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 contents   vii

Shifting Cultivation and Rudimentary

Sedentary Tillage 56
Paddy Rice Farming 57
6
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Peasant Grain, Tuber, and Livestock Farming 58 and Nutrition 91
Ranching 58 Learning Objectives 91
Commercial Crop and Livestock Farming 60 Key Terms 91
Commercial Livestock Finishing 60
Introduction 91
Commercial Dairy Farming 61
Classification of Digestive Systems 92
Commercial Grain Farming 61
An Overview of the Steps of Digestion 92
Mediterranean Agriculture 61
Digestion in the Pig 97
Market Gardening 62
Digestion in the Ruminant 98
Urban Agriculture 62
The Fermentation Process 101
Commercial Plantation 63 Advantages and Disadvantages
Aquaculture 63 of the Ruminant System 101
Developed Versus Subsistence Agriculture 64 Digestion in the Avian 102
Comparison of the Livestock Industry in the Digestion in the Horse 104
Developed and the Developing Countries 65 Summary and Conclusion 105
Summary and Conclusion 66 Study Questions 105
Study Questions 67 Bibliography 106
Bibliography 67

part two
The Biological Sciences
7
Feedstuffs Classification 108
of Animal Science 69 Learning Objectives 108
Key Terms 108

5
Introduction to Nutrition 71
Introduction 108
Feedstuff Categories 108
Dry Forages and Roughages 108
Learning Objectives 71 Pasture, Range Plants, and Green Forages 109
Key Terms 71 Silages 110
Characteristics of Dry Forages and Roughages, Pasture,
Introduction 71
Range Plants, and Green Forages and Silages 111
Nutrition: A Field for Specialization 72 Energy Feeds 113
Nutrients and Their Uses 72 Protein Supplements 116
Body Functions and Nutrient Needs 75 Mineral and Vitamin Supplements 120
Nonnutritive Additives 122
Feed Analysis 77
Determining the Value of Feedstuffs to Animals 80 Summary and Conclusion 123
Expressing Feed Composition Study Questions 123
on a Dry-Matter (DM) Basis 82 Bibliography 124
Measures of Energy 82

8
Energy Content of Nutrients 83
Efficiency of Energy Use 83
Nutrient Requirements 84
Ration Formulation 84
Genetics 125
Summary and Conclusion 88 Learning Objectives 125
Study Questions 89 Key Terms 125
Bibliography 89 Introduction 126
viii   contents

The Gene 127 Milk EPD 154

Principles of Inheritance 130 Combined Maternal EPD 154
Carcass EPD 155
Mitosis and Meiosis 132
Mature Size 155
Mitosis 132
Meiosis 132 Use of EPDs 156
Use of EPDs for Selection in Seedstock Herds 156
Gene Expression 133
Use of EPDs for Selection in Commercial Herds 156
Dominant and Recessive Expression 133
Pedigree Estimated EPDs 157
Codominance 134
Across-Breed EPDs 158
Incomplete Dominance 134
EPDs and Crossbreeding 158
Epistasis 134
Multiple Alleles 135 Dairy Cattle Genetic Improvement 159
Testcrossing 135 Heritability Estimates 159
Associations Among Traits 159
Sex-Related Inheritance 136
Goal Setting and Trait Emphasis 161
Sex-Linked Inheritance 136
Sex-Influenced Inheritance 136 Genetic Evaluation Procedures 163
Sex-Limited Traits 136 DHI System 163
Animal Model 163
Population Genetics 136
Sire Selection 164
Gene Frequency 136
Animal Breeding and Population Genetics 137 Swine Genetic Improvement 166
Mutation and Genetic Drift 137 Performance Information 166
Migration and Selection 137 Genetic Parameters 167
Breeding Value and Expected
Quantitative Versus Qualitative Inheritance 138
Progeny Difference 167
Qualitative and Quantitative Traits 138
Swine Breeds 168
Heritability 139
Stages 169
Systems of Mating 140
Sheep Genetic Improvement 169
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 141
Breed and Breed Types 169
Summary and Conclusion 143 Heritability 170
Study Questions 143 National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) 171
Bibliography 144 Heterosis in Sheep Breeding 172
Summary and Conclusion 174

9
Study Questions 174
Bibliography 175

Animal Breeding 145

10
Learning Objectives 145
Key Terms 145
Introduction 145 Biotechnology and Genetic
Beef Cattle Genetic Improvement 146 Engineering 177
Heritability 146 Learning Objectives 177
Genetic Correlations 147
Key Terms 177
Performance Information 148
Genetic Evaluation, Breeding Value, and Expected Introduction 177
Progeny Difference 150 Nuts and Bolts of Genetic Engineering 178
Growth Trait EPDs 151 The Tools of Biotechnology 178
Breed Average EPD and Base Year 152 Organisms 179
Accuracy 152 Restriction Enzymes 179
Possible Change 152 Ligases 180
Sire Summaries 153 Plasmids 180
Maternal Trait EPDs 153 Gene Cloning 181
 contents   ix

