REVISION

PreCalculus – Fall 2023-2024

Part 1: (Indeterminant Limits)

Find the limits:

2 2 sin(𝑥 2 )
𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 2 ) 0 𝑥 2 sin(𝑥 2 ) 𝑥 (𝑥 )
Lim = ⇒ lim = lim ⁡ 𝑥2
𝑥→0 sin⁡(𝑥 3 ) 0 𝑥→0 sin⁡(𝑥 3 ) 𝑥→0 3 sin⁡(𝑥 3 )
(𝑥 )
𝑥3
sin⁡(𝑥 2 )
lim
𝑥 4 𝑥→0 2 =1
= lim 3 ⁡ 𝑥 = lim ⁡𝑥⁡. 1 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 sin⁡(3) 𝑥→0
lim 3 =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
3)
tan(𝑥
tan(𝑥 3 ) 0 tan(𝑥 3 ) (𝑥 3 )
Lim 2 = ⇒ lim 2 = lim ⁡ 𝑥3
𝑥→0 𝑥 tan⁡(𝑥 2 ) 0 𝑥→0 𝑥 tan⁡(𝑥 2 ) 𝑥→0 tan⁡(𝑥 2)
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 )
𝑥2
tan(𝑥 3 )
lim
𝑥 3 𝑥→0 3 =1 1
= lim 4 ⁡ 𝑥 = lim ⁡ ⁡. 1 = ∞
𝑥→0 𝑥 tan⁡(𝑥 2 ) 𝑥→0 𝑥
lim = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥2
1
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 0 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 1
lim = 0 ⁡ ⇒ ⁡ lim = lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = ⁡ lim =1
𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥 𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑥→𝜋/4 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
 1
sec 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 1 − 1 0 − cos 𝑥
lim = = ⁡ ⇒ lim 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 0 𝑥→0 𝑥
1 − co𝑠 2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 − co𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= lim = lim ⁡ = lim ⁡
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= lim ⁡ lim ⁡ = 1⁡ × 0 = 0
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑥 2
𝑥−2 ∞ 𝑥−2 ⁡−⁡ ⁡
𝑥 𝑥 1
lim = ⁡⁡ lim = lim ⁡ = = 1,
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 ∞ 𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 −𝑥+1 𝑥→∞ √𝑥2 𝑥 1 √1
⁡−⁡ +⁡
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥2

1 1 1 1 8⁡ − ⁡ (𝑥 + 4)
−8 0 −8 8(𝑥 + 4)
lim 𝑥 + 4 = ⁡ ⁡ ⇒⁡ lim 𝑥 + 4 = ⁡ lim ⁡ ⁡
𝑥→4 𝑥 − 4 0 𝑥→4 𝑥 − 4 𝑥→4 𝑥−4
4−𝑥 −(𝑥 − 4)
= ⁡ lim ⁡ = lim ⁡
𝑥→4 8(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4) 𝑥→4 8(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4)

−1 −1
= lim ⁡ =
𝑥→4 8(𝑥 + 4) 64
1 1 1 1 3 − 𝑥 − (3 + 𝑥)
⁡ − ⁡ 3 − 𝑥 = 0 ⁡ ⇒ lim 3 + 𝑥 ⁡ − ⁡ 3 − 𝑥 = ⁡ lim ⁡ (3 − 𝑥)(3 + 𝑥)
lim 3 + 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥 0 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥
−2𝑥 −2 −2
= ⁡ lim ⁡ = lim ⁡ = ⁡
𝑥→0 𝑥(3 − 𝑥)2 𝑥→0 (3 − 𝑥)2 9
 𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 0 𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 + 6
lim = ⁡ ⇒ lim 2
𝑥→−2 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 4(𝑥 + 1) 0 𝑥→−2 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) − 4(𝑥 + 1)

𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6) 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2)
= lim ⁡ = lim
𝑥→−2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4) 𝑥→−2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2)

𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 3) 4(1)
= lim ⁡ = =1
𝑥→−2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) (−1)(−4)

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 0
lim = ⁡
𝑥→2 √𝑥 2 + 5 − (𝑥 + 1) 0

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 √𝑥 2 + 5 + (𝑥 + 1)
⇒ lim ×
𝑥→2 √𝑥 2 + 5 − (𝑥 + 1) √𝑥 2 + 5 + (𝑥 + 1)
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2)[𝑥 2 + 5 + (𝑥 + 1)]
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 + 5 − (𝑥 + 1)2
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2)[√𝑥 2 + 5 + (𝑥 + 1)]
= lim
𝑥→2 𝑥 2 + 5 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2)[√𝑥 2 + 5 + (𝑥 + 1)]
= lim
𝑥→2 −2𝑥 + 4
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2)[√𝑥 2 + 5 + (𝑥 + 1)] (6)(6)
= lim =⁡ = −18
𝑥→2 −2(𝑥 − 2) −2
lim [√𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1] = ⁡∞ − ⁡∞⁡
𝑥→∞

⇒ ⁡ lim [√𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1]
𝑥→∞

√𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
= ⁡ lim [√𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 − √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1] × ⁡
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1)
= ⁡ lim ⁡
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
2𝑥 + 2 ∞
= lim ⁡ =⁡ ⁡
√𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
𝑥→∞ ∞
2𝑥 + 2
⇒ ⁡ lim ⁡
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1

2𝑥 2
𝑥 2 + 𝑥2 2
= ⁡ lim ⁡ =⁡ =1
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 𝑥 1 1+1
√ 2+ 2+ 2+√ 2− 2− 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Part 2: Derivatives:
5 4
1- Find 𝑦 ′ : 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3 + 10𝑥 6 − √𝑥 3
√𝑥
1 3
𝑦 ′ = 5(−2𝑥 −3 ) − 4(− 𝑥 −4/3 ) + 60𝑥 5 − 𝑥 1/2
3 2
2- 𝑦 = (𝑙𝑛( 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2))3
1
𝑦 ′ = 3(𝑙𝑛( 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2))2 • • (2𝑥 + 3 − 0)
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 2
3- 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4𝑥 + 10𝑐𝑜𝑡 3𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = (4𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (4𝑥)) 𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4𝑥 + (−3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑐 2 3𝑥) 10𝑐𝑜𝑡 3𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 0
1
4- 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 2 ((1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 𝑥)−1/2 (4 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 4 𝑥)
−1 1
5- 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 √𝑥 + √𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒 2 √𝑥 + 2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)−1/2 𝑠𝑒𝑐⁡𝑥⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
√𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥•2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝑥−𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥(−2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥)
6- 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 ( ) ⇒ 𝑦′ =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑥2𝑥/ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥)2
 IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS
Find 𝒚′ : 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟓 = 𝟎.

′
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆⁡𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉⁡𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕⁡𝒕𝒐⁡𝒙⁡𝑶𝑵𝑳𝒀 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒙
𝒚 = −⁡ =−
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆⁡𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉⁡𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕⁡𝒕𝒐⁡𝒙⁡𝑶𝑵𝑳𝒀 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚

Find 𝒚′ : 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟓 𝒙𝒚) − 𝒍𝒏(𝟓 𝒙𝒚) + 𝒆𝟓𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝟓𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎.

𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆⁡𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉⁡𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕⁡𝒕𝒐⁡𝒙⁡𝑶𝑵𝑳𝒀
𝒚′ = −⁡
𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆⁡𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉⁡𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕⁡𝒕𝒐⁡𝒙⁡𝑶𝑵𝑳𝒀

𝟓𝒚
𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟓𝒚𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟓𝒙𝒚) − 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒆𝟓𝒙𝒚 − 𝟓𝒚𝟑𝟓𝒙𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟑)
=
𝟓𝒙
𝟑𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟓𝒙𝒚) − + 𝟓𝒙𝒆𝟓𝒙𝒚 − 𝟓𝒙𝟑𝟓𝒙𝒚 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝟑)
𝒙𝒚

y − Diff . w. r. t x
x 3 y 3 + sin( x) cos( y ) − ln( x) ln( y ) + e x e − 3xy = 0  y  = 
Diff . w. r. t y
1 y
3x 2 y 3 + cos x cos y − ln y ( ) + e x e − 3 y
=− x
1 y
2 3
3 y x − sin x sin y − ln x( ) + e x e − 3x
y

Find 𝒚″ :
3 5 1
𝑦 = √𝑥3 − √𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 5 − 𝑥6 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 −3/2 − 𝑥 2/5 + 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 −6
3 1 8 1
𝑦′ = 𝑥 −1/2 − 𝑥 7/5 + 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 −5
(−1/2) (7/5) 6 (−5)
3 1 8 1
𝑦 ″ = (−1/2)(1/2) 𝑥 1/2 − (7/5)(12/5) 𝑥 12/5 + 42 𝑥 7 − (−5)(−4) 𝑥 −4
4 −4𝑥 2 −10
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥
7- 4 −4𝑥 2 −10
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 (4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥)
4 −4𝑥 2 −10 4 −4𝑥 2 −10
𝑦″ = 𝑒 𝑥 (12𝑥 2 − 8) + 𝑒 𝑥 (4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥)(4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥)
 Matrices
1 3 1
−1
1- Find the inverse, 𝐴 , of the following matrix: 𝐴 = [3 2 5],
2 2 2
1 2 3
𝐴 = |−1 0 4|
0 2 2

Solution
1 2 3 1
𝐴 = |−1 0 4| ⇒ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|
0 2 2
1 2 3
|𝐴| = |−1 0 4| = (−8) − 2(−2) + 3(−2) = −10 ≠ 0
0 2 2
0 4 −1 4 −1 0
| | −| | | |
2 2 0 2 0 2 −8 2 −2
2 3 1 3 1 2
𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴) = − | | | | −| | =(2 2 −2)
2 2 0 2 0 2
2 3 1 3 1 2 8 −1 2
( |0 4
| −|
1 4
| |
−1
|
0)
−8 2 8
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴)]𝑇
=( 2 2 −1)
−2 −2 2
−1
1 1 −8 2 8
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (2 2 −1)
|𝐴| −10
−2 −2 2
1 3 1
−1
Find the inverse, 𝐴 , of the following matrix: 𝐴 = [3 2 5]
2 2 2
1 3 1 1
𝐴 = |3 2 5| ⇒ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|
2 2 2
1 3 1
|𝐴| = |3 2 5| = (−6) − 3(−4) + (2) = 8 ≠ 0
2 2 2
 2 5 3 5 3 2
| | −| | | |
2 2 2 2 2 2 −6 4 2
3 1 1 1 1 3
𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴) = − | | | | −| | =(4 0 4)
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 3 13 −2 −7
( |2 5
| −|
3 5
| |
3 2
| )

−6 4 13
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴)]𝑇=( 4 0 −2)
2 4 −7
−1
1 1 −6 4 13
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (4 0 −2)
|𝐴| −10
2 4 −7

1 3 1
−1
1- Find the inverse, 𝐴 , of the following matrix: 𝐴 = [3 2 5]
2 2 2
1 −2 1 1
𝐴 = |3 1 −2| ⇒ 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|
0 1 −1
1 −2 1
|𝐴| = |3 1 −2| = (−1 + 2) − (−2)(−3) + (3) = −2 ≠ 0
0 1 −1

1 −2 3 −2 3 1
| | −| | | |
1 −1 0 −1 0 1 1 3 3
−2 1 1 1 1 −2
𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴) = − | | | | −| | = (−1 −1 −1)
1 −1 0 −1 0 1
−2 1 1 1 1 −2 3 5 7
( | 1 −2| −|
3 −2
| |
3 1 )
|

