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ebook download (eBook PDF) Financial Accounting 9th Edition by Jerry J. Weygandt all chapter
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From the
Authors
Dear Student,
Why This Course? Remember your biology course in high school? Did you have
one of those “invisible man” models (or maybe something more high-tech than that)
that gave you the opportunity to look “inside” the human body? This accounting
course offers something similar. To understand a business, you have to understand
the financial insides of a business organization. An accounting course will help you
understand the essential financial components of businesses. Whether you are
looking at a large multinational company like Apple or Starbucks or a single-owner
software consulting business or coffee shop, knowing the fundamentals of accounting
will help you understand what is happening. As an employee, a manager, an investor,
a business owner, or a director of your own personal
finances—any of which roles you will have at some point
“Whether you are looking at a large
in your life—you will make better decisions for having
taken this course. multinational company like Apple or
Starbucks or a single-owner software
Why This Book? Hundreds of thousands of students have consulting business or coffee shop,
used this textbook. Your instructor has chosen it for you knowing the fundamentals of account-
because of its trusted reputation. The authors have worked ing will help you understand what is
hard to keep the book fresh, timely, and accurate. happening.”
This textbook contains features to help you learn best, whatever your learning style.
We invite you to browse through pages xiv–xviii. These pages describe the main features
you will find in this textbook and explain their purpose.
How to Succeed? We’ve asked many students and many instructors whether there
is a secret for success in this course. The nearly unanimous answer turns out to be not
much of a secret: “Do the homework.” This is one course where doing is learning.
The more time you spend on the homework assignments—using the various tools
that this textbook provides—the more likely you are to learn the essential concepts,
techniques, and methods of accounting. Besides the textbook itself, the book’s
companion website also offers various support resources.
Good luck in this course. We hope you enjoy the experience and that you put to good
use throughout a lifetime of success the knowledge you obtain in this course. We are
sure you will not be disappointed.
Jerry J. Weygandt
Paul D. Kimmel
Donald E. Kieso
Your Team for Success in Accounting
The Team for Success authors bring years The Wiley Faculty Network (WFN) is a global
of industry and academic experience to the group of seasoned accounting professionals
development of each textbook that relates accounting concepts who share best practices in teaching with
to real-world experiences. This cohesive team brings continuity their peers. Our Virtual Guest Lecture Series
of writing style, pedagogy, and problem material to each course provides the opportunity you need for profes-
from Principles to Intermediate so you and your students can sional development in an online environment that is relevant,
seamlessly progress from introductory through advanced courses convenient, and collaborative. The quality of these seminars and
in accounting. workshops meets the strictest standards, so we are proud to be
able to offer valuable CPE credits to attendees.
www.wileyteamforsuccess.com
Author Commitment
Collaboration. Innovation. Experience.
After decades of success as authors of textbooks like this one,
Jerry Weygandt, Paul Kimmel, and Don Kieso understand that
teaching accounting goes beyond simply presenting data. The
authors are truly effective because they know that teaching is
about telling compelling stories in ways that make each
concept come to life.
www.wileyteamforsuccess.com
Author
Commitment
INSTRUCTOR REPORTS
Help instructors identify
learning trends
The Wiley Faculty
Network
The Place Where
Faculty Connect ...
The Wiley Faculty Network is a global community
of faculty connected by a passion for teaching
and a drive for learning and sharing. Connect with
the Wiley Faculty Network to collaborate with
your colleagues, find a mentor, attend virtual
and live events, and view a wealth of resources
all designed to help you grow as an educator.
Embrace the art of teaching—great things
happen where faculty connect!
Teaching Resources
Propel your teaching and student learning to the
next level with quality peer-reviewed case studies,
Connect with colleagues— testimonials, classroom tools, and checklists.
your greatest resource.
• Find a Mentor Connect with Colleagues
• Interest Groups
Achieve goals and tackle challenges more easily by
• Blog
enlisting the help of your peers. Connecting with
colleagues through the WFN can help you improve
Find out more at
your teaching experience.
www.wiley.com/college/wfn
What’s New?
The Ninth Edition expands our emphasis on student learning and improves upon a teaching and learning package
that instructors and students have rated the highest in customer satisfaction in the following ways:
WileyPLUS Enhancements
Over 50 new videos are included in the WileyPLUS course for this Ninth Edition. New videos include skill-based
videos, narrated PowerPoint presentations, and problem-walkthrough videos.
