CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC-DYEING OF
FABRICS
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Kshitiz Behera is a bonafide
student of class XII bearing Roll No._______ for
the session 2023-24 and has submitted this project
on the topic “Dyeing of Fabrics” for the partial
fulfilment of AISSCE syllabus.
This embodies that the work has been done under
my supervision to the best of my satisfaction.

Mrs. Sabita Panda

PGT, Chemistry
DAV Public School,
Chandrasekharpur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to appreciate the cooperation and vivacity
offered by my colleagues and friends that made this
 project easy and feasible. They helped me in the
domains of creativeness, designing, managing and in
demonstration of new ways to accomplish my tasks.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to my parents for
their love and support all over the way, giving us
valuable solutions and new ideas.
I would also offer my Sincere thanks to my kind and
helpful Chemistry teacher Mrs. Sabita Panda, who
always encouraged me in my projects and its
completion and in the rectification of my doubts.

DECLARATION
I, Kshitiz Behera, bearing Roll No._______
have submitted this project report titled “DYEING OF
FABRICS” for the partial fulfilment of the
requirements of the AISSCE syllabus under the
supervision of Mrs. Sabita Panda. I hereby declare
that this project is a complete contribution of mine.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORY
3. EXPERIMENT 1
4. OBSERVATIONS
 INTRODUCTION
Dyes are coloured substances which can adhere to the
surface of materials and are used to give colour to
paper, food-stuffs and various textiles such as cotton,
wool, synthetic fibres, silk etc. For example, alizarin,
indigo, Congo red, etc. Chemically, a dye contains:
i) Some group (such as azo, indigoid,
triphenylmethyl, anthraquinone, etc.) which is
responsible for the colour of the dye.
ii) Some group (such as –NH2, --SO3H, --COOH,
etc.) which makes the dye stick to the fabric by
formation of some salt
The dyed fabrics appear to be coloured because a
particular dye absorbs radiations of some specific
wavelengths from the visible region of electromagnetic
radiations which fall on its surface. The remaining
radiations (complementary colours) of lights are
reflected. The colour which we observe is due to this
reflected light. For example, if a dye absorbs the light
in the wavelength region corresponding to red, then it
would appear green, which is the complementary
colour of red. Similarly, if a dye absorbs blue colour, it
would appear orange.

THEORY
CHARACTERISTICS OF A DYE
i) It must have a suitable colour
ii) It must be capable of being fixed to the material.
iii) When fixed it must be fast to detergents, soaps,
water, dry-cleaning solvents, light and dilute
acids.
TYPES OF DYES
The dyes are classified by dye manufacturers for
marketing into the following types:
1.Acid dyes. These are azo dyes and are characterised
by the presence of acidic groups. The presence of
acidic group makes the dyes more soluble and serves
as the reactive points for fixing the dye to the fibre.
They are chiefly used for dyeing wool, silk and nylon.
For example, Orange I and Orange II.
2.Basic dyes. These dyes contain organic basic groups
such as NH2 or NR2. In acidic solutions, these form
water soluble cations and use the anionic site on the
fabric to get themselves attached. These are used for
dyeing wool, silk and nylon. For example, aniline
yellow, butter yellow.
3.Direct dyes. These are also azo dyes and are used to
dye the fabrics directly by placing in aqueous solution
of the dye. These dyes attach to the fabrics by means
of hydrogen bonding.
4.Disperse dyes. These dyes are applied in the form of
a dispersion of minute particles of the dye in a soap
solution in the presence of phenol or benzoic acid.
These dyes are used to dye rayons, dacryon, nylon,
polyesters, etc. For example, celliton fast pink B and
celliton fast blue B.
5.Fibre reactive dyes. These dyes are linked to the
fibre by –OH or by –NH2 group present on the fibre.
These dyes induce fast colour on fibres which is
retained for a longer time. These dyes are used for
dyeing cotton, wool and silk.
6.Insoluble dyes. These dyes are directly synthesised
on the fibre. The fabric to be coloured is soaked in an
alkaline solution of phenol and then treated with a
solution of diazotised amine to produce azo dye. The
colour induced by such dyes is not fast. These dyes are
used for dyeing cotton, silk, polyester, nylon, etc. For
example, nitroaniline red.
7.Vat dyes. These dyes are water-insoluble and before
dyeing these are reduced to colourless compounds in
wooden vats by alkaline reducing agent. The fibre is
then soaked in the solution of the dye. Fibre is then
exposed to air or an oxidising agent. By doing so the
colourless compound gets reoxidised to coloured dye
on the fabric. For example, indigo.
8.Mordant dyes. These dyes are applied after treating
the fabric with precipitates of certain substances
(mordant material) which then combines with the dye
to form a coloured complex called lake. Some of the
mordants are salts of aluminium, iron and tannic acids.
Depending on the mordant used, the same mordant
dye can give different colour and shades. For example,
alizarin gives red colour with aluminium and black
violet with iron mordant. Mordant dyes are used for
dyeing of wool, silk and cotton.
 EXPERIMENT-1
REQUIREMENTS:- 500 ml beakers, tripod stand, wire
gauze, glass rod, spatula, wool cloth and cotton cloth.
Sodium carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic and
malachite green dye.
PROCEDURE:-
1. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution. Take
about 0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate and dissolve
it in 250 ml of water.
2. Preparation of tartaremetic solution. Take about
0.2 g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in 100 ml of
water by stirring with the help of glass rod.
3. Preparation of tannic acid solution. Take 100 ml of
water in a beaker and add about 1.0 g of tannic
acid to it. Heat the solution. On heating a clear
solution of tannic acid is obtained.
4. Preparation of dye solution. Take about 0.1 g of
malachite green dye and add to it 400 ml of water.
On warming a clear solution of the dye results.
5. Dyeing of wool. Take about 200 ml of dye solution
and dip in it the woollen cloth to be dyed. Boil the
solution for about 2 minutes. After that remove
the cloth and wash it with hot water 3-4 times,
squeeze and keep it for drying.
6. Dyeing of cotton. Cotton doesn’t absorb malachite
green readily, therefore it requires the use of a
mordant. For dyeing a cotton cloth, dip it in
sodium carbonate solution for about 10 minutes
and then rinse with water. Then put the cloth in
hot tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes. Now
take out the cloth from tannic acid solution and
keep it in tartaremetic solution for about 5
minutes. Remove the cloth and squeeze it with
spatula to remove most of the solution. Now place
the cloth in boiling solution of the dye for about 2
minutes. Remove and wash the dyed cloth
thoroughly with water, squeeze and keep it for
drying.
7. Dyeing of cotton directly. Take another piece of
cotton cloth and put it directly into boiling solution
of the dye. Keep it dipped for about 2 minutes.
Remove the cloth, wash it with water, squeeze and
keep it for drying.
Compare the colour of this cloth with that of dyed
by using mordant.

OBSERVATIONS:-
1. The colour of wool cloth dyed directly by dipping
in hot solution of malachite green dye is fast.
2. The colour of cotton cloth dyed directly (without
using mordant) by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is not fast to washing and is of
low intensity.
3. The colour of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by
using mordant and then dipping in hot solution
of malachite green is fast to washing and is of
high intensity.