1 −1 3
𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = [𝐶𝑜𝑓(𝐴)]𝑇
= (3 −1 5)
3 −1 7
−1
1 1 1 −1 3
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (3 −1 5)
|𝐴| −2
3 −1 7
2- Solve the following non-homogenous linear system equations by Cramer’s rule:
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 4
 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 2 1 −1 𝑥
⁡{𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (1 1 1 ), 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐵
𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 4 1 −2 −3 𝑧
3
= (1)
4
The solution of the system is
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 2 1 −1 𝑥 3
{𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (1 1 1 ), 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐵 = (1)
𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 4 1 −2 −3 𝑧 4

𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑧
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧=
𝛥 𝛥 𝛥
2 1 −1
𝛥 = |𝐴| = |1 1 1 | = 2(−1) − (−4) − (−3) = 5
1 −2 −3
3 1 −1
𝛥𝑥 = |1 1 1 | = 3(−1) − (−7) − (−6) = 10
4 −2 −3
2 3 −1
𝛥𝑦 = |1 1 1 | = 2(−7) − 3(−4) − (3) = −5
1 4 −3
2 1 3
𝛥𝑧 = |1 1 1| = 2(6) − (3) + 3(−3) = 0
1 −2 4
𝛥𝑥 10 𝛥𝑦 −5 𝛥𝑧 0
𝑥= = , 𝑦= = , 𝑧= =
𝛥 5 𝛥 5 𝛥 5

3- Solve the following non-homogenous linear system equations by Cramer’s rule:

𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 8

𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3 1 1 −2 𝑥 3
{3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (3 −1 1 ) , 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐵 = ( 0)
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 8 3 3 −6 𝑧 8
The solution of the system is
 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3 1 1 −2 𝑥 3
{3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (3 −1 1 ) , 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐵 = ( 0)
3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 8 3 3 −6 𝑧 8

𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑧
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧=
𝛥 𝛥 𝛥
1 1 −2
𝛥 = |𝐴| = |3 −1 1 | = 3 − (−21) − 2(12) = 48
3 3 −6
3 1 −2
𝛥𝑥 = |0 −1 1 | = 3(3) − (−8) − 2(8) = 1
8 3 −6
1 3 −2
𝛥𝑦 = |3 0 1 | = (−3) − 3(−21) − 2(9) = 42
3 3 −6
1 1 3
𝛥𝑧 = |3 −1 0| = −8 − (24) + 3(17) = 19
8 3 8
𝛥𝑥 1 𝛥𝑦 42 𝛥𝑧 19
𝑥= = , 𝑦= = , 𝑧= =
𝛥 48 𝛥 48 𝛥 48
4- Solve the following non-homogenous linear system equations by Cramer’s rule:
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2, 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −3, 5𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 1 4 3 𝑥 2
⁡{2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −3 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (2 −6 6) , 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐵 = (−3)
5𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5 5 −2 3 𝑧 5
The solution of the system is
𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2 1 4 3 𝑥 2
⁡{2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −3 ⇒ 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵, 𝐴 = (2 −6 6) , 𝑋 = (𝑦) , 𝐵 = (−3)
5𝑥⁡ − ⁡2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5 5 −2 3 𝑧 5

𝛥𝑥 𝛥𝑦 𝛥𝑧
𝑥= , 𝑦= , 𝑧=
𝛥 𝛥 𝛥
 1 4 3
𝛥 = |𝐴| = |2 −6 6| = (−18 + 12) − 4(6 − 30) + (3)(−4 + 30) = 162
5 −2 3
2 4 3
𝛥𝑥 = |−3 −6 6| = 2(−6) − (−4)(21) + 3(36) = 180
5 −2 3
1 2 3
𝛥𝑦 = |2 −3 6| = (21) − 2(−24) + 3(25) = 144
5 5 3
1 4 2
𝛥𝑧 = |2 −6 −3| = (−36) − 4(25) + 2(26) = 84
5 −2 5
𝛥𝑥 180 𝛥𝑦 144 𝛥𝑧 84
𝑥= = , 𝑦= = , 𝑧= =
𝛥 152 𝛥 162 𝛥 162

COMPLEX NUMBERS
1- Express the given complex numbers in Cartesian Form
𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 = 7 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) ⇒ 𝑟 = 7, 𝜃 = 𝜋/6 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
6 6
√ 3 1
𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 7( 2 ) + 7𝑖(2)
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟒(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓 +𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓 ) 𝟒𝒆𝟐𝝅𝒊/𝟓 𝟒 𝟒 𝝅
𝒛= 𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅 ⇒ 𝒛 = 𝟑𝒆𝟑𝝅𝒊/𝟓 = 𝟑 𝒆−𝝅𝒊/𝟓 ⇒ 𝒓 = 𝟑 , 𝜽 = − 𝟓 ,⁡⁡⁡𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚,
𝟑(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟓 +𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟓 )

𝑧 = 3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 40 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 40) ⁡ ⇒ 𝑟 = 3, 𝜃 = 240

−1 −√3
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 , 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 3( 2 ) + 𝑖( )
2

2𝜋 2𝜋 𝟐𝝅𝒊
2(𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 ) 𝟐𝒆 𝟑 𝟏 𝟓𝝅𝒊
𝟏 𝟓𝝅
𝑧= 7𝜋 7𝜋 ⇒𝒛= 𝟕𝝅𝒊 = 𝟐 𝒆−⁡ 𝟑 ⇒ 𝒓 = 𝟐, 𝜽=− ,⁡⁡
4(𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 +𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 6 ) 𝟑
𝟒𝒆 𝟑

⁡𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚, 𝑥 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

2- Express the given complex numbers in Polar Form:
𝑧 = (5 + 2𝑖)(5 − 2𝑖) ⇒ 𝑧 = 25 + 4 = 29 ⇒ 𝑥 = 25, 𝑦=0⇒𝑟
𝑦 𝜋
= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5, 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) =
𝑥 2
𝟔 − 𝟕𝒊 𝟔 − 𝟕𝒊 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟓𝒊
𝒛= ⇒𝒛= × = = 𝒙 + 𝒊𝒚 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟒, 𝒚=𝟏
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊 𝟏 − 𝟐𝒊 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊 𝟓
𝒚 𝟏
⇒ 𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = √𝟏𝟕, 𝜽 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝒙) = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝟒) ⇒ 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝜽 ,

3+7𝑖 𝑖
𝑧 = (2 − 3𝑖)(4 + 6𝑖), 𝑧 = 3+ ., 𝑧 = (−2 + 2𝑖)(1 − 𝑖), 𝑧 = 5−3𝑖.,
√2𝑖
2
2 1−√3𝑖 −3𝑖
𝑧 = (−√3 + 𝑖) , 𝑧= ( ) , 𝑧 = 4−3𝑖 , 𝑧 = (−2 + 2𝑖)(1 − 𝑖)
1+√3𝑖

−3𝑖 −3𝑖 4 + 3𝑖 −12𝑖 + 9 9 12 12 −9

𝑧= ⇒𝑧= × = = −𝑖 ⇒𝑥= , 𝑦=
4 − 3𝑖 4 − 3𝑖 4 + 3𝑖 16 + 9 25 25 25 25
3 𝑦 −9
⇒ 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = , 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
5 𝑥 12

𝑧 = (−2 + 2𝑖)(1 − 𝑖) = −2 + 2𝑖 + 2𝑖 + 2 = 4𝑖 ⇒ 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦=4

⇒ 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4,
𝑦 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ∞) = ⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 4𝑒 𝑖𝜋/2
𝑥 2