Ôemy Ávb gw›`iÕ-G Rxe‡b mwÂZ 17 j¶ UvKvi g‡a¨ 13 j¶ UvKv `vb K‡iwQ‡jb|
Dcmsnvi: civaxb †`‡k evm K‡iI AvRxeb RM`xk P›`ª emy Zvi M‡elYv Kvh© Pvwj‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb weÁvb‡K
G‡ZvUvB fv‡jvevm‡Zb †h, †Kv‡bv Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ †c‡U›U MªnY Ki‡Zb bv| wZwb Zvi Avwe®‹v‡ii gva¨‡g e¨emv
K‡ibwb, mg¯Í Z_¨ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z welqwU‡K wb‡q Ab¨ †KD Mfxifv‡e Aa¨qb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zviwenxb
cÖhyw³‡Z wZwb †h Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb †mUvi Kj¨v‡YB AvR‡K Avgiv IqvBdvB, eøyUz_ ev ¯§vU©‡dvb ev j¨vcUc Lye mn‡R
e¨envi Ki‡Z cviwQ|