Updated Illustrations
As over 50% of the textbook is visual, we especially focused on the illustrations in this edition. For example, we
added cash flow effects to the transaction analyses as well as revised all of the infographics, which reinforce important
textual concepts.
Student-Friendly Companies
One of the goals of this accounting course is to orient students to the application of accounting principles and
techniques in practice. Accordingly, we expanded our practice of using numerous examples from real companies
throughout the textbook to add more high-interest enterprises that we hope will increase student engagement,
such as Clif Bar, Groupon, and REI.
xi
Content Changes by Chapter
PowerPoint™. The PowerPoint™ presentations General Ledger Software. General ledger software
contain a combination of key concepts, images, and allows students to solve select end-of-chapter text
problems from the textbook. problems using a computerized accounting system.
Problems are identified by an icon next to end-of-chapter
textbook exercises and problems.
Text Options
The Ninth Edition is available in the following different textbook options:
• Financial Accounting, 9e (ISBN: 978-1-118-33432-4)
• Financial Accounting, 9e, Binder-Ready Version (ISBN: 978-1-118-33843-8)
• All Access Pack (ISBN: 978-1-118-84474-8)
xiii
Student success is a team effort.
The Team for Success is focused on helping you get the most
out of your accounting courses in the digital age.
Students
Access the right amount of information for each
course anytime, anywhere, on any device.
Students
Illustrations and interactive tutorials bring the
content to life and make accounting concepts
easier to understand.
Students
The DO IT! exercises throughout the textbook will help you apply
your understanding of accounting. The WileyPLUS homework format
imitates a blank sheet of paper experience using type-ahead for
account entry, and helps you catch mistakes early by providing
feedback at the part-level.
wiley
REAL-WORLD CONTEXT
Real-world companies and business situations give you glimpses
into how actual companies use accounting.
!
Feature Stories introduce chapter topics in
fun ways using real-world companies that are Issues that affect
engaging. today’s business world
are highlighted in the
textbook.
Comparative Analysis Problem:
Amazon.com, Inc. vs. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
BYP2-3 Amazon.com, Inc.’s financial statements are presented in Appendix D. Financial state-
ments for Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. are presented in Appendix E. Instructions for accessing and
using the complete annual reports of Amazon and Wal-Mart, including the notes to the financial
statements, are also provided in Appendices D and E, respectively.
Instructions
(a) Based on the information contained in the financial statements, determine the normal balance
of the listed accounts for each company.
Amazon Wal-Mart
1. Interest Expense 1. Net Sales Revenues
2. Cash and Cash Equivalents 2. Inventories
3. Accounts Payable 3. Cost of Sales
ANATOMY OF A FRAUD
world company issues through Source: Adapted from Wells, Fraud Casebook (2007), pp. 3–15.
ETHICS INSIGHT
Cooking the Books?
A Look at IFRS
Allegations of abuse of the revenue recognition principle have become all too common in
recent years. For example, it was alleged that Krispy Kreme sometimes doubled the number of Fraud can occur anywhere. Because the three main factors that contribute to fraud are universal LEARNING OBJECTIVE 9
in nature, the principles of internal control activities are used globally by companies. While
doughnuts shipped to wholesale customers at the end of a quarter to boost quarterly results. Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) does not apply to non-U.S. companies, most large international companies Compare the accounting
The customers shipped the unsold doughnuts back after the beginning of the next quarter for have internal controls similar to those indicated in the chapter. IFRS and GAAP are also very procedures for fraud,
a refund. Conversely, Computer Associates International was accused of backdating sales—that similar in accounting for cash. IAS No. 1 (revised), “Presentation of Financial Statements,” is the internal control, and cash
only standard that discusses issues specifically related to cash. under GAAP and IFRS.
is, reporting a sale in one period that did not actually occur until the next period in order to
achieve the earlier period’s sales targets.
?
What motivates sales executives and finance and accounting executives to participate in
activities that result in inaccurate reporting of revenues? (See page 160.)
© Dean Turner/iStockphoto
xv
CONTENT FOR ALL LEARNING STYLES
In addition to a textbook consistently reviewed as
very readable, over 50% of the textbook provides visual
!
presentations and interpretations of content.
Equation Analysis Illustrations Basic The expense Insurance Expense is increased $50, and the asset
Analysis Prepaid Insurance is decreased $50.
visually walk you through the steps Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Equation (2)
of the recording process. Analysis
Prepaid Insurance
⫺$50
=
Insurance Expense
⫺$50
Cash Flow Analyses visually A 5 L 1 SE Prepaid Insurance 130 Insurance Expense 722
Kildare Company has just signed a capitalizable lease contract for equip-
ment that requires rental payments of $6,000 each, to be paid at the end
Illustrations are clearly identified and often
of each of the next 5 years. The appropriate discount rate is 12%. What
is the present value of the rental payments—that is, the amount used to present data in a real-world format.
capitalize the leased equipment?
ay g
Academy Company.xls
PV = ? $6,000 $6,000 $6,000 $6,000 $6,000 Home Insert Page Layout Formulas Data Review View
i = 12% P18
A
fx
B C D E F G H I J K L M N
n=5
1
2 ACADEMY COMPANY
Payroll Register
Today 1 2 3 4 5 years 3
For the Week Ending January 14, 2014
4
Account
5 Earnings Deducons Paid Debited
6 Salaries
Federal State and
Answer: The present value factor from Table 4 is 3.60478
7
Total Over- Income Income United Union Check Wages
8 Employee Hours Regular me Gross FICA Tax Tax Fund Dues Total Net Pay No. Expense
(5 payments at 12%). The present value of 5 payments of $6,000 each 9 Office Salaries
discounted at 12% is $21,628.68 ($6,000 × 3.60478). 10
11
Arnold, Patricia 40 580.00 580.00 44.37 61.00 11.60 15.00 131.97 448.03 998 580.00
Canton, Mahew 40 590.00 590.00 45.14 63.00 11.80 20.00 139.94 450.06 999 590.00
12
13
14 Mueller, William 40 530.00 530.00 40.55 54.00 10.60 11.00 116.15 413.85 1000 530.00
wiley
KNOW THE FUNDAMENTALS
Knowing the fundamentals of accounting will help you
understand what is happening in all areas of a business. DO IT!
exercises throughout the textbook will help you practice your
!
understanding of accounting.
> DO IT!
DO IT! exercises in the
Adjusting Entries
for Accruals
Micro Computer Services Inc. began operations on August 1, 2015. At the end of August
2015, management prepares monthly financial statements. The following information textbook narrative provide
relates to August.
1. At August 31, the company owed its employees $800 in salaries and wages that will be
step-by-step applications of a
paid on September 1.
2. On August 1, the company borrowed $30,000 from a local bank on a 15-year mortgage.
concept at the precise moment
The annual interest rate is 10%.
3. Revenue for services performed but unrecorded for August totaled $1,100.
you acquire the knowledge.
Prepare the adjusting entries needed at August 31, 2015. Each DO IT! in the textbook
Action Plan
Solution
narrative includes an Action
Make adjusting entries
at the end of the period
1. Salaries and Wages Expense
Salaries and Wages Payable
800
800 Plan, a Solution, and a path of
(To record accrued salaries)
to recognize revenues for
services performed and 2. Interest Expense 250 related homework exercises.
for expenses incurred. Interest Payable 250
Don’t forget to make (To record accrued interest:
adjusting entries for $30,000 3 10% 3 12
1
5 $250)
accruals. Adjusting entries
for accruals will increase 3. Accounts Receivable 1,100
both a balance sheet and Service Revenue 1,100
an income statement (To record revenue for services performed)
account.
Related exercise material: BE3-2, BE3-7, E3-5, E3-6, E3-7, E3-8, E3-9, and DO IT! 3-3.
The Navigator
xvii
IMPROVE DECISION-MAKING SKILLS
As an employee, manager, or even a director of
your own personal finances, you will make better decisions by
learning how to analyze and solve business problems using materials
!
provided at the end of each chapter.
Broadening Your Perspective questions help you pull together concepts from a particular chapter and
apply them to real-world business situations. Critical thinking, communication, ethics, and other questions
are included in this section at the end of each textbook chapter.
Broadening Your PERSPECTIVE
Critical Thinking
Continuing Cookie Chronicle and Comprehensive Problems pull together concepts from multiple
chapters and provide a macro perspective of accounting in action.
(Note: This is a continuation of the Cookie Chronicle from Chapters 1 and 2.)
CCC3 It is the end of November and Natalie has been in touch with herr grandmother.
COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM: CHAPTERS 3 TO 9
Her grandmother asked Natalie how well things went in her first fi month of business.
month
fi
Natalie, too, would like to know if she has been profitable durrin November.
or not during CP9 Hassellhouf Company’s trial balance at December 31, 2015, is presented below and on
Natalie realizes that in order to determine Cookie Creations’ income, she must
m first make page 471. All 2015 transactions have been recorded except for the items described on page 471.
adjustments.
Debit Credit
Go to the book’s companion website, www.wiley.com/college/weygandt, to seee the completion
Cash $ 28,000
of this problem.
Accounts Receivable 36,800
Notes Receivable 10,000
Interest Receivable –0–
Inventory 36,200
Prepaid Insurance 3,600
Land 20,000
wiley
Contents
Chapter 1 Chapter 3
Accounting in Action 2 Adjusting the Accounts 102
Feature Story: Knowing the Numbers 2 Feature Story: Keeping Track of Groupons 102
What Is Accounting? 4 Timing Issues 104
Three Activities 4 Fiscal and Calendar Years 104
Who Uses Accounting Data? 5 Accrual- versus Cash-Basis Accounting 104
The Building Blocks of Accounting 7 Recognizing Revenues and Expenses 105
Ethics in Financial Reporting 7 The Basics of Adjusting Entries 106
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 8 Types of Adjusting Entries 107
Measurement Principles 9 Adjusting Entries for Deferrals 108
Assumptions 10 Adjusting Entries for Accruals 114
The Basic Accounting Equation 12 Summary of Basic Relationships 120
Assets 13 The Adjusted Trial Balance and Financial
Liabilities 13 Statements 123
Stockholders’ Equity 13 Preparing the Adjusted Trial Balance 123
Using the Accounting Equation 15 Preparing Financial Statements 123
Transaction Analysis 16 APPENDIX 3A Alternative Treatment of Prepaid
Summary of Transactions 21 Expenses and Unearned Revenues 128
Financial Statements 22 Prepaid Expenses 129
Income Statement 22 Unearned Revenues 130
Retained Earnings Statement 24 Summary of Additional Adjustment
Balance Sheet 24 Relationships 131
Statement of Cash Flows 25 APPENDIX 3B Concepts in Action 132
APPENDIX 1A Accounting Career Opportunities 30 Qualities of Useful Information 132
Public Accounting 30 Assumptions in Financial Reporting 133
Private Accounting 30 Principles in Financial Reporting 133
Governmental Accounting 31 Cost Constraint 134
Forensic Accounting 31 A Look at IFRS 161
“Show Me the Money” 31
A Look at IFRS 50
Chapter 4
xix
Intangible Assets 184 Inventory Costing 284
Current Liabilities 186 Specific Identification 285
Long-Term Liabilities 187 Cost Flow Assumptions 285
Stockholders’ (Owners’) Equity 187 Financial Statement and Tax Effects of Cost
APPENDIX 4A Reversing Entries 192 Flow Methods 290
Reversing Entries Example 192 Using Inventory Cost Flow Methods
A Look at IFRS 215 Consistently 292
Lower-of-Cost-or-Market 293
Inventory Errors 294
Chapter 5 Income Statement Effects 294
Balance Sheet Effects 295
Accounting for Merchandising Statement Presentation and Analysis 296
Operations 220 Presentation 296
Feature Story: Buy Now, Vote Later 220 Analysis 297
Merchandising Operations 222 APPENDIX 6A Inventory Cost Flow Methods in
Operating Cycles 222 Perpetual Inventory Systems 301
Flow of Costs 223 First-In, First-Out (FIFO) 301
Recording Purchases of Merchandise 225 Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) 302
Freight Costs 226 Average-Cost 302
Purchase Returns and Allowances 227 APPENDIX 6B Estimating Inventories 305
Purchase Discounts 228 Gross Profit Method 305
Summary of Purchasing Transactions 229 Retail Inventory Method 306
Recording Sales of Merchandise 230 A Look at IFRS 328
Sales Returns and Allowances 231
Sales Discounts 232 Chapter 7
Completing the Accounting Cycle 234
Adjusting Entries 234 Fraud, Internal Control,
Closing Entries 234
Summary of Merchandising Entries 235
and Cash 332
Feature Story: Minding the Money in Moose Jaw 332
Forms of Financial Statements 236
Fraud and Internal Control 334
Multiple-Step Income Statement 236
Fraud 334
Single-Step Income Statement 240
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 334
Classified Balance Sheet 240
Internal Control 335
APPENDIX 5A Worksheet for a Merchandising
Principles of Internal Control Activities 336
Company—Perpetual Inventory 244
Limitations of Internal Control 342
Using a Worksheet 244
Cash Controls 344
APPENDIX 5B Periodic Inventory System 246 Cash Receipts Controls 344
Determining Cost of Goods Sold Under a Cash Disbursements Controls 347
Periodic System 246 Petty Cash Fund 348
Recording Merchandise Transactions 247 Control Features: Use of a Bank 352
Recording Purchases of Merchandise 247 Making Bank Deposits 352
Recording Sales of Merchandise 248 Writing Checks 352
Journalizing and Posting Closing Entries 249 Bank Statements 353
Using a Worksheet 250 Reconciling the Bank Account 355
A Look at IFRS 275 Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) System 359
Reporting Cash 360
Chapter 6 Cash Equivalents 360
Restricted Cash 361
Inventories 278 A Look at IFRS 383
Feature Story: “Where Is That Spare
Bulldozer Blade?” 278 Chapter 8
Classifying and Determining Inventory 280
Classifying Inventory 280 Accounting for Receivables 386
Determining Inventory Quantities 281 Feature Story: A Dose of Careful Management Keeps
Receivables Healthy 386
xx
Types of Receivables 388 Accounting for Bond Redemptions 498
Accounts Receivable 388 Accounting for Long-Term Notes Payable 500
Recognizing Accounts Receivable 389 Statement Presentation and Analysis 502
Valuing Accounts Receivable 390 APPENDIX 10A Present Value Concepts
Disposing of Accounts Receivable 396 Related to Bond Pricing 507
Notes Receivable 399 Present Value of a Single Amount 507
Determining the Maturity Date 400 Present Value of Interest Payments
Computing Interest 401 (Annuities) 509
Recognizing Notes Receivable 401 Time Periods and Discounting 510
Valuing Notes Receivable 401 Computing the Present Value of a Bond 510
Disposing of Notes Receivable 402 APPENDIX 10B Effective-Interest Method of
Statement Presentation and Analysis 405 Bond Amortization 512
Presentation 405 Amortizing Bond Discount 512
Analysis 405 Amortizing Bond Premium 514
A Look at IFRS 426 APPENDIX 10C Straight-Line Amortization 516
Amortizing Bond Discount 516
Chapter 9 Amortizing Bond Premium 517
A Look at IFRS 539
Plant Assets, Natural Resources,
and Intangible Assets 428
Feature Story: How Much for a
Chapter 11
Ride to the Beach? 428
Plant Assets 430 Corporations: Organization, Stock
Determining the Cost of Plant Assets 430
Depreciation 433 Transactions, Dividends, and
Expenditures During Useful Life 441 Retained Earnings 542
Plant Assets Disposals 442 Feature Story: What’s Cooking? 542
Natural Resources 444 The Corporate Form of Organization 544
Depletion 445 Characteristics of a Corporation 544
Presentation 445 Forming a Corporation 546
Intangible Assets 446 Stockholder Rights 548
Accounting for Intangible Assets 447 Stock Issue Considerations 548
Research and Development Costs 449 Corporate Capital 551
Statement Presentation and Analysis 450 Accounting for Stock Transactions 553
Presentation 450 Accounting for Common Stock 553
Analysis 451 Accounting for Treasury Stock 556
APPENDIX 9A Exchange of Plant Assets 455 Accounting for Preferred Stock 560
Loss Treatment 455 Dividends 562
Gain Treatment 456 Cash Dividends 562
A Look at IFRS 475 Stock Dividends 565
Stock Splits 567
Chapter 10 Retained Earnings 569
Retained Earnings Restrictions 570
Liabilities 480 Prior Period Adjustments 571
Feature Story: Financing His Dreams 480 Retained Earnings Statement 571
Current Liabilities 482 Statement Presentation and Analysis 573
Notes Payable 482 Presentation 573
Sales Taxes Payable 483 Analysis 574
Payroll and Payroll Taxes Payable 484 APPENDIX 11A Stockholders’ Equity
Unearned Revenues 486 Statement 578
Current Maturities of Long-Term Debt 487 APPENDIX 11B Book Value—Another per Share
Statement Presentation and Analysis 488 Amount 579
Long-Term Liabilities 489 Book Value per Share 579
Bond Basics 489 Book Value versus Market Price 580
Accounting for Bond Issues 494 A Look at IFRS 600
xxi
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BUSH-FIRE ON THE MAKONDE PLATEAU
Our manner of life here is, of course, essentially different from that
followed on the march. Life on the march is always full of charm,
more especially in a country quite new to one; and mine has so far
been entirely without drawbacks. In African travel-books we find
that almost every expedition begins with a thousand difficulties. The
start is fixed for a certain hour, but no carriers appear, and when at
last the leader of the expedition has, with infinite pains, got his men
together, they have still endless affairs to settle, wives and
sweethearts to take leave of, and what not, and have usually vanished
from the traveller’s ken on the very first evening. In my case
everything went like clockwork from the start. I can blame no one
but myself for the quarter of an hour’s delay in starting from Lindi,
which was caused by my being late for breakfast. On the second
morning the askari could not quite get on with the folding of the
tent, and Moritz with the best will in the world failed to get my
travelling-lamp into its case, which was certainly a very tight fit. But
with these exceptions we have all behaved as if we had been on the
road for months. Anyone who wants a substantial breakfast first
thing in the morning, after the English fashion, should not go
travelling in Africa. I have given directions to wake me at five.
Punctually to the minute, the sentinel calls softly into the tent,
“Amka, bwana” (“Wake up, sir”). I throw both feet over the high
edge of the trough-like camp bed, and jump into my khaki suit. The
water which Kibwana, in the performance of his duties as
housemaid, has thoughtfully placed at the tent door overnight, has
acquired a refreshing coolness in the low temperature of a tropic
night in the dry season. The shadow of the European at his toilet is
sharply outlined on the canvas by the burning lamp, which, however,
does not confine its illumination to its owner, but radiates a circle of
light on the shining brown faces of the carriers and the askari. The
former are busy tying up their loads for the march, while the soldiers
are ready to rush on the tent like a tiger on his prey, so soon as the
white man shall have finished dressing and come out. In the
twinkling of an eye the tent is folded, without a word spoken, or a
superfluous movement; it is division of labour in the best sense of
the word, faultlessly carried out. Meanwhile the traveller goes to his
camp-table, takes a hurried sip of tea, cocoa, or whatever his
favourite beverage may be, eating at the same time a piece of bread
baked by himself, and now stands ready for the march. “Tayari?”
(“Ready?”) his voice rings out over the camp. “Bado” (“Not yet”) is
the invariable answer. It is always the same lazy or awkward
members of the party who utter this word beloved of the African
servant. The beginner lets himself be misled by it at first, but in a few
days he takes no more notice of the “Bado,” but fires off his “Safari!”
(literally “Journey!”) or (as speedily introduced by me), “Los!”[13] at
the band in general, flourishes his walking-stick boldly in the air,
thereby indicating to the two leading askari the direction of the
march, and the day’s work has begun.
I do not know how other tribes are accustomed to behave at the
moment of starting, but my Wanyamwezi are certainly neither to
hold nor to bind on these occasions. With evident difficulty each one
has got his load lifted to head or shoulder, and stands in his place
bending under the weight. At the word of command arises an uproar
which baffles description. All the pent-up energy of their throats
rings out into the silent forest; stout sticks rattle in a wild, irregular
rhythm on the wooden cases, and, alas! also on the tin boxes, which
furnish only too good a resonator. The noise is infernal, but it is a
manifestation of joy and pleasure. We are off! and, once on the
march, the Wanyamwezi are in their element. Before long the chaos
of noise is reduced to some order; these men have an infinitely
delicate sense of rhythm, and so the din gradually resolves itself into
a kind of march sung to a drum accompaniment, whose charm even
the legs of the askari—otherwise too dignified for such childish
goings-on—cannot resist.
CAMP AT MASASI
Here at Masasi the tables are turned; my men have a good time,
while I can scarcely get a minute to myself. My escort are quite
magnificently housed, they have moved into the baraza or council-
house to the left of my palatial quarters and fitted it up in the native
way. The negro has no love for a common apartment; he likes to
make a little nest apart for himself. This is quickly done: two or three
horizontal poles are placed as a scaffolding all round the projected
cabin, then a thick layer of long African grass is tied to them, and a
cosy place, cool by day and warm by night, is ready for each one. The
carriers, on the other hand, have built themselves huts in the open
space facing my abode, quite simple and neat, but, to my
astonishment, quite in the Masai style—neither circular hut nor
tembe. The circular hut I shall discuss in full later on, but in case
anyone should not know what a tembe is like, I will here say that the
best notion of it can be got by placing three or four railway carriages
at right angles to one another, so that they form a square or
parallelogram, with the doors inward. This tembe is found
throughout most of the northern and central part of German East
Africa, from Unyamwezi in the west to the coast on the east, and
from the Eyasi and Manyara basin in the north to Uhehe in the
south. The Masai hut, finally, can best be compared with a round-
topped trunk. Though the Masai, as everyone knows, usually stand
well over six feet, their huts, which (quite conformably with the
owners’ mode of life as cattle-breeders par excellence) are neatly and
fragrantly plastered with cowdung, are so low that even a person of
normal stature cannot stand upright in them. My Wanyamwezi,
however, never attempt to stand up in their huts; on the contrary,
they lie about lazily all day long on their heaps of straw.
My activities are all the more strenuous. The tropical day is short,
being only twelve hours from year’s end to year’s end, so that one has
to make the fullest possible use of it. At sunrise, which of course is at
six, everyone is on foot, breakfast is quickly despatched, and then the
day’s work begins. This beginning is curious enough. Everyone who
has commanded an African expedition must have experienced the
persistence of the natives in crediting him with medical skill and
knowledge, and every morning I find a long row of patients waiting
for me. Some of them are my own men, others inhabitants of Masasi
and its neighbourhood. One of my carriers has had a bad time. The
carrier’s load is, in East Africa, usually packed in the American
petroleum case. This is a light but strong wooden box measuring
about twenty-four inches in length by twelve in width and sixteen in
height, and originally intended to hold two tins of “kerosene.” The
tins have usually been divorced from the case, in order to continue a
useful and respected existence as utensils of all work in every Swahili
household; while the case without the tins is used as above stated.
One only of my cases remained true to its original destination, and
travelled with its full complement of oil on the shoulders of the
Mnyamwezi Kazi Ulaya.[14] The honest fellow strides ahead sturdily.
“It is hot,” he thinks. “I am beginning to perspire. Well, that is no
harm; the others are doing the same.... It is really very hot!” he
ejaculates after a while; “even my mafuta ya Ulaya, my European
oil, is beginning to smell.” The smell becomes stronger and the
carrier wetter as the day draws on, and when, at the end of the
march, he sets down his fragrant load, it is with a double feeling of
relief, for the load itself has become inexplicably lighter during the
last six hours. At last the truth dawns on him and his friends, and it
is a matter for thankfulness that none of them possess any matches,
for had one been struck close to Kazi Ulaya, the whole man would
have burst into a blaze, so soaked was he with Mr. Rockefeller’s
stock-in-trade.
Whether it is to be accounted for by a strong sense of discipline or
by an almost incredible apathy, the fact remains that this man did
not report himself on the first day when he discovered that the tins
were leaking, but calmly took up his burden next morning and
carried it without a murmur to the next stopping place. Though once
more actually swimming in kerosene, Kazi Ulaya’s peace of mind
would not even now have been disturbed but for the fact that
symptoms of eczema had appeared, which made him somewhat
uneasy. He therefore presented himself with the words a native
always uses when something is wrong with him and he asks the help
of the all-powerful white man—“Dawa, bwana” (“Medicine, sir”),
and pointed significantly, but with no sign of indignation, to his
condition. A thorough treatment with soap and water seemed
indicated in the first instance, to remove the incrustation of dirt
accumulated in seven days’ marching. It must be said, in justice to
the patient, that this state of things was exceptional and due to
scarcity of water, for Kazi Ulaya’s personal cleanliness was above the
average. I then dressed with lanoline, of which, fortunately, I had
brought a large tin with me. The patient is now gradually getting over
his trouble.
Another case gives a slight idea of the havoc wrought by the jigger.
One of the soldiers’ boys, an immensely tall Maaraba from the
country behind Sudi, comes up every morning to get dawa for a
badly, damaged great toe. Strangely enough, I have at present
neither corrosive sublimate nor iodoform in my medicine chest, the
only substitute being boric acid tabloids. I have to do the best I can
with these, but my patients have, whether they like it or not, got
accustomed to have my weak disinfectant applied at a somewhat
high temperature. In the case of such careless fellows as this
Maaraba, who has to thank his own lazy apathy for the loss of his
toe-nail (which has quite disappeared and is replaced by a large
ulcerated wound), the hot water is after all a well-deserved penalty.
He yells every time like a stuck pig, and swears by all his gods that
from henceforth he will look out for the funsa with the most
unceasing vigilance—for the strengthening of which laudable
resolutions his lord and master, thoroughly annoyed by the childish
behaviour of this giant, bestows on him a couple of vigorous but
kindly meant cuffs.
As to the health of the Masasi natives, I prefer to offer no opinion
for the present. The insight so far gained through my morning
consultations into the negligence or helplessness of the natives as
regards hygiene, only makes me more determined to study other
districts before pronouncing a judgment. I shall content myself with
saying here that the negro’s power of resisting the deleterious
influences of his treacherous continent is by no means as great as we,
amid the over-refined surroundings of our civilized life, usually
imagine. Infant mortality, in particular, seems to reach a height of
which we can form no idea.
Having seen my patients, the real day’s work begins, and I march
through the country in the character of Diogenes. On the first few
days, I crawled into the native huts armed merely with a box of
matches, which was very romantic, but did not answer my purpose. I
had never before been able to picture to myself what is meant by
Egyptian darkness, but now I know that the epithet is merely used on
the principle of pars pro toto, and that the thing belongs to the whole
continent, and is to be had of the very best quality here in the plain
west of the Makonde plateau. The native huts are entirely devoid of
windows, a feature which may seem to us unprogressive, but which is
in reality the outcome of long experience. The native wants to keep
his house cool, and can only do so by excluding the outside
temperature. For this reason he dislikes opening the front and back
doors of his home at the same time, and makes the thatch project
outward and downward far beyond the walls. My stable-lantern,
carried about the country in broad daylight by Moritz, is a great
amusement to the aborigines, and in truth our proceeding might well
seem eccentric to anyone ignorant of our object. In the darkness of a
hut-interior, however, they find their complete justification. First
comes a polite request from me, or from Mr. Knudsen, to the owner,
for permission to inspect his domain, which is granted with equal
politeness. This is followed by an eager search through the rooms
and compartments of which, to my surprise, the dwellings here are
composed. These are not elegant, such a notion being as yet wholly
foreign to the native consciousness; but they give unimpeachable
testimony to the inmates’ mode of life. In the centre, midway
between the two doors is the kitchen with the hearth and the most
indispensable household implements and stores. The hearth is
simplicity itself: three stones the size of a man’s head, or perhaps
only lumps of earth from an ant-heap, are placed at an angle of 120°
to each other. On these, surrounded by other pots, the great earthen
pot, with the inevitable ugali, rests over the smouldering fire. Lying
about among them are ladles, or spoons, and “spurtles” for stirring
the porridge. Over the fireplace, and well within reach of the smoke,
is a stage constructed out of five or six forked poles. On the cross-
sticks are laid heads of millet in close, uniform rows, and under
them, like the sausages in the smoke-room of a German farmhouse,
hang a great number of the largest and finest cobs of maize, by this
time covered with a shining layer of soot. If this does not protect
them from insects, nothing else will; for such is the final end and aim
of the whole process. In the temperate regions of Europe, science
may be concerned with preserving the seed-corn in a state capable of
germination till sowing-time; but here, in tropical Africa, with its all-
penetrating damp, its all-devouring insect and other destroyers, and,
finally, its want of suitable and permanent building material, this
saving of the seed is an art of practical utility. It will be one, and not
the least welcome, of my tasks, to study this art thoroughly in all its
details.
As to the economy of these natives, their struggle with the
recalcitrant nature of the country, and their care for the morrow, I
am waiting to express an opinion till I shall have gained fuller
experience. In the literature dealing with ethnology and national
economy, we have a long series of works devoted to the classification
of mankind according to the forms and stages of their economic life.
It is a matter of course that we occupy the highest stage; all authors
are agreed on one point, that we have taken out a lease of civilization
in all its departments. As to the arrangement of the other races and
nations, no two authors are agreed. The text-books swarm with
barbarous and half-barbarous peoples, with settled and nomadic,
hunter, shepherd, and fisher tribes, migratory and collecting tribes.
One group carries on its economic arts on a basis of tradition,
another on that of innate instinct, finally, we have even an animal
stage of economics. If all these classifications are thrown into a
common receptacle, the result is a dish with many ingredients, but
insipid as a whole. Its main constituent is a profound contempt for
those whