Understanding Maths Paper 1 (1st Edition) 072223

Page 1 of 47
INTRODUCTION TO SETS
 In mathematics, a set is defined as a collection of distinct, well-defined objects

forming a group.
 The symbols used when dealing with sets are called set notations.
 The table below shows some common set notations and their meanings.
SYMBOL NAME MEANING

Union Combining all the given sets
Intersection What is common in both sets
Complement What is out of the set or elements that
does not found / exist in a given set
REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
 In mathematics, a real number is a number that can be used to measure a

continuous one-dimensional quantity such as a distance, duration or temperature.
 However, it is very important to understand all the types of numbers in order to do
well in sets specifically in paper 1.
 Natural numbers are common counting numbers starting from 1 up to infinite, e.g.
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, …}
 Whole numbers are the set of natural numbers including with the number 0
adjoined, e.g. {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, …}
 Prime numbers are natural numbers greater than 1 which has only 1 and itself as
factors, e.g. {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, …}
 Composite number is a natural number greater than 1 which has more factors than
1 and itself.
 Integers are whole numbers with their opposites (negative numbers) adjoined.
 Rational numbers are all numbers which can be written as fractions.
 Irrational numbers are all numbers which cannot be written as fractions.
 Real numbers are the set of rational numbers with the set of irrational numbers
adjoined.
 Complex number is a number which can be written in the form a + bi where a and
b are real numbers and i is the square root of -1.
 An Even number is a number which can be exactly divisible by 2.
 A factor of a number is a number which can be exactly divisible by that number.
 Multiples of a number are numbers formed by multiplying a number by other
numbers starting from 1.
By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

Page 2 of 47
2016.p1.Oct
(a) Use set notation to describe the shaded region in the diagram below.
(b) Given that E = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}, A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {b, c, d, e, f}, list
Solutions
(a)
(b) E = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h}
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {b, c, d, e, f}

Page 3 of 47
2017.P1.Nov
(a) Shade in the Venn diagram below.
(b)Given that E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, A = {4, 8, 12} and B = {2, 10, 12}, list
Solution
(a)
(b) E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

A = {4, 8, 12}
B = {2, 10, 12}
= {2, 6, 10}

Page 4 of 47
2017.p1.GCE
(a) On the Venn diagram below, shade the region defined by
(b)Given that E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 8} and B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, list
Solution
(a)
(b) E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 8}
B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

Page 5 of 47
2018.p1.Oct
E
B C
(b)The Venn diagram below shows sets A and B. List
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 6 of 47
2018.p1.GCE
(a) Use set notation to describe the shaded region in the Venn diagram below.
(b)E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, list
Solution
(a)
(b) E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Page 7 of 47
2019.p1.Nov.
(a) Shade in the Venn diagram below.
(b)Set A = {Prime numbers less than 12}. List set A.
Solution
(a)
(b) A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}

Page 8 of 47
2019.p1.GCE
(a) The Venn diagram below shows three sets A, B and C.
Use set notation to describe the shaded region.
(b)Given that E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 3, 6, 8} and B = {3, 6, 7, 9}, list
Solution
(a)
(b) E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {2, 3, 6, 8}
B = {3, 6, 7, 9}

Page 9 of 47
2020.p1.GCE
(b)Given that S ={ list the elements of set S.
Solution
(a)
(b) S = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13}
2021.p1.Nov
(a) Use set notation to describe the shaded part in the Venn diagram below.
(b)It is given that the universal set E = {first 8 whole numbers} and A = {even numbers}.
List set A.
Solution
(a)
(b) E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}

Page 10 of 47
2021.p1.GCE
(a) Using set notation, describe the shaded region in the diagram below.
(b)Given that A = { , list set A.
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 11 of 47
2022.p1.Nov
(a) Shade on the diagram below.
(b)Given that the universal set E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}, X = {1, 5, 9} and Y = {3, 9, 11},list
Solution
(a)
(b) E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}

X = {1, 5, 9}
Y = {3, 9, 11}

Page 12 of 47
2022.p1.GCE
(a) Shade on the diagram below.
(b)Given that E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {Prime numbers} and B= {Multiples of 3},

list
Solution
(a)
(b) E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

A = {2, 3, 5, 7}
B= {3, 6,9}

Page 13 of 47
2023.p1.GCE
(a) Sade on the Venn diagram below.
(b)The universal set E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, set A = {Prime numbers} and set
B = {3, 6, 9}. List
Solution
(a)
(b) E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {2, 3, 5, 7}
B = {3, 6, 9}

Page 14 of 47
ALGEBRA
 Algebra provides a systematic way of solving certain types of problems.
 Algebra is a precise language for expressing relationships between quantities.
 However, in mathematics paper 1 the type of questions which comes in exam is
based on simplifying and factorization of algebraic expressions.
2016.p1.Oct.
(a) Simplify
(b) Factorise completely
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 15 of 47
2016.p1.GCE
(a) Simplify
(b) Factorise Completely
Solution
(a)
(b)
2017.p1.Nov.
(a) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 16 of 47
2017.p1.GCE
(a) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)
2018.p1.Oct.
(a) Factorise completely

(b) Expand and simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 17 of 47
2018.p1.GCE
(a) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)
2019.p1.Nov.
(a) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 18 of 47
2019.p1.GCE
(a) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)
2020.p1.GCE
(a) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 19 of 47
2021.p1.Nov.
(a) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)
2021.p1.GCE
(a) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)
2)

Page 20 of 47
2022.p1.Nov.
(a) Factorise completely

(b) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)
2022.p1.GCE
(a) Expand and simplify

Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 21 of 47
2023.p1.GCE
(a) Simplify
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 22 of 47
INDEX NOTATION
 Index notation is a method of representing numbers and letters that have been
multiplied by themselves multiple times.
 An index number is defined as the number which is raised to the power.
 The power says how many times the number is to be used in multiplication.
 Generally, it is represented as a small number to the right side and above the base
number.
 When two numbers with the same base are multiplied, their powers get added.
 When two numbers with the same base are divided, their powers get subtracted.
 If any term with power is raised to the exponent or power, the exponents or powers
are multiplied together.
 Any negative powers can be represented in a fractional form.
 The exponent or index given in a fraction form can be represented as the radical
form.
 Power of 10 is a unique way of writing large numbers or smaller numbers.
 Instead of using so many zeroes, you can show how many powers of the 10 will
make that many zeroes.
 For example, 6000 in the power of 10 can be written as .
 Power of 10 is extremely used by Scientists and Engineers as they deal with the
numbers that include large numbers of zeroes.
Laws of Indices
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Page 23 of 47
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
2016.p1.Oct.
(a) Evaluate
(b) Evaluate
Solution
(a)
(a)
OR
(b)

Page 24 of 47
2016.p1.GCE
(a) Evaluate
(b) It is given that what is the value of ?
Solution
(a)
(b)
2017.p1.Nov
(a) Evaluate
(b) Solve the equation
Solution (b)
(a)

Page 25 of 47
2017.p1.GCE
(a) Solve the equation
(b) Given that and , evaluate

(b)
Solution
(a)
2018.p1.Oct.
(a) Find the value of
(b) Solve
Solution (b)
(a)

Page 26 of 47
2018.p1.GCE
(a) Evaluate
Solution (b)
(a)
2019.p1.Nov.
(a) Evaluate
Solution (b)
(a)

Page 27 of 47
2019.p1.GCE
(a) Evaluate
(b) Evaluate
Solution
(b)
(a)
2020.p1.GCE
(a) Evaluate
(b) Given that , find the value of
Solution (b)
(a)

Page 28 of 47
2021.p1.Nov.
(a) Evaluate
(b) Given that find the value of
Solution (b)
(a)
2021.p1.GCE
(a) Evaluate
Solution (b)
(a)

Page 29 of 47
2022.p1.Nov
(a) Evaluate
Solution
(b)
(a)
2022.p1.GCE
(a) Evaluate
Solution
(b)
(a)
729

Page 30 of 47
2023.P1.GCE
(a) Evaluate
(b) Solve
Solution
(b)
(a)

Page 31 of 47
MATRICES
 In mathematics, a matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangular array or table of
numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in rows and columns, which is used to
represent a mathematical object or a property of such an object.
 We use rows and columns to represent the order of a matrix.
 Addition, subtraction and multiplication are the basic operations on the matrix.
 To add or subtract matrices, these must be of identical order, and for multiplication,
the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal to the number of rows in
the second matrix.
 If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then their sum A + B is a matrix, and
each element of that matrix is the sum of the corresponding elements.
2016.p1.Oct
a) Express as a single matrix.
b) Find the transpose of the matrix B = .
Solution
(a)
(b) B =

Page 32 of 47
2017.p1.Nov.
Given that and , find
(a)
(b)
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 33 of 47
2017.p1.GCE
a) Given that , find the value of

b) If , write the matrix A.
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 34 of 47
2018.p1.Oct.
a) Express as a single matrix.
b) Given that matrix , find
Solution
(a)
s
(b)

Page 35 of 47
2018.p1.GCE
a) Given that and , express CD as a single matrix.
b) The transpose of a matrix P is . Write down the matrix P.
Solution
(a) CD
(b)

Page 36 of 47
2019.p1.Nov.
a) The transpose of a matrix A is . Find the matrix A.
b) Given that , find the value of
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 37 of 47
2019.p1.GCE
Given that and , find
(a)
(b)
Solution
(a)
(b)

Page 38 of 47
2020.p1.GCE
Given that A = ,B= and C = , find
(a)
(b)
Solution
(a) C =
(b)

Page 39 of 47
2021.p1.Nov.
a) Matrix M = . Find the transpose of M.
Matrix P = and Q = . Find PQ.
Solution
(a) M =
(b) PQ

Page 40 of 47
2021.p1.GCE
(a) Given that A = , find the transpose of A.
(b) Given that P = and Q = , find PQ.
Solution
(a) A =
(b) PQ

Page 41 of 47
2022.p1.Nov.
The matrix M = and the matrix N = . Find
(a)
(b)
Solution
(a) M =
(b) NM

Page 42 of 47
2022.p1.GCE
(a) Given that the matrix C = , find .
(b) Express as a single matrix .
Solution
(a) C =
(b)

Page 43 of 47
2023.p1.GCE
Given that P = and Q = , find
(a)
(b)
Solution
(a) P =
(b) PQ

Page 44 of 47
SIMILARITY AND CONGRUENCE

 Similarity is one of the areas that were advanced by the Greek Mathematician by the
name of Euclid.
 Two geometric figures that have the same shape are said to be similar, despite their
difference in size.
 The word congruency comes from the Latin word ‘congruence’ which means ‘to
come together, fit in or fall upon.’
 However, in geometry, figures are congruent if they have exactly the same shape
and size.
 When looking at yourself in the mirror, your image is of the same shape and size as
the object.
2016.p1.Oct.
The base areas of two containers that are geometrically similar are 80cm2 and 180cm2,
respectively. If the capacity of the larger container is 54 litres, calculate the capacity of the
smaller one.
Solution

Page 45 of 47
2017.p1.Nov.
The ratio of the surface areas of two cubes is 16 : 25. What is the volume of the smaller
cube, if the volume of the bigger cube is 500cm3?
Solution
2017.p1.GCE
Two tins are geometrically similar. If the ratio of their volumes is 27 : 64, find the ratio of
their curved surface areas.
Solution

Page 46 of 47
2018.p1.Nov.
A cylinder with diameter 2cm has a volume of 5cm3. Find the volume of a similar cylinder
with diameter 8cm.
Solution
2018.P1.GCE
The scale of a map is 1 : 20 000. The actual area of residential plots is 60km2. Calculate the
area of residential plots on the map in square centimeters.
Solution
K=

Page 47 of 47
2019.p1.Nov.
The heights of two similar cylinders are 4cm and 6cm. If the volume of the smaller cylinder
is 48cm3, find the volume of the larger cylinder.
Solution
K=4:6
K=2:3
K3 =
2019.p1.GCE
The ratio of the volumes of two similar solids is 64 : 27. The surface area of the smaller
solid is 180cm2. What is the surface area of the bigger solid?
Solution
K3 = 64 : 27
K2 =
K2 = 16 : 9

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Page 1 of 47

 In mathematics, a set is defined as a collection of distinct, well-defined objects

SYMBOL NAME MEANING

REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

 In mathematics, a real number is a number that can be used to measure a

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) Shade in the Venn diagram below.

(b) E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) On the Venn diagram below, shade the region defined by

(b)Given that E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 8} and B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, list

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(b)The Venn diagram below shows sets A and B. List

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(b)E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, list

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) Shade in the Venn diagram below.

(b)Set A = {Prime numbers less than 12}. List set A.

(b) A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) The Venn diagram below shows three sets A, B and C.

Use set notation to describe the shaded region.

(b)Given that E = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {2, 3, 6, 8} and B = {3, 6, 7, 9}, list

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(b)Given that S ={ list the elements of set S.

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(b)Given that A = { , list set A.

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) Shade on the diagram below.

(b) E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) Shade on the diagram below.

(b)Given that E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {Prime numbers} and B= {Multiples of 3},

(b) E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) Sade on the Venn diagram below.

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) Factorise completely

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) Factorise completely

(a) Expand and simplify

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(b) It is given that what is the value of ?

(b) Solve the equation

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(a) Solve the equation

(b) Given that and , evaluate

(a) Find the value of

By Chinyama Kaumba Joseph 2 0 2 3 0971887395

(b) Solve the equation