Polymerase Chain Reaction 184 Hen 219

Gene Mapping 185 Cock 221
Biotechnology and/or Genetically Summary and Conclusion 222
Engineered Organisms 186 Study Questions 222
Applications of Biotechnology 187 Bibliography 223
Micropropagation 188
Transgenic Animals 188
Livestock 192
Agricultural Applications 192
Disease Resistance 193
12
Lactation 224
Biomedical Applications 193 Learning Objectives 224
Transgenic Pets 194 Key Terms 224
Medicine 194 Introduction 224
Genetic Testing 194 Mammary Gland Development, Anatomy,
Gene Therapy 195 and Function 225
Pharmacogenomics 197
Components of Milk 228
Microorganisms and Recombinant Carbohydrates 228
DNA Technology 197 Protein 228
Drug and Vaccine Production 197 Lipids 229
Biotechnology and Pest Management 198 Calcium 230
Societal Concerns 198 Other Factors in Milk Production 231
Summary and Conclusion 199 Summary and Conclusion 232
Study Questions 199 Study Questions 233
Bibliography 200 Bibliography 233

11 13
Animal Behavior and Handling 234
Animal Reproduction 201
Learning Objectives 234
Learning Objectives 201
Key Terms 234
Key Terms 201
Introduction 234
Introduction 201
Areas of Study in Animal Behavior 236
An Overview of the Reproductive Process 202
Communication 236
Puberty 202 Aggression and Social Structure 236
Endocrinology 204 Biological Rhythms and Sleep 236
Anatomy 206 Sexual Behavior 237
Female 206 Maternal Behavior 237
Male 208 Development of Behavior 237
Learning 237
Pregnancy 210
Ingestive Behavior: Food and Water
Parturition 212
Intake 238
Environmental Influences on Reproduction 213 Behavioral Disorders 238
Technology and Reproduction 215 Livestock Behavior 239
Artificial Insemination 215 Temperament 239
Estrous Synchronization 217 Training and Habituating Livestock to Handling
Embryo Transfer 217 and Restraint 240
“In Vitro” Fertilization 218 Effects of Novelty 242
Reproduction in Poultry and Birds 219 Vision 242
x   contents

Noise 243 Summary and Conclusion 280

Flight Zone 243 Study Questions 281
Herd Animals 244 Bibliography 281
Genetic Differences 245
Handler Dominance 246
Handling Facility Layout 246 part three
Improved Handling Practices 250
The Animal Industries 283
Objective Scoring of Handling 253
Summary and Conclusion 254
Study Questions 254
Bibliography 255 15
Market Coordination in the Beef, Pork,
and Poultry Industries 285

14
Animal Health 257
Learning Objectives 285
Key Terms 285
Introduction 285
Learning Objectives 257
Vertical Integration Definition 285
Key Terms 257
Vertical Coordination Motives 286
Introduction 257
Current State of Vertical Integration 287
Disease 258
Production Characteristics: Beef, Pork,
Causes of Disease 258 and Poultry 288
Describing Disease 261 Biological Production Cycle 288
Diagnosis of Disease 262 Genetic Base 289
The Body’s Defense Against Disease 263 Industry Stages 290
Herd Health 263 Geographic Concentration in Production 290
Management 263 Operation Size and Specialization 290
Nutrition 264 Market Factors Enhancing Coordination 291
Genetics 265 Value-Added Products at Retail 292
Prevention 265 New Product Development 292
Veterinary Care 268 Brand Marketing 294
Mobile 268 Vertical Coordination Limitations 295
Animal Clinics/Hospitals 268 Capital 295
Programmed Health Management 269 Risk 296
Resident Veterinarian 269 Control of Quantity, Quality,
Diagnostic Services 269 and Consistency 297
Management 297
Animal Disease and Human Well-Being 270
Animal Disease and Human Health 270 Summary and Conclusion 298
Animal Disease and National Economies 271 Study Questions 298
Animal Disease and Farm Income 272 Bibliography 299
Bioterrorism 272
Regulatory Animal Medicine 273
Federal Regulation 273
Animal Disease Traceability Framework 278
16
Beef Cattle 300
State Regulation 278
Learning Objectives 300
Accredited Veterinarians 279
Key Terms 300
United States Animal Health
Association (USAHA) 279 Scientific Classification of Cattle 300
One Health 279 The Place of the Beef Cattle Industry in U.S.
Organizations 280 Agriculture 300
 contents   xi

Purpose of the U.S. Beef Cattle Genetics and Breeding Programs 333
Industry 301 Breeds 334
Historical Perspective 302 Reproductive Management in Dairy
Structure of the Beef Industry 304 Cattle 337

Geographic Location of Beef Cattle in the United Nutrition in Dairy Cattle 338
States 308 Herd Health 341
Genetics and Breeding Programs 309 Mastitis 342
Breeds 311 Milk Fever (Hypocalcemia) 342
Displaced Abomasum 343
Reproductive Management in Beef Cattle 313
Johne’s Disease 343
Nutrition in Beef Cattle 314
Bovine Viral Diarrhea 344
Challenges to Beef Cattle Health 316
Bovine Somatotropin (BST) 344
Calf Diarrhea (Scours) 316
Nutritional Benefits of Milk to
Bovine Respiratory Disease 316
Humans 345
Blackleg 317
Bloat 317 Trends and Factors Influencing the Dairy
Industry 345
Beef’s Nutritional Benefits to Humans 318
Restructuring 345
Trends and Factors Influencing the Beef Consumption 347
Industry 318 Food Safety 350
Consumption 318 Trade 350
Exports/Globalization 319
Summary and Conclusion 350
Technology 319
Study Questions 351
Animal Traceability 320
Bibliography 352
Food Safety 320
Environmental Concerns 321

18
Organic and Natural Production 322
Biofuel Production 322
Industry Structure 323
Poultry 353
Additional Trends and Concerns 323
Learning Objectives 353
Summary and Conclusion 323
Key Terms 353
Study Questions 324
Bibliography 325 Scientific Classification of Poultry 353
The Place of Poultry in U.S. Agriculture 354
Purpose of the Poultry Industry in the United

17
Dairy Cattle 326
States 356
Historical Perspective 357
Domestication 357
Learning Objectives 326 Early Use in the United States 357
Key Terms 326 Eggs 358
Genetics 359
Scientific Classification of Cattle 326
Chicks 359
The Place of the Dairy Cattle Industry in U.S. Integration 360
Agriculture 326
Structure and Geographic Location of the
Purpose of the Dairy Cattle Industry in the United Poultry Industry 361
States 327
The U.S. Broiler Industry 361
Historical Perspective 329 The U.S. Egg Industry 363
Structure and Geographic Location of the Dairy The U.S. Turkey Industry 364
Industry 330 The U.S. Duck, Goose, and Other Poultry
Dairy Herd Improvement Association Industries 366
(DHIA) 333 Genetics and Breeding Programs 367
xii   contents

Breeds, Varieties, and Strains of Poultry 367 Genetics and Breeding Programs 393
Chicken Breeds in Modern Production 368 Breeds 394
Turkey Breeds 369 Swine Breeding Programs 395
Duck and Goose Breeds 370 Reproductive Management in Swine 395
Reproductive Management in Poultry 371 Gilts 395
Breeder Flock Management 371 Sows 396
Mating Systems 371 Estrus Detection 396
Selection and Care of Eggs 371 Farrowing Management 396
Egg Storage 371 Boars 396
Incubators 372 Artificial Insemination in Swine 396
Testing for Fertility 372 Nutrition in Swine 397
Nutrition in Poultry 372 Feeding Practices 397
Flock Health Management 373 Herd Health Management 399
Challenges to Poultry Health 374 Biosecurity 399
Avian Influenza 374 Challenges to Swine Health 400
Newcastle Disease 375 Diarrhea (Scours) 400
Marek’s Disease 375 Respiratory Disease 401
Nutritional Benefits of Poultry to Humans 376 Gastric Ulcers 401

Trends and Factors Influencing the Poultry Nutritional Benefits of Pork to Humans 402
Industry 376 Trends and Factors Influencing the Swine
Turkey Consumption and Production 376 Industry 402
Broiler Consumption and Production 376 Pork Consumption 402
Egg Consumption 378 Nutrition and Health Consciousness 403
All-Natural and Organic Production 379 Convenient Foods 403
Food Safety Concerns 379 Food Safety Concerns 404
Integration and Consolidation 380 Last Stages of Restructuring-Consolidation 404
Technological Innovation and Standardization 380 Technological Innovation and Standardization 404
Waste Disposal 381 Waste Disposal 404
Biotechnology 381 Biotechnology 406
Animal Welfare 381 Foreign Competition/Trade 406
Summary and Conclusion 382 Animal Welfare/Animal Rights 406
Study Questions 383 Work Force 407
Bibliography 384 Summary and Conclusion 407
Study Questions 408
Bibliography 409

19
Swine 386
Learning Objectives 386 20
Sheep and Goats 410
Key Terms 386
Learning Objectives 410
Scientific Classification of Swine 386
Key Terms 410
The Place of the Swine Industry in U.S.
Agriculture 386 Scientific Classification of Sheep and Goats 410
Purpose of the Swine Industry in the United The Place of the Sheep and Goat Industries in U.S.
States 387 Agriculture 410
Historical Perspective 388 Purpose of the Sheep and Goat Industries in the
United States 412
Structure of the Swine Industry 389
Historical Perspective 413
Geographic Location of Swine in the United
States 392 Structure of the Sheep and Goat Industries 415
 contents   xiii

Sheep 415 Structure and Geographic Location of the Horse

Goats 420 Industry 447
Geographic Location of Sheep and Goats in the Horse Genetics 447
United States 420 Basic Coat Colors 451
Sheep 420 Flaxen Mane and Tail 454
Goats 421 Additional Common Markings 454
Selection and Breeding Programs 422 Genetic Diseases in Horses 454
Sheep 422 Breeds of Horses 456
Goats 425 Draft Horses 456
Breeds 425 Imported Light Breeds 456
Sheep 425 Breeds of Horses Developed in the United
Goats 429 States 457
Breed Popularity 458
Reproductive Management 430
Sheep 430 Reproductive Management 459
Goats 431 Nutrition and Feeding of Horses 464
Nutrition 432 Challenges to Horse Health 469
Sheep 432 Colic 469
Goats 433 Laminitis 470
Challenges to Sheep and Goat Health 434 Heaves 470
Gastrointestinal Parasitism 434 Trends and Factors Influencing the Horse
Contagious Ecthyma 435 Industry 470
Caseous Lymphadenitis 435 Education and Research 470
Pregnancy Toxemia 435 Competition 471
Scrapie 436 Safety Concerns 472
Social Issues 472
Nutritional Benefits of Lamb and Goat Meat to
Humans 437 Economy 472

Nutritional Benefits of Goat Milk to Summary and Conclusion 472

Humans 437 Study Questions 473
Bibliography 474
Trends and Factors Influencing the Sheep and Goat
Industries 437

22
Consumption 437
Environmental Concerns 439
Technology 439
Aquaculture 475
Summary and Conclusion 439
Study Questions 440 Learning Objectives 475
Bibliography 441 Key Terms 475
The Place of Aquaculture in U.S. Agriculture 475
The Purpose of the Aquaculture Industry 477

21
Horses 442
Worldwide Importance of Aquaculture 477
Historical Perspective 479
Structure and Geographic Location of the
Learning Objectives 442 Aquaculture Industry 479
Key Terms 442 Catfish 481
Trout 481
Scientific Classification of Horses 442
Tilapia 482
The Place of Horses in the United States 443
Crawfish 482
Purpose of the Horse Industry in the United Salmon 482
States 443 Mollusks 482
Historical Perspective 446 Ornamental Fish 483
xiv   contents

Types of Aquaculture Systems 483 The Place of Pet and Companion Species
Water Quality 485 in the United States 505

Aquaculture Life Cycles 486 Purpose of the Pet and Companion Animals
Industry 507
Genetics 486
Pets and Companion Animals Defined 508
Nutrition of Aquatic Species 486
Value of Pets 513
Benefits of Consuming Farm-Raised Fish 487
Historical Perspective 515
Trends Affecting Aquaculture 488
Geographic Location 517
Species 488
Technology 488 Genetics and Breeding Programs 519
Constraints to Expansion 488 Breeds of Dogs 520
Disease Control 489 Breeds of Cats 523
Environmental Concerns 489
Breeds of Other Pet Species 523
Loss Due to Predators 490
Reproductive Management 524
Culture of Aquatic Species 490
Nutrition of the Pet Species 528
Farm-Raised Channel Catfish
Product Name 528
(Ictalurus Punctatus) 491
Net Quantity Statement 530
Production Process 491
Nutritional Adequacy Statement 531
Feeding 491
Feeding Directions 531
Water Quality 491
Calorie Statement 531
Disease Management 492
Other Label Claims 532
Harvest and Marketing 492
Quality Assurance 492 Challenges to Companion Animal Health 532
Cancer 532
Freshwater Prawn Pond Production and Grow-Out
Allergic Skin Disease 533
(Macrobrachium RosenbergII) 493
Pyometra 533
Site Selection and Pond Design 493
Endocrine Diseases 533
Stocking of Juveniles 494
Temperature 494 Trends in the Pet Industry 533
Feeding 494 Humanizing the Pet 533
Water Quality Management 495 Pet Population 534
Nitrogen Compounds 495 Registered Animals 535
pH 495 Pet Foods 535
Diseases 496 Nutrition 536
Harvesting 496 Veterinary Expenditures 536
Polyculture and Intercropping 496 Mini-Trends 536
Processing and Marketing 497 Summary and Conclusion 537
Reproduction of Angelfish Study Questions 537
(Pterophyllum Scalare) 497 Bibliography 538
Water Quality 499
Nutrition 499
Spawning 500
Summary and Conclusion 502
Study Questions 502
24
Lamoids 539
Bibliography 503 Learning Objectives 539
Key Terms 539

23
Pet and Companion Animals 505
Introduction 539
Scientific Classification of Camilids 539
The Place of Lamoids in the United States 541
Learning Objectives 505 The Purpose of the Llama and Alpaca
Key Terms 505 Industries 541
 contents   xv

History of the Llama in the United States 542 Nutritional Value of Rabbit Meat to Humans 570
Geographic Distribution 543 Trends and Factors in Rabbit Production 571
Physical Description 543 Advantages of Commercial Rabbit Production 571
Camelidae 543 Disadvantages of Commercial Rabbit
Lamoids 543 Production 571
Management 571
Genetics and Breeds 544
Summary and Conclusion 572
Health Care 545
Study Questions 573
Reproduction 546 Bibliography 573
Rearing the Cria 547
Nutrition and Feed Use 548
Lamoid Feeding 550 part four
Behavior 553 Animals and Society 575
Trends and Challenges to the Llama

26
Industry 555
Research Needs 555
Educational Needs 555
Careers and Career Preparation in the
Summary and Conclusion 556 Animal Sciences 577
Study Questions 556
Learning Objectives 577
Bibliography 557
Key Terms 577
Introduction 577

25
Rabbits 558
Animal Science Studies and Careers 580
Production 580
Science and Medicine 581
Foods 583
Learning Objectives 558
Agribusiness 584
Key Terms 558 Communication and Education 585
Scientific Classification of the Rabbit 558 Animal Caretakers 585
The Place and Purpose of Rabbits in the International Opportunities 586
United States 558 Trends Affecting Employment 586
Historical Perspective 561 A Job, a Career, a Lifetime: What are You
Geographic Location of the Rabbit Industry in the Deciding When You Choose a Career and
United States 561 a Major? 587

The Structure of the Rabbit Industry 562 Summary and Conclusion 589
The Rabbit Fancy 562 Study Questions 589
Commercial Meat Production 562 Bibliography 590
Laboratory Specimen Production 562

27
Breeding Stock Production 562
Angora Production 563
Breeds and Genetics 563 Food Safety and Consumer
Reproductive Management 564 Concerns 591
Nutrition 567 Learning Objectives 591
Health Program 569 Key Terms 591
Challenges to Rabbit Health 569 Introduction 591
Pasteurellosis 569
History of Food Safety as a Public Issue 592
Mastitis 570
Diarrhea 570 Importance of Food Safety to Consumers 594
Noninfectious Diseases 570 Preventing Foodborne Illnesses 598
xvi   contents

Some Important Microbial Pathogens Associated Introduction 616

with Foodborne Illness 599 Animal Rights Versus Animal Welfare 620
Bacteria 599
Philosophy, History, and Legislation 622
Parasitic Protozoa 601
Viruses 602 Animal Welfare/Animal Rights Groups 623

Governmental Agencies and Food Safety 603 Animal Rights Issues Present and Future 624
The Role of the FDA 603 Defining and Measuring Animal Welfare 625
The Role of FSIS 604 Sources of Information 629
Responsibilities of the Federal Agencies 605 Suggested Readings 629
Changes in FSIS 605
Summary and Conclusion 630
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
Study Questions 630
(HACCP) 606
Bibliography 630
The Seven HACCP Principles 607
Additional Changes at FSIS and Other Food Safety

29
Initiatives 608
The Bioterrorism Act of 2002 608
Ensuring Safety of the Milk Supply 609 Animals in Sustainable Agriculture 633
Other Issues of Concern to Consumers 609 Learning Objectives 633
Bovine Somatotropin 609
Key Terms 633
Hormones 610
Antibiotics 611 Introduction 633
Food Irradiation 611 What is Sustainable Agriculture? 634
Mad Cow Disease 612 Practices That Are Part of Sustainable
Genetically Engineered Products 612 Farming 636
Sources of Information 613 The Systems Philosophy 637

Summary and Conclusion 614 Animals in Sustainable Agricultural

Systems 639
Study Questions 614
Monoculture 642
Bibliography 614
Sources of Information 645
Summary and Conclusion 645

28
Animal Welfare and Animal Rights 616
Study Questions 647
Bibliography 648

Learning Objectives 616 Glossary 649

Key Terms 616 Index 668
Preface
This book provides a text for introductory courses in Animal Science. The individual
disciplines that combine to become the whole of Animal Science and how the science
of each contributes to the whole are included. There is information on how to feed,
manage, breed, and care for animals. Because the scope of Animal Science is so broad,
this book examines how animals fit into all of society and how they contribute to the
well-being of humans from a worldwide perspective. The text takes a brief tour of
agriculture across the globe, exploring the many uses of domesticated animals. Dedi-
cated chapters individually consider the species of primary importance to humans.
This text also discusses the industries that have arisen around those species and their
effects on our society and our economy.
In the last 70 years or so, profound changes have taken place in the animal
industries. Traditional animal husbandry has been joined by business interests and
profound scientific and technological advances to produce new approaches to animal
production and care. Changes in the tastes, preferences and habits of consumers, eco-
nomic considerations, and the relative costs of animal products have all contributed to
restructuring of the animal industries. The animal industries are assuming the role of
dynamic, integrated parts of a greater food-providing system that is increasingly
international in scope. Those changes and their implications are explored in this book.
This text also acknowledges changing viewpoints toward the animals in our
care. Concerns over animal welfare, animal rights, food safety, biotechnology, ethical
resource allocation, sustainability of agriculture, and other issues now increasingly
affect animal use in a very real way. These issues and others are explored in this text.
A more affluent population has reached for new animals and new uses for ani-
mals, and consequently has turned to animal scientists to demand information. This
text provides information concerning llamas, companion animals, and other species
not traditional to the animal sciences. These species are now a part of Animal Science
as surely as are the cow, horse and pig.
Written with sufficient flexibility, this text accommodates the three major
approaches to Animal Science—the biological approach, the industry approach, and
the species approach. The worldview information from Part One and the societal issues
from Part Four round out all approaches.
Beginning with its first edition, this book has had a distinct educational phi-
losophy and a novel approach to the learning. The cornerstone of that approach is rel-
evant and timely information written in a style that is student-friendly. This
6th edition is updated and improved but retains that same student-centered philoso-
phy. Those who used the earlier editions will quickly find all the aspects previously
contained, including the “flavor.”

New to this Edition:

• There are many new figures and redesigned and updated graphics.
• Margin terms and glossary terms are enhanced facilitating reading and understand-
ing of the material.
• All chapters are updated with current statistical information as appropriate.
• Notable in this edition are improvements to the lactation chapter, the animal health
chapter and to the animal health sections in each of the species chapters.

xvii
xviii   preface

• The biotechnology chapter is substantially updated as were the nutrition chapters,

especially sections on challenging concepts.
• Material on food safety is enhanced for this edition.
• To make room for all the new images and graphics, and because of the increasingly
easy access to information via the Internet, this edition sees continued simplification
of tables with greater emphasis on example information rather than on information
per se.
To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instruc-
tor access code. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register for an
instructor access code. Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive a confirming
e-mail, including an instructor access code. Once you have received your code, go to the
site and log on for full instructions on downloading the materials you wish to use.
 Preface   xix

Acknowledgments
Writing a textbook requires the assistance of many people. In particular, I would like
to thank colleagues for their continued support and help. Special thanks to Blake
Wilson, Derrell Peel, Daniel Stein, Marley Beem, Melanie Brashears, and Udaya
DeSilva of Oklahoma State University; David Buchanan of North Dakota State
University; Tony Seykora of the University of Minnesota; Jim Horne of the Noble
Research Center; Temple Grandin of Colorado State University; Michael Neary of
Purdue University; and Mindy Brashears, Texas Tech University. These people have
graciously contributed ideas, figures, photos, and text for the book; reviewed chapters;
helped find obscure materials I was seeking; and offered advice and suggestions on
everything. They have done so with grace and enthusiasm for the book and I will be
forever in their debt for making this text better.
Invaluable assistance has been gladly accepted from Jon Beckett of Beckett
­Consulting; Ronald Brown, Martin Brunson, Robert Martin, Louis R. D’Abramo, and
William Daniels of Mississippi State University; LaDon Swann of Illinois-Indiana Sea
Grant Program, Purdue University; and An Peischel of the University of Tennessee.
Anne Duffy, Kirkwood Community College; Anita Oberbauer, University of
­California; and Ed Zweiacher, Redlands Community College provided feedback that
was absolutely priceless. This text is better for their efforts and their diligence is
appreciated.
Several individuals at Pearson provided invaluable assistance in ushering this
book through the development and publishing stages. I would like to thank spe-
cifically Pam Chirls and Kay Ueno. Many thanks also to Sudip Sinha of Aptara for
his efforts.
Finally, a special thanks to my wife, Rebecca L. Damron who continues to pro-
vide assistance in response to “Hey Hon, would you read this and tell me how to fix
this sentence?” and “Hon, how do you spell . . .?” It is so convenient to have an English
Professor in the family!
—W. Stephen Damron, Ph.D.
Oklahoma State University/Tarleton State University
This page intentionally left blank
 part one
The Place of Animals and Animal Science
in the Lives of Humans
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Animal Sciences
Chapter 2 The Value of Animals to Humanity
Chapter 3 Factors Affecting World Agricultural Structure
Chapter 4 Worldwide Systems of Agricultural Production
This page intentionally left blank
 1
Introduction to the
Animal Sciences

Key Terms Learning Objectives

Agriculture Farmer After you have studied this
Animal behavior Genetic code chapter, you should be able to:
Animal breeding Genetics • Define animal science and all
Animal health Green revolution of its component parts.
Animal science Heredity • Describe how, why, and when
domestication occurred.
Biofuel Hunter-gatherer
• Give an overview of the distri-
Biometry Livestock revolution
bution of agricultural animals
Biotechnology Meat worldwide.
Civilization Meat science • Explain to a nonagriculturist
Culture Nutrient density the contributions of domestic
Dairy product science Nutrition animals to humankind and the
Diet Omnivore value of studying animal
Domestic animals Physiology ­science.
Draft animal Renewable resources • Describe the worldwide
­livestock revolution and its
Essential amino acids
implications.

Introduction
Animals. We live with them, worship them, consume them, admire
them, fear them, love them, care for them, and depend on them. They are
part of our sustenance, our sociology, and our day-to-day lives. Because
they are so important to us, we also study them and apply what we learn
to improve their lives and enhance their roles in our lives. The branch of
science that deals with domestic animals is animal science, which is the Animal science The combi-
topic of this book. nation of disciplines that
together comprise the study
Much of our use for animals revolves around their contributions to of domestic animals.
our food supply. To coax a more stable food supply from the land, humans
developed a complicated resource management system called ­agriculture. Agriculture The combina-
In agriculture, domestic plants and animals are kept to produce for tion of science and art used
to cultivate and grow crops
humankind’s needs. Humans have practiced agriculture for thousands of and livestock and process
years and, either directly or indirectly, every person on the planet depends the products.
on agriculture for his or her daily food (Figure 1-1). Because this is true, it
is also ultimately true that all of humankind’s other occupations are tied Domestic Those species
that have been brought
to agriculture. This is especially the case in the world’s developed coun-
under human control and
tries. In fact, the entire urban industrial complex of the developed world that have adapted to life
is sustained only because of food surpluses generated by agriculturists. with humans.
4   part one
Figure 1-1
Bolivian farmers ­cultivating
potatoes on old Incan
­terraces. They use the same
tools as those used by their
ancestors. (Roberto Faidutti/
Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations.)
Culture In this context,
­culture refers to the set of
occupational activities,
­economic structures,
beliefs/values, social forms,
and material traits that
define our actions and
­activities.
Hunter-gatherer Hunter-
gatherer people support
their needs by hunting
game, fishing, and gather-
ing edible and medicinal
plants.
Farmer Anyone who prac-
tices agriculture by manag-
ing and cultivating livestock
and/or crops.
Civilization In modern con-
text, this refers to what we
consider a fairly high level
of cultural and technological
development.
the place of animals and animal science in the lives of humans
Humans have found many other uses for domestic animals in such areas as
sports, recreation, manufacturing, religion, scientific research, and as companions.
Add these uses to food production and we discover that animals are at the core of
virtually all of our lives, whether or not we are aware of it. Because agriculture and
its animals are integral to our existence, they have become a dominating part of our
culture, our influence on the landscape, and, either directly or indirectly, our day-
to-day activities.
Exactly when individual animal species were domesticated is unknown. DNA
sequencing technology suggests that the dog was domesticated from a now extinct
wolf as long as 30,000 years ago, but archaeological evidence suggests that the dog was
domesticated about 14,000 years ago (12000 b.c.). The earliest domestic food animal
species (as most Westerners currently define it) was the sheep (somewhere around
8000 b.c.), followed by goats, pigs, and cattle (6500 b.c.); llamas (5500 b.c.); horses
(3500 b.c.); donkeys (4000 b.c.); reindeer (3000 b.c.); and chickens (6000 b.c.). Note:
This is a very active area of research with other dates being proposed for all species.
Humans did not plan their dependence on the animals they tamed and then
domesticated. Hunter-gatherers (who first domesticated animals) used the meat,
bones, and skins just as they had done before domestication. The only difference after
domestication was convenience. The additional uses (milk, clothing, power, war,
sport, and prestige) came later. This happened after people had lived in the company
of animals for a long time in a more sedentary lifestyle.
Humans had hunted and consumed animals for 2 million years before domes-
ticating them. The behavioral change required for hunters and gatherers to become
farmers was a major cultural revolution and a major step toward what we call
civilization.
With our acquisition of domestic animals came the need to ultimately manage
them, care for them, and learn to use them to our best advantage. Meeting those needs
led to the development of the discipline of study that we call animal science.
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 Colonel Arthur Conklin
After the Armistice was signed, the regiments were withdrawn to
billets and the materiel was parked. The 302nd returned to Rupt en
Woevre, where they got busy on the famous show they produced a
few weeks later. The 303rd were not as easily satisfied. They had
some troops still in and about the positions,—some more at Creue, a
lot more at Savannieres, and the 3rd Battalion which had rejoined
the regiment was now at St. Christophe Ferme. Later, the First and
Second Battalions moved to Troyon and the Third Battalion to Ambly,
while regimental Headquarters was established at St. Mihiel.
While thus in billets there were many rumors, but they were mostly of
“occupation” with the Third Army. The fact was, we were kept busy
policing the villages and a good part of France. The part we got was
not in the very best of order, so we had our hands full. At the same
time it was not all work; the 302nd show took us out of the mud and
gunk of the busted villages of France and dropped us temporarily in
front of the foot-lights of Broadway. There were other bright spots but
they were not the weather. Meantime we waited for we knew not
what. We got to know our French brothers in arms, and we
sympathized with them for all they had lost. But they demanded our
admiration even more than our sympathy. In the face of ruined
homes and brothers lost, they could say: “C’est la guerre” and could
sing with us the Marseillaise and Madelon:
Quand Madelon vient nous servir a boire
Sous la tonnelle au frole de son jupon
Et gue chaqu’un lui raconte une histoire,
Une histoire a sa façon
La Madelon pour nous n’est pas sévère
Lorsqu’on lui prend la taille ou le menton,
Elle rit, c’est tous le mal qu’elle sait faire,
Madelon, Madelon, Madelon.
 IV. HOME
On December 20th the order to prepare arrived. Prepare for what?
The United States of America. My God was it possible? Where were
they? But it was so, and a better Christmas present would have been
hard to find. This was our second Christmas in the army, and
apparently it was to be our last. Cheers! The occasion however
recalled a remark attributed to General Pershing in August as
follows: “Hell, Heaven or Hoboken by Christmas.” He was right, and
we got seats at the first show on his list.
On January 3rd 1919, the Brigade was ordered to Bordeaux for
transportation to the United States, and on January 8th it entrained
at Bannoncourt. It was hoped by all that we would return to our old
billets,—but no, they took us back to that Godforsaken Camp de
Souge. We arrived January 11th. However it would not be for long
and we were on our way home. All were cheerful,—some artificially
so. Little did we realize that it was to be a stay of three long months
and that we would be allowed to amuse ourselves with skinning
mules and guard duty. Looking backwards we can laugh, but I doubt
if we could have done so at the time had we known how long it was
to be. On February 4th the General and some of his staff sailed from
Genecart on the “Matsonia”. This was encouraging; we would follow
soon, but we did not. However on March 18th we moved to Pauillac,
about twenty-five miles down the river from Bordeaux, where there
are docks and delousing plants.
And on April 13th we sailed for Boston on the “Santa Rosa”. And
here I must leave, for it is the author’s desire that this little sketch be
ready when the brigade lands.
And what has it all amounted to? To many at first thought it has been
but a year and a half taken out of their lives. But let us consider for a
second. Here was every American energy bent for the first time to
the accomplishment of a single purpose. The individual and his
every interest was sacrificed for a great cause. We learned that there
was something bigger than self and more worth while. We learned to
appreciate our vast country as we should have been able to do in no
other way.
“NOT WHAT WE DID,
BUT WHAT WE WERE WILLING TO DO.”
INDIVIDUAL SERVICE RECORD
AUTOGRAPHS
 FOOTNOTES:
[A] Kitchen Police.
[B] The 346th and 347th regiments were temporarily
brigaded with us for administrative purposes.
[C] Poste de Commande
[D] The Eiffel Tower was known among the operators as
“Ethel”.
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been
standardized.
Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE 151ST
FIELD ARTILLERY BRIGADE ***

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