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Contents

Current Trends in World History xix

Analyzing Global Developments xxi
Global Themes and Sources xxii
Maps xxiv
Preface xxvii
Highlights of the Concise Editionxxvii
Our Major Themesxxviii
Overview of Volume Onexxviii
Overview of Volume Twoxxx
Media Ancillariesxxxii
For Studentsxxxii
For Instructorsxxxii
Acknowledgmentsxxxiii
About the Authors xxxv
The Geography of the Ancient and Modern Worlds xxxviii

Chapter 1
 ſ
Ɓ3
Creation Narratives 4

Hominids to Modern Humans 4

Evolutionary Findings and Research Methods5
Early Hominids, Adaptation, and Climate Change5
Tool-Use by Homo Habilis11
Migrations of Homo Erectus12
Homo Sapiens: The First Modern Humans14

vii
viii Contents

The Life of Early Homo Sapiens 19

Language19
Hunting and Gathering20
Paintings, Sculpture, and Music21

Agricultural Revolution: Food Production and Social Change 22

The Beginnings of Settled Agriculture and Pastoralism22
Agricultural Innovation: Afro-Eurasia and the Americas27
Borrowing Agricultural Ideas: Europe31
Revolutions in Social Organization33

Conclusion 35

Global Themes and Sources 38

Competing Perspectives: Creation Narratives 38
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Prehistoric Art42

Chapter 2
 Đſ  Đſ
ſ ſſ

ĐſĈĊąąĪćąąą BCEƁ45
Settlement and Pastoralism 46
Early Cities along River Basins46
Pastoral Nomadic Communities47

Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Mesopotamia 50

Tapping the Waters51
Crossroads of Southwest Asia51
The World’s First Cities51
Gods and Temples52
Royal Power, Families, and Social Hierarchy53
First Writing and Early Texts54
Spreading Cities and First Territorial States55

“The Gift of the Nile”: Egypt 56

The Nile River and Its Floodwaters56
The Egyptian State and Dynasties58
 Contentsix

Pharaohs, Pyramids, and Cosmic Order58

Gods, Priesthood, and Magical Power59
Writing and Scribes61
Prosperity and the Demise of Old Kingdom Egypt63

The Indus River Valley: A Parallel Culture 63

Harappan City Life and Writing65
Trade67

The Yellow and Yangzi River Basins: East Asia 68

From Yangshao to Longshan Culture68

Life Outside the River Basins 71

Aegean Worlds71
Anatolia72
Europe: The Western Frontier72
The Americas74
Sub-Saharan Africa75

Conclusion 75

Global Themes and Sources 78

Competing Perspectives: Early Writing78
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Burials and Long-Distance Trade81

Chapter 3

Đſ 
ſſ

Đſ
ſ   Đſ
ćąąąĪĆćąą BCEƁ83
Nomadic Movement and the Emergence of Territorial States 84

The Territorial State in Egypt 88

Religion and Trade in Middle Kingdom Egypt (2055–1650 BCE )90
Migrations and Expanding Frontiers in New Kingdom Egypt
(1550–1069 BCE)91
x Contents

Territorial States in Southwest Asia 93

Mesopotamian Kingship 94
The Old and New Hittite Kingdoms (1800–1200 BCE)96
A Community of Major Powers (1400–1200 BCE)96

Nomads and the Indus River Valley 97

The Shang Territorial State in East Asia (1600–1045 bce) 99

State Formation99
Agriculture and Tribute103
Society and Ritual Practice103
Shang Writing104

Microsocieties in the South Pacific and in the Aegean 105

The South Pacific (2500 BCE–400 CE)105
The Aegean World (2000–1200 BCE)107

Conclusion 111

Global Themes and Sources 114

Competing Perspectives: Law Codes of Territorial States and Pastoral Nomads 114
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Bronze-Working118

Chapter 4
 ſ  ſ
ſ ſ
 ſ ſ
ĩ

Đſſ
ĆćĊąĪĈćĊ BCEƁ121
Forces of Upheaval and the Rise of Early Empires 122
Climate Change122
Migrations122
New Technologies123
Administrative Innovations126

Empire in Southwest Asia: The Neo-Assyrian and Persian Empires 128

The Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–612 BCE)129
The Persian Empire (ca. 560–331 BCE)130
 Contentsxi

Imperial Fringes in Western Afro-Eurasia 135

Sea Peoples136
The Greeks136
The Phoenicians138
The Israelites138

Foundations of Vedic Culture in South Asia (1500–600 bce) 139

Vedic Culture Settles Down140
Social Distinctions: Clans and Varna140
Unity through the Vedas and Upanishads142

The Early Zhou Empire in East Asia (1045–771 bce) 143

Dynastic Institutions and Control of the Land144
“Mandate of Heaven”146
Social and Economic Controls147
Limits and Decline of Zhou Power147

Conclusion 148

Global Themes and Sources 152

Competing Perspectives: Consolidating Early Empires152
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Tributes156

Chapter 5
 ſſ  ſĐſ
ĆąąąĪĈĊą BCEƁ159
An “Axial Age” 162

Eastern Zhou China 162

Innovations in Thought164
Innovations in State Administration165
Innovations in Warfare165
Economic, Social, and Cultural Changes166
xii Contents

The New Worlds of South Asia 167

New Cities and a Changing Economy169
Brahmans, Their Challengers, and New Beliefs170

The Mediterranean World 172

Formation of New City-States173
Economic Innovations175
New Ideas176

Common Cultures in the Americas and Sub-Saharan Africa 180

The Chavín in the Andes180
The Olmecs in Mesoamerica181
Common Cultures in Sub-Saharan Africa184

Conclusion 187

Global Themes and Sources 190

Competing Perspectives: Axial Age Ideas190
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Elsewhere in the Axial Age194

Chapter 6
  ſſ
ĩ

ſ
 ĐſĈĊąĪĆąą BCEƁ197
Alexander and the Emergence of a Hellenistic World 198
Alexander’s Successors and the Territorial Kingdoms199
Hellenistic Culture202
Plantation Slavery and Money-Based Economies204

Converging Influences in Central and South Asia 206

Chandragupta and the Mauryan Empire207
Greek Influences in Central Asia210

The Transformation of Buddhism 212

India as a Spiritual Crossroads212
The New Buddhism: The Mahayana School213
New Images of Buddha in Literature and Art 213
 Contentsxiii

The Formation of the Silk Roads 214

Nomads and Trade Routes215
Caravan Cities and the Incense Trade 215
China and the Silk Economy219
The Spread of Buddhism along the Trade Routes221
Commerce on the Red Sea and Indian Ocean 221

Conclusion 224

Global Themes and Sources 228

Competing Perspectives: Spread of Ideas228
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Coinage230

Chapter 7

ſ
ſ 
ſſ

ſ 
ſ Đſſ
Ĉąą BCE ĪĈąą CEƁ233
Globalizing Empires: The Han Dynasty and Imperial
Rome 234

The Han Dynasty (206 bce–220 ce) 235

The Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE): A Crucial Forerunner235
Beginnings of the Western Han Dynasty238
Han Power and Administration238
Economy and the New Social Order239
Military Expansion and the Silk Roads242
Social Upheaval and Natural Disaster243
The Eastern Han Dynasty244

The Roman Empire 245

Foundations of the Roman Empire245
Emperors, Authoritarian Rule, and Administration250
Town and City Life252
xiv Contents

Social and Gender Relations253

Economy and New Scales of Production253
The Rise of Christianity254
The Limits of Empire 255

Conclusion 257

Global Themes and Sources 262

Competing Perspectives: Maintaining Political and Domestic Order262
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Images of Power264

Chapter 8
ſ ſſ 
ſ
  ĐſĈąąĪċąą CEƁ267
Religious Change and Empire in Western Afro-Eurasia 268
The Appeal of Christianity268
The “Fall” of Rome in the West274
Continuity of Rome in the East: Byzantium276

The Silk Roads 277

Sasanian Persia279
The Sogdians as Lords of the Silk Roads279
Buddhism on the Silk Roads280

Political and Religious Change in South Asia 282

The Hindu Transformation282
The Transformation of the Buddha284
Culture and Ideology Instead of an Empire284

Political and Religious Change in East Asia 285

The Wei Dynasty in Northern China286
Changing Daoist Traditions286
Buddhism in China287

Faith and Cultures in the Worlds Apart 288

Bantus of Sub-Saharan Africa288
Mesoamericans291
 Contentsxv

Conclusion 295

Global Themes and Sources 298

Competing Perspectives: Pilgrimage and Universalizing Religions298
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Representations of Holiness300

Chapter 9
ſ  ſ
ſ ſ
 ĐſċąąĪĆąąą CEƁ303
The Origins and Spread of Islam 304
A Vision, a Text, a New Community305
Muhammad’s Successors and the Expanding Dar Al-Islam305
The Abbasid Revolution308
The Blossoming of Abbasid Culture310
Islam in a Wider World310
Opposition within Islam: Shiism and the Fatimids312

The Tang State 315

Territorial Expansion under the Tang Dynasty315
Organizing the Tang Empire316
An Economic Revolution319
Accommodating World Religions321
Tang Interactions with Korea and Japan 324
The Fall of Tang China327

The Emergence of European Christendom 327

Charlemagne’s Fledgling Empire327
Christianity in Western Europe329
Vikings and Christendom330
Greek Orthodox Christianity332

Conclusion 333
xvi Contents

Global Themes and Sources 336

Competing Perspectives: Women, Faith, and Empire336
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Transmission of Religious Knowledge338

Chapter 10
 ſĜſ Đĝſſ
ĆąąąĪĆĈąą CEƁ341
Development of Maritime Trade 342

The Islamic World in a Time of Political Fragmentation 345

Political Divisions345
The Spread of Sufism347
What Was Islam?347

India as a Cultural Mosaic 348

What Was India?351

Song China: Insiders versus Outsiders 352

Economic and Political Developments352
China’s Neighbors: Nomads, Japan, and Southeast Asia353
What Was China?356

Christian Europe 357

Localization of Power357
What Was Christian Europe?359
Relations with the Islamic World359

Worlds Coming Together: Sub-Saharan Africa and the

Americas 361
Sub-Saharan Africa Comes Together362
The Americas364

The Mongol Transformation of Afro-Eurasia 368

Who Were the Mongols?368
Conquest and Empire368
 Contentsxvii

Conclusion 373

Global Themes and Sources 376

Competing Perspectives: “World” Travelers376
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Imagining the World380

Chapter 11
 ſ
ſſ ſſ

ĩ

ĐſĆĈąąĪĆĊąąƁ383
Collapse and Consolidation 384
The Black Death384
Rebuilding States389

The Islamic Heartland 391

The Ottoman Empire392

Western Christendom 396

The Catholic Church, State Building, and Economic Recovery396
Political Consolidation and Trade in the Iberian Peninsula400
The Renaissance402

Ming China 404

Restoring Order404
Centralization under the Ming405
Ming Rulership407
Trade and Exploration under the Ming408

Conclusion 410

Global Themes and Sources 414

Competing Perspectives: Cultural Responses to the Black Death414
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Marking Boundaries, Inspiring Loyalty416

Further Readings R-1

Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
Current Trends in World History

CHAPTER 1 Determining the Age of Fossils and Sediments6

CHAPTER 2 Climate Change at the End of the Third Millennium bce in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus
Valley64

CHAPTER 3 How Languages Spread: The Case of Nomadic Indo-European Languages100

CHAPTER 4 Big Forces in Early Empires126

CHAPTER 5 Prophets and the Founding Texts: Comparing Confucius and the Buddha172

CHAPTER 6 Building Roads: Early Highways for Communication, Trade, and Control208

CHAPTER 7 Empires, Allies, and Frontiers258

CHAPTER 8 Religious Conflict in Imperial Borderlands280

CHAPTER 9 Green Revolutions in the Islamic World and Tang China, 300–600 ce320

CHAPTER 10 The Crusades from Dual Perspectives360

CHAPTER 11 Joan of Arc: A Charismatic Leader in a Time of Social Turmoil398

xix
Analyzing Global Developments

CHAPTER 1 The Age of the Universe and Human Evolution18

CHAPTER 2 The Development of Writing62
CHAPTER 3 Climate Change and the Collapse of River-Basin Societies89
CHAPTER 4 City-States to Empires135
CHAPTER 5 Axial Age Thinkers and Their Ideas178
CHAPTER 6 The Cosmopolitan World of the Periplus Maris Erythraei222
CHAPTER 7 Great Empires Compared: The Han, the Roman, and the British Empires after World War I 248
CHAPTER 8 One God, Two Communities: Comparing the Structures of Christianity and Judaism, 600 ce274
CHAPTER 9 Islam and the Silk Trade: Adapting Religion to Opulence322
CHAPTER 10 Growth in the World Population to 1340350
CHAPTER 11 Population Changes in Fourteenth-Century Afro-Eurasia390

xxi
Global Themes and Sources

CHAPTER 1
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Bronze-Working . . . 118
Competing Perspectives: Creation
Narratives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ƨɢ '-%ɢƯ)(ưɢ5#22#+
ƨɢ %8/3(-ɢ19.1ɢ'-"+#
ƨɢ Ư'#ɢ!1(̎!#ɢ.$ɢ4142'ưɢ$1.,ɢ(%ɢ#"ɢǍƊƐƉƉ bce)
ƨɢ 8!#-#-ɢ 1.-9#ɢ"%%#1
ƨɢ #-#2(2ɢƊƣƊDŽƌƊɢ$1.,ɢ3'#ɢ( +#
ƨɢ Ư'#ɢ1#3(.-ɢ.$ɢ3'#ɢ-(5#12#ưɢ$1.,ɢ3'#ɢ4(--9(ɢ
(ca. 1100 bce) CHAPTER 4
ƨɢ ./4+ɢ4'ɢǍ"3#ɢ.$ɢ.1(%(-ɢ4-*-.6-ǎ Competing Perspectives: Consolidating
ƨɢ .14 ɢ1#3(.-ɢ113(5#ɢǍ"3#ɢ.$ɢ.1(%(-ɢ4-*-.6-ǎ Early Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Interpreting Visual Evidence: ƨɢ '#ɢ-04#3ɢ3#+#ɢ.$ɢ
2241-2(1/+ɢ ɢǍc. 865 bce)
Prehistoric Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 ƨɢ '#ɢ#'(234-ɢ -2!1(/3(.-ɢǍƐƋƉ bce), Darius I
ƨɢ .12#2ɢ$1.,ɢ'45#3ɢ5# ƨɢ '.4ɢ4!!#22(.-ɢ1(2(2ɢǍc. 1043 bce), King Wu
ƨɢ (2.-ɢ$1.,ɢ'45#3ɢ5# ƨɢ -"(-ɢ1',-ɢ1(#23'.."ɢǍ #$.1#ɢƒ3'ɢ!#-3418 bce), from
ƨɢ 5#ɢ/(-3(-%ɢ3ɢ'(, #3* the Upanishads
ƨɢ (++#-".1$ɢ#-42 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Tribute . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
ƨɢ #-42ɢ.$ɢ.'+#ɢ#+2
ƨɢ +!*ɢ. #+(2*ɢ.$ɢ'+,-#2#1ɢ
ƨɢ 1( 43#ɢ2!#-#ɢ$1.,ɢ/+!#ɢ3ɢ#12#/.+(2
CHAPTER 2 ƨɢ .5#-ɢ3#73(+#ɢ$1.,ɢ23#1-ɢ'.4
Competing Perspectives: Early Writing . . . . . . . . . . . .78
ƨɢ 4,#1(-ɢ1(%(-2ɢ.$ɢ1(3(-% CHAPTER 5
ƨɢ %8/3(-ɢ .43'ǃ/#-(-%ɢ(34+ Competing Perspectives: Axial
ƨɢ 11/-ɢ#+ɢ3.-#2 Age Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
ƨɢ '-%ɢ8-238ɢ1!+#ɢ.-#
ƨɢ 1+8ɢ1##*ɢ1(3(-%ɢǍ (-#1ɢǎ ƨɢ '#ɢ3'2ɢ$1.,ɢ'#ɢ8,-2ɢ.$ɢ.1.23#1ɢ
(1000–600 bce)
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Burials and ƨɢ '#ɢ
-+#!32ɢǍc. 400 bce), Confucius
Long-Distance Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 ƨɢ '#ɢ',,/"ɢǍƌ1"ɢ!#-3418 bce), Buddha
ƨɢ 1!#+#32ɢ.$ɢ4##-ɢ#3#/'#1#2ɢ ƨɢ '#ɢ
/.+.%8ɢ.$ɢ.!13#2ɢǍc. 400 bce), Plato
ƨɢ 1/ơɢ.1ɢƯ4##-ƴ2ɢ 81#ơưɢ$1.,ɢ3'#ɢ.8+ɢ., 2ɢ.$ɢ1 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Elsewhere
ƨɢ 1//-ɢ%#,23.-#ɢ-#!*+!#ɢ6(3'ɢ+/(2ɢ+94+(ɢ-"ɢ in the Axial Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
carnelian
ƨɢ +#ɢ611(.1ɢ 41(+ɢ3ɢ1- ƨɢ .*ɢ̎%41(-#
ƨɢ .*ɢ3#11!.33
ƨɢ +,#!ɢ.4-%ɢ .1"
CHAPTER 3 ƨɢ +,#!ɢ)%41
Competing Perspectives: Law Codes of Territorial
States and Pastoral Nomads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 CHAPTER 6
ƨɢ '#ɢ."#ɢ.$ɢ,,41/(ɢ(ca. 18th century bce) Competing Perspectives: Spread of Ideas . . . . . . . . . 228
ƨɢ -2314!3(.-ɢ3.ɢ(9(#1ɢ#*',(1#ɢ(ca. 15th century bce)
ƨɢ Ư'#ɢ
-!(#-3ɢ(38ɢ.$ɢ
+#7-"1(ưɢǍ#1+8ɢƊ23ɢ!#-3418ɢce), Strabo
ƨɢ '#ɢ#-ɢ.,,-",#-32ơɢ7."42ɢƋƉƣƊDŽƊƒɢ$1.,ɢ3'#ɢ( +#
ƨɢ '#ɢ +(-%ɢ"(!3ɢǍƋƑƊ bce), Aśoka
ƨɢ '#ɢ."#ɢ.$ɢ -4ɢ(ca. 200 bce)
ƨɢ Ư_%+ƣɢ(38ɢ.$ɢ3'#ɢ."2ưɢǍc. 150–130 bce) from The
ƨɢ
"5(2.1ɢ(!'-ɢ.$ɢ'#-%ƴ2ɢ.,/(+3(.-ɢ.$ɢ 62ɢ(ca. 6th
Questions of King Menander
century bce)
xxii
 Global Themes and Sourcesxxiii

Interpreting Visual Evidence: Coinage . . . . . . . . . . . 230 CHAPTER 10

ƨɢ .+"ɢ.!3"1!', Competing Perspectives: “World” Travelers . . . . . . 376
ƨɢ 1.-9#ɢ*12'/-
ƨɢ (+%1(,%#ɢ3.ɢ #142+#,ɢǍc. 1300), Bar Sāwmā
ƨɢ #--"#1ɢ!.(-
ƨɢ .-%.+ɢ(5(-3(.-ɢǍc. 1300), Marco Polo
ƨɢ 1.-9#ɢ)(,.
ƨɢ '#ɢ!1#"ɢ .204#ɢ.$ɢ #142+#,ɢǍc. 1360), Ibn Battuta
ƨɢ 1.-9#ɢ -ɢ+(-%
ƨɢ '#ɢ++#ɢ1(+(-%4+ɢ3.-#ɢ -2!1(/3(.-ɢǍƊƎƊƊǎơɢ'#-%ɢ#

CHAPTER 7 Interpreting Visual Evidence: Imagining

the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Competing Perspectives: Maintaining Political
and Domestic Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 ƨɢ
+ǃ "1(2(ƴ2ɢTabula Rogeriana
ƨɢ 1ɢ 41.ƴ2ɢMappa Mundi
ƨɢ .-%ɢ'.-%2'4ɢ.-ɢ#2/.-2( (+(3(#2ɢ.$ɢ-ɢ4+#12'(/ɢ ƨɢ 1#204#2ƴ2ɢCatalan Atlas
(2000 bce)
ƨɢ '#ɢ.+#ɢ.$ɢ3'#ɢ.,-ɢ33#ɢǍƎƎɢbce), Cicero
ƨɢ #22.-2ɢ$.1ɢ.,#-ɢǍ!ƠɢƊƉƉɢceǎơɢ-ɢ'.
CHAPTER 11
ƨɢ -ɢ.,#-ɢ(-ɢ.,#ɢǍ̎123ɢ!#-3418ɢce), Musonius Rufus Competing Perspectives: Cultural Responses
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Images of Power . . . 264 to the Black Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
ƨɢ +-"1ɢ#15(2'#2ɢ(-ɢ3'#ɢ 2+,(!ɢ.1+"ɢǍƊƐƎƓǎơɢ #-5(-.
ƨɢ '(ɢ4-%"(ƴ2ɢ3#11ǃ!.33ɢ1,8ɢ(-ɢ(ƴ-
ƨɢ +%#++-32ɢ(-ɢ-%+-"ɢǍƊƌƐƉ2ǎơɢ. #13ɢ.$ɢ
5#2 418
ƨɢ ,/#1.1ɢ
4%42342ƴ2ɢ,42.+#4,ɢ(-ɢ.,#
ƨɢ '#ɢ#"ɢ41 -ɢ .5#,#-3ɢ(-ɢ'(-ɢǍƊƌƐƔǎ
ƨɢ
4%42342ɢ.$ɢ1(,ɢ.13
ƨɢ .131(3ɢ.$ɢ'(ɢ4-%"( Interpreting Visual Evidence: Marking Boundaries,
Inspiring Loyalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
CHAPTER 8 ƨɢ /-(2'ɢ/(-3(-%ɢ 8ɢ#114%4#3#
Competing Perspectives: Pilgrimage and ƨɢ '#ɢdevshirme system
Universalizing Religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 ƨɢ '(-#2#ɢ/(-3(-%ɢ 8ɢ'ƴ(4ɢ(-%

ƨɢ (18ɢ.$ɢɢ(+%1(,%#ɢǍ+3#ɢƎ3'ɢ!#-3418 ce), Egeria

ƨɢ A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms (early 5th century ce), Faxian
ƨɢ Bhagavata Purana (recorded c. 500 ce)
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Representations of
Holiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
ƨɢ 4-%-%ɢ5#2
ƨɢ #1/#34ɢ-"ɢ#+(!(32
ƨɢ +8-24-"1ɢ.$ɢ153(ɢ-"ɢ'(5
ƨɢ .8+ɢ +.."+#33(-%ɢ1(34+

CHAPTER 9
Competing Perspectives: Women, Faith,
and Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
ƨɢ 41'ɢƎơɢ
-ǃ(2ƴɢǍƯ-ɢ.,#-ưǎơɢ$1.,ɢ3'#ɢ41-ɢ
(7th century ce)
ƨɢ 6ɢ.$ɢ
",--ɢǍƒƉƉɢce), Adamnan
ƨɢ
-+#!32ɢ$.1ɢ.,#-ɢǍƓƉƉɢce) Song Ruoxin and Song Ruozhao
Interpreting Visual Evidence: Transmission of
Religious Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
ƨɢ '#ɢ (-"(2$1-#ɢ.2/#+ɢǍƒƉƉɢce, with tenth-century-ce
interlinear comments)
ƨɢ '#ɢƯ(,.-"ɢ431ưɢǍƓƑƓɢce)
ƨɢ (-3'ǃ!#-3418ɢ41-
ƨɢ '#ɢ1#2"#-ɢ."#7ɢǍc. 1100)
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Maps

1.1 Early Hominids9

5.1 The World in an Axial Age, c. 500 bce161
1.2 Early Migrations: Out of Africa17
5.2 '.4ɪ'(-ɪ(-ɪ3'#ɪ11(-%ɪ33#2ɪ#1(."ɤȺȿȼ
1.3 Original Language Family Groups20
5.3 Sixteen States in the First Millennium in South
1.4 The Origins of Food Production25 Asia168
1.5 The Birth of Farming in the Fertile Crescent26 5.4 The Mediterranean World174
1.6 The Spread of Farming in East Asia28 5.5 The Olmec World 182
1.7 The Spread of Farming in Africa29 5.6 Africa, 500 bce185
1.8 The Spread of Agriculture in Europe 32
6.1 Afro-Eurasia in 250 bce201
2.1 The World in the Third Millennium bce49 6.2 Afro-Eurasian Trade, c. 150 ce217
2.2 Trade and Exchange in Southwest Asia and the East-
ern Mediterranean—Third Millennium bce50 7.1 East Asia, 206 bce–220 ce236
2.3 The Spread of Cities in Mesopotamia and the 7.2 Pax Sinica: The Han Empire in the First Century
Akkadian State, 2600–2200 bce55 bce243
2.4 Old Kingdom Egypt, 2686–2181 bce57 7.3 Roman Expansion to 120 ce247
2.5 The Indus River Valley in the Third Millennium 7.4 Pax Romana: The Roman Empire in the Second
bce66 Century ce254
2.6 River Basin Peoples in East Asia, 5000–2000 bce69 7.5 Population of Roman World in 362 ce256
2.7 Settlements on the Margins: The Eastern Mediter-
ranean and Europe, 5000–2000 bce73 8.1 Empires and Universalizing Religions from 300 to
600 ce271
3.1 Nomadic Migrations in Afro-Eurasia, 2000–1000 8.2 The Spread of Universal Religions in Afro-Eurasia,
bce87 300–600 ce273
3.2 Territorial States and Trade Routes in Southwest 8.3 Western Afro-Eurasia: War, Immigration, and Settle-
Asia, North Africa, and Eastern Mediterranean, ment in the Roman World, 375–450 ce275
1500–1350 bce92
8.4 Exchanges across Afro-Eurasia, 300–600 ce278
3.3 Indo-European Migrations, 2nd Millennium bce98
8.5 Buddhist Landscapes, 300–600 ce283
3.4 Shang Dynasty in East Asia102
8.6 Bantu Migrations 289
3.5 Austronesian Migrations107
8.7 Mesoamerican Worlds, 200–700 ce291
3.6 Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean World109
9.1 The Spread of Islam during the First Millennium307
4.1 Afro-Eurasia, 1200 bce—Urban Cores and Nomadic
9.2 Political Fragmentation in the Islamic World,
Invaders125
750–1000 ce312
4.2 The Neo-Assyrian Empire128
9.3 Islam and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa, 700–1000
4.3 The Persian Empire, 550–479 bce131 ce314
4.4 The Mediterranean World, 1000–400 bce137 9.4 The Tang State in East Asia, 750 ce316
4.5 South Asia, 1500–400 bce141 9.5 The Sui Dynasty Canals319
4.6 '#ɪ'-%ɪ-"ɪ'.4ɪ8-23(#2ɄɪȻȻȹȹDŽȻȾȿ bce144 9.6 Agricultural Diffusion in the First Millennium321
xxiv
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Amiral de Rigny (syn. of Rigny), 532
Ames, 144
Ananas Zwetsche (syn. of Petite Quetsche Sucrée), 515
Ananas Zwetsche (incor.) (syn. of Large Sugar Prune), 480
Ancient City, 395
Anderson, 395
Anderson’s Early Red (syn. of Anderson), 395
Angelina Burdett, 395
Anglaise Noire (syn. of Orleans), 302
Anglesio (syn. of Washington), 368
Angloise Noire (syn. of Orleans), 302
Angouleme, 395
Anna, 395
Anna Lawson (syn. of Lawson), 482
Anna Maria, 395
Anna Spaeth (syn. of Anna Spath), 395
Anna Spath, 395
Annual Bearer, 395
Apple, 396
Apple, 146
Apple Plum (syn. of Apple), 396
Apricock Plum, Apricocke, Apricot, Apricot Plum, Apricot Plum
of Tours (syns. of Apricot), 148
Apricot, 147
Apricot (syn. of Duane), 196
Apricot, 396
Apricot Plum (syn. of Peach), 309
Apricot Plum (syn. of Simon), 346
Apricot Plum (syn. of Red Apricot), 321
Aprikosenartige Mirabelle, 396
Aprikosenartige Mirabelle (syn. of Mirabelle), 284
Aprikosenartige Pflaume or Aprikosen Perdrigon (syns. of
Apricot), 148
Arab, 396
Arab No. 1 (syn. of Black Prune), 404
Arab No. 2 (syn. of Nicholas), 295
Arabische Kirsche (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Arch Duke, 148
Arctic, 150
Arctic, 396
Arkansas, 152
Arkansas Lombard (syn. of Arkansas), 152
Arris, John, var. orig. by, 339
Ashes Seedling, 396
Ashridge Black, 396
Asiatische Kirsche (syn. of Myrobalan), 290
Askew’s Golden or Golden Egg (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Askew’s Purple Egg (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 325
Assiniboia, 396
Aston, 396
Aston Green Gage, 396
Atkins, 396
A-248, 397
Aubert, 397
Aubertiana (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Auburn, 397
Auchtertyre, 397
August, 397
Auguste Zwetsche (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Augustine, A. M., var. orig. by, 475
August Pflaume (syn. of Damson), 186
August Red (syn. of August), 397
August Zwetsche, 397
August Zwetsche (syn. of Wahre Frühzwetsche), 560
August Zwetsche (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Aunt Ann, 397
Aunt Ann (syn. of Aunt Ann), 397
Aurora, 397
Auserlesene Gelbe Reine-Claude (syn. of Yellow Gage), 388
Auserlesene Rote Reine-Claude or rothe Reineclaude (syn. of
Red Gage), 527
Austrian Quetsche, 397
Automne de Schamali (syn. of Schamal), 540
Autriche Violette (Pr. d.) (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Autumn Beauty (syn. of Belle), 158
Autumn Compote (syn. of Autumn Compote), 153
Autumn Compote, 153
Autumn Gage (syn. of Autumn Gage), 398
Autumn Gage, 397
Avant Prune blanche (syn. of Early Yellow), 203
Azure, 398
Azure Hâtive (syn. of Early Blue), 438

Babcock (?) (syn. of Abundance), 136

Babcock (syn. of Chabot), 172
Backpflaume (syn. of German Prune), 219
Bailey, 398
Bailey (syn. of Chabot), 172
Bailey (syn. of Lyon), 488
Bailey, Liberty Hyde, plum investigations of, 64;
quoted, 63, 65, 99, 541
Baker, 398
Baker, var. orig. by, 398
Baker (syn. of Stoddard), 352
Baker Damson (syn. of Baker), 398
Baker’s German Prune (syn. of Baker), 398
Baldwin, 398
Bal Erik (syn. of Nikitaer Blaue Frühzwetsche), 504
Ballonartige Gelbe Zwetsche, 398
Ballonartige Rote Damascene, 398
Baltet, M. M., var. orig. by, 551
Bamberger Eier Pflaume (syn. of Blue Egg), 405
Bamberger Eier Pflaume (incor.) (syn. of Kaiser Wilhelm), 474
Bankalari Früh Damascene, 398
Bankalari’s Rote Früh Damascene (syn. of Bankalari Früh
Damascene), 398
Banker’s Gage, 399
Bant Späte Reine Claude, 399
Bant’s Late Green Gage (syn. of Bant Späte Reine Claude), 399
Baraboo, 399
Barbary, 399
Barberry (syn. of Barbary), 399
Bardak Erik (syn. of Nikitaer Dattelzwetsche), 504
Barkhausen Violette Reine Claude, 399
Barkley, 399
Barnsback, 399
Barnsbeck (syn. of Barnsback), 399
Baronne Helen Trauttenberg, 399
Barry, quoted, 167
Bartlett, 154
Bartlett (syn. of Oren), 300
Basaricatta, 399
Basilic (syn. of Hungarian Musk Prune), 465
Bassett, 155
Bassett’s American (syn. of Bassett), 155
Bastle, 399
Batchelor Damson, 399
Battle Monument (syn. of Blue Perdrigon), 164
Bauern Pflaume (syn. of Gemeiner Gelbe Spilling), 451
Bauernpflaume (syn. of German Prune), 219
Bavay, 155
Bavay’s Early Gage or Bavay’s Frühe Reine-Claude (syns. of
July Green Gage), 474
Bavay’s Green Gage, Reine Claude or renkloie; Bavays Reine-
Claude (syns. of Bavay), 155
Bazalicza, 399
Bazalicza Damson or Zwetsche; Bazalicza’s Grosse Blaue
Zwetsche or Prune (syns. of Bazalicza), 399
Beach Plum, 400
Beals, 400
Beals, George F., var. orig. by, 400
Bean, 400
Beatty (syn. of Aitkin), 140
Beatty, James, var. orig. by, 396
Beaty, 400
Beaty, Lee, var. orig. by, 400
Beaty Choice; Beaty’s Choice; Beauty, Beauty’s Choice (syn. of
Beaty), 400
Beauty of Naples (syn. of Naples), 502
Bechstein Spitzpflaume, 400
Bedford, 400
Beef’s Heart (syn. of Coeur de Boeuf), 420
Beekman’s Scarlet (syn. of Lombard), 268
Beer Plum, 400
Behren’s Königspflaume; Behrens Königspflaume (syns. of
Royale de Behrens), 535
Béjonnières, 157
Belgarian Prune (syn. of Bulgarian), 411
Belgian Purple, 157
Belgian Purple (syn. of Belgian Purple), 157
Belgische Damascene (syn. of Belgian Purple), 157
Bell, 400
Bell, Levi, var. orig. by, 539
Belle, 158
Belle (syn. of Texas Belle), 552
Belle d’Albany (syn. of Albany Beauty), 392
Belle de Doue (syn. of Chauviere), 417
Belle de Hardy, 400
Belle de Louvain, 400
Belle de Paris, 401
Belle de Riom, 401
Belle de Schöneberg, 401
Belle de Schöneberg (syn. of Belle de Schöneberg), 401
Belle de Septembre (syn. of Belle), 158
Belle Tillemond (syn. of Tillemond), 554
Bell’s October (syn. of Bell), 400
Belsiana, 401
Belvoir, 401
Bely Zwetsche (syn. of Large Sugar Prune), 480
Bender, 401
Benedict, 401
Beni Botan, 401
Beni-Smono No. 3 (syn. of Blood Plum), 405
Beni Smono No. 4 (syn. of Satsuma), 337
Benschoten, 401
Benson, 401
Benson Market (syn. of Benson), 401
Berckmans, 159
Berckmans, P. J., life of, 159-160;
var. orig. by, 159
Berger, 160
Berlepsch, 402
Berlepsch’s Grosse Grüne Reine-Claude (syn. of Berlepsch),
402
Berlepchs Renclode Grosse Grüne (syn. of Berlepsch), 492
Berlet Früh Damascene, 402
Berliner Pflaume (syn. of Grüne Dattel Zwetsche), 456
Bernsteinzwetsche, 402
Bernsteinzwetsche (syn. of Bernsteinzwetsche), 402
Berry Plum, 402
Berryhill, 402
Best, var. orig. by, 307
Best Black Blood, 402
Best of All, 402
Bestovall (syn. of Best of All), 402
Beta, 402
Betterave, 402
Beverly, quoted, 21, 84
Beztercser Grosse Zwetsche, 402
Biconical, 402
Bielaya Nicholskaya (syn. of Nicholas), 295
Bielaya Otschakorskaya (syn. of White Otschakoff), 564
Bieler Pflaume (syn. of Noire de Montreuil), 504
Biery, 403
Bifere (syn. of Twice Bearing), 556
Big Blue (syn. of Gueii), 234
Big Rose, 403
Bilboa (syn. of Early Yellow), 203
Biles, H. A., var. orig. by, 403
Bilona, 403
Biltern (syn. of Bittern), 403
Bingaman (syn. of Oren), 300
Bingham, 403
Bingham (syn. of Jefferson), 255
Bingham’s Pflaume (syn. of Bingham), 403
Biondeck, 403
Biondeck’s Frühzwetsche; Biondeck’s rothe Frühzwetsche
(syns. of Biondeck), 403
Birchland, 403
Bischofsmütze (syn. of Bonnet d’Eveque), 407
Bischtin Erik (syn. of Frühe Grüne Zwetsche), 448
Bittern, 403
Bixby, 403
Black Arab (syn. of Black Arabka), 404
Black Arabka, 404
Black Ball, 404
Black Bullace, 161
Black Bulleis (syn. of Black Bullace), 161
Black Damask, 404
Black Damask (syn. of Morocco), 288
Black Damask Hasting, 404
Black Damosine (syn. of Damson), 186
Black Damson (syn. of Damson), 186
Black Damson (syn. of Late Black Damson), 480
Black Damson (syn. of Winter Damson), 567
Black or Blacke Damascene (syn. of Damson), 186
Black Damask (syn. of Morocco), 288
Black Diamond (syn. of Diamond), 191
Black Diapred (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Black Hawk, 404
Black Hill, 404
Black Imperial (syn. of Bradshaw), 166
Black-knot, discussion of, 126, 127
Blackman (syn. of Charity Clark), 417
Blackman, Dr., var. orig. by, 163
Black Morocco (syn. of Morocco), 288
Black Muscle (syn. of Muscle), 501
Black Mussell (syn. of Muscle), 501
Black Orleans (syn. of Late Orleans), 265
Black Pear, 404
Black Perdrigon, 404
Black Perdrigon (syn. of Early Blue), 438
Black Prune, 404
Black Prune (syn. of Black Arabka), 404
Black Prunella, 404
Black Prunella (syn. of Sloe), 544
Black Prune No. 1 (syn. of Black Prune), 404
Black Utah Hybrid (syn. of Utah), 362
Black Vengerka (syn. of Black Prune), 404
Blackman, 163
Blackthorn (syn. of Sloe), 544
Blaisdon, 404
Blaisdon’s Red (syn. of Blaisdon), 404
Blanche Grosse Espèce (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Blaue Damascenerin (syn. of Lange Violette Damascene), 479
Blaue Dattel Pflaume (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Blaue Diaprée (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Blaue Eier (incor.) (syn. of Kaiser Wilhelm), 474
Blaue Eierpflaume (syn. of Blue Egg), 405
Blaue Eier Pflaume (syn. of Large Sugar Prune), 480
Blaue Eier Pflaume (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 325
Blaue Eierpflaume (syn. of Jerusalem), 472
Blaue Fasanen Pflaume (syn. of Blue Perdrigon), 164
Blaue Herzformige Pflaume (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Blaue Kaiserin (syn. of Imperatrice), 249
Blaue Kaiser Pflaume (syn. of Blue Egg), 405
Blaue Kaiserpflaume (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 325
Blaue Krieche (syn. of Haferpflaume), 458
Blaue Reine Claude, 405
Blaue Reine-Claude (syn. of Purple Gage), 318
Blaue Riesenzwetsche (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Blauer Perdrigon (syn. of Blue Perdrigon), 164
Blauer Spilling (syn. of Nikitaer Blaue Frühzwetsche), 504
Blaue von Belgien (syn. of Belgian Purple), 157
Blaue Zipper (syn. of Bechstein Spitzpflaume), 400
Blaugh, 405
Bleecker’s; Bleecker’s Gage, German Gage, Yellow, or Yellow
Gage; Blecker’s; Bleeker’s Gage, Gelbe Reine-Claude,
Gelbe Renklode, Gelbe Zwetsche, Yellow, or Yellow Gage
(syns. of Bleeker), 163
Bleecker’s Rothe Pflaume; Bleecker’s Scarlet; Bleeker’s
Rotepflaume or Scarlet; Bleeker’s Rothe Pflaume (syns. of
Lombard), 268
Bleeker, 163
Bleeker, Mrs., var. orig. by, 164, 405
Bleeker Large Red, 405
Bleu de Belgique; Bleu de Bergues or de Pergue; Bleue de
Belgique, de Bergues, de Peck or de Perk (syns. of Belgian
Purple), 157
Bleue de Perse, 405
Bleue d’Italie (syn. of Italian Prune), 253
Blew Damask or Damson (syn. of Damson), 186
Blew Perdrigon (syn. of Blue Perdrigon), 164
Blood Plum, 405
Blood Plum (syn. of Satsuma), 337
Blood Plum (syn. of Shviata Bene), 543
Blood Plum No. 3 (syn. of Blood Plum), 405
Blood Plum No. 4 (syn. of Satsuma), 337
Blubenthal, 405
Blubenthal Damson (syn. of Blubenthal), 405
Blucher’s Gage (syn. of Bleeker), 163
Blue Apricot, 405
Blue Damascene (syn. of Winter Damson), 567
Blue Damson (syn. of Damson), 186
Blue Damson (syn. of Winter Damson), 567
Blue Egg, 405
Blue Egg-Plum (syn. of Hungarian), 246
Blue Eye, 405
Blue Gage (syn. of Early Blue), 438
Blue Holland (syn. of Holland), 462
Blue Imperatrice (syn. of Imperatrice), 249
Blue Imperatrice (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 325
Blue Impératrice (syn. of Semiana), 541
Blue Imperial (syn. of Bradshaw), 166
Blue Magnum Bonum (syn. of Gueii), 234
Blue Matchless, 405
Blue Moldavka, 405
Bluemont, 405
Blue Perdrigon (syn. of Imperatrice), 249
Blue Perdrigon, 164
Blue Perdrigon (syn. of Blue Perdrigon), 164
Blue Perdrigon (syn. of Early Tours), 202
Blue Plum, 406
Blue Prolific, 406
Blue Prolific (syn. of Blue Prolific), 406
Blue Primordian, 406
Blue Prune, 406
Blue Rock, 406
Blue Tweens, 406
Blue Violet, 406
Blum, 406
Bocksdutten or Bockshoden (syns. of Red Magnum Bonum),
325
Boddaert, 165
Boddaert’s Green Gage or Reine Claude; Boddart’s Green
Gage (syns. of Boddaert), 165
Bohemian Prune, 406
Bohns Mirabelle or Gestreifte Mirabelle (syns. of Mirabelle De
Bohn), 496
Bole (syn. of Bowle), 407
Bolmar; Bolmer; Bolmar’s or Bolmer’s or Bolmore’s Washington
(syns. of Washington), 368
Bomberger, 406
Bon deux fois l’an (syn. of Twice Bearing), 556
Bongoume, 407
Bonne Bouche, 407
Bonne de Bry, 407
Bonnemain de la Digue, 407
Bonne Rouge, 407
Bonne St. Ann (syn. of St. Anne), 537
Bonnet d’Eveque, 407
Bonnet d’Eveque (syn. of Bonnet d’Eveque), 407
Bonne Verte (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Bonum Magnum (syn. of Red Magnum Bonum), 325
Bonum Magnum (syn. of Yellow Egg), 386
Bossland, 407
Botan (syn. of Abundance), 136
Botan (syn. of Berckmans), 159
Botan (syn. of Red June), 324
Botan (syn. of Willard), 379
Botan No. 26 (syn. of Willard), 379
Botan White (syn. of Berckmans), 159
Botankin (syn. of Kelsey), 258
Botankio (syn. of Abundance), 136
Bottle Plum (syn. of Red Prune), 529
Boulouf (syn. of Jodoigne), 472
Bouloff (syn. of Boulouf), 407
Boulouf, 407
Bouncer, 407
Bourgeois, M., var. orig. by, 174
Bower, 407
Bower, var. orig. by, 407
Bower’s Gage (syn. of Bower), 407
Bowle, 407
Brackett, 408
Bradford Gage, Green Gage or Queen Gage (syns. of Reine
Claude), 327
Bradley’s King or King of Damsons (syns. of King Damson), 259
Bradshaw, 166
Bradshaw (syn. of Bradshaw), 166
Bradshaw (syn. of Gueii), 234
Bradshaw (syn. of Nectarine), 291
Brahy, 408
Brahy’s Green Gage (syn. of Brahy), 408
Brainerd, 408
Brainerd’s Best (syn. of Brainerd), 408
Brandon Ruby, 408
Brandy Gage, 408
Brant of Naples, 408
Brauman, 408
Braunauer Aprikosenartige; Braunauer Aprikosenartige
Damascene or Neue Kernfrucht (syns. of Abricotée de
Braunau), 391
Braunauer Damascenenartige Pflaume, 408
Braunauer Königs Pflaume or Violetter Perdrigon (syns. of
Buchner Königspflaume), 410
Breck, 408
Breck, Joseph, var. orig. by, 454
Breece, J. S., var. orig. by, 414, 421, 425, 458, 496, 498, 511,
512, 535, 539, 541, 544
Breitgedrückte Kaiser Zwetsche or Zwetsche (syn. of Quetsche
Aplatie), 523
Bremen Prune (syn. of Austrian Quetsche), 397
Brevoort, Henry, var. orig. by, 408
Brevoort Purple, 408
Brevoort’s Purple, Purple Bolmar or Purple Washington;
Brevorts; Brevort’s Purple; Brevorts Purple Bolmar;
Brevorts’ Purple Bolmar (syns. of Brevoort Purple), 408
Briançon, 409
Bricet (syn. of Late Mirabelle), 263
Bricet (syn. of Saint Catherine), 334
Bricetta or Bricette (syns. of Late Mirabelle), 263
Bricette (syn. of Saint Catherine), 334
Brignole, 409
Brignole (syn. of Brignole Violette), 409
Brignole (syn. of Orleans), 302
Brignole or Brignolle (syns. of White Perdrigon), 375
Brignole Jaune (syn. of Brignole), 409
Brignole Plum (syn. of Brignole), 409
Brignole Violette, 409
Brignole Violette (syn. of Blue Perdrigon), 164
Brignole Violette (syn. of Orleans), 302
Brill, 409
Brisette (syn. of Late Mirabelle, 263; of Saint Catherine, 334)
Bristol, 409
Briton Seedling, 409
Brittlewood, 409
Brittlewood No. 1 (syn. of Brittlewood), 409
Brittlewood No. 2 (syn. of U. S.), 557
Brittlewood No. 3, 410
Britzer Egg, 410
Brock, 410
Brodie, R., var. orig. by, 410
Brodie, 410
Brompton, 410
Brooklyn, 410
Brown, var. orig. by, 461
Brown, John, var. orig. by, 445
Brown-rot, discussion of, 127
Brown’s Crimson Drop (syn. of Crimson Drop), 424.
Bruce, A. L., life of, 527-528;
var. orig. by, 402, 423, 425, 434, 447, 455, 490, 509, 519,
526, 527, 554, 560
Bruce, Philip Alexander, quoted, 84, 85
Brugnole (syn. of Brignole Violette), 409
Brugnole (syn. of Orleans), 302
Brugnon de Neerveteren (syn. of Rademakers), 525
Brugnon Gage (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Brugnon Green Gage (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Brünner Zwetsche, 410
Brunswick, 410
Brussels, 410
Brustwarzenpflaume, Die (syn. of Mamelonnée), 489
Bruyn Gage (syn. of Reine Claude), 327
Bryan, 410
Bryanston, 168
Bryanston Gage; Bryanstone; Bryanstone Gage; Bryanston’s
Gage (syns. of Bryanston), 168
Buchanan, 410
Buchner Königspflaume, 410
Buckman, Benjamin, var. orig. by, 476
Budd, 410
Budd, Prof. J. L., life of, 145;
quoted, 145, 269;
var. orig. by, 145, 362, 471
Buel, 411
Buel, Judge, var. orig. by, 256
Buel’s Favorite; Buel’s Liebling’s Zwetsche (syns. of Buel), 411
Buffalo Bill, 411
Buhl-Eltershofen, 411
Buhl-Eltershofen Zwetsche (syn. of Buhl-Eltershofen), 411
Buhler, 411
Buhler’s Early Prune (syn. of Buhler), 411
Bulah No. 4, 411
Bulgaria, 411
Bulgarian, 411
Bullace (syn. of White Bullace), 373
Bullace (syn. of Damson), 186
Bullace group, 40
Bullesse (syn. of Black Bullace), 161
Bullman, 411
Bullock, Jesse, var. orig. by, 175
Bullock, 411
Bullock’s Heart (syn. of Bullock), 411
Bull Plum, 411
Bunker Hill, 411
Bunte Früh Pflaume, 411
Bunte Herzformige Pflaume (syn. of Red Diaper), 323
Bunter Perdrigon, 412
Buntfarbige Violette Pflaume (syn. of Violet Diaper), 365
Buon-Boccone (syn. of Catelano Giallo), 415
Burbank, 169
Burbank First, 412
Burbank, Luther, life of, 170-171;
quoted, 76, 77, 95, 96, 146, 147, 333, 571;
var. orig. by, 141, 142, 146, 147, 154, 170, 171, 179, 222,
225, 237, 257, 275, 285, 296, 297, 333, 337, 343, 354,
377, 393, 402, 416, 420, 421, 439, 446, 447, 450, 452,
461, 465, 467, 471, 473, 480, 483, 485, 491, 504, 518,
521, 539, 543, 547, 548, 559, 560, 571
Burbank’s First (syn. of Burbank First), 412
Burbank No. 1, 412
Burbank No. 2 (syn. of Abundance), 136
Burbank No. 3 (syn. of Late Blood), 480
Burbank No. 4 (syn. of Heikes), 460
Burbank No. 7, 412
Burbank No. 11, 412
Burbank × Redick, 412
Burbank’s Sultan (syn. of Occident), 295
Burchardt Gelbe Früh Zwetsche, 412
Burettes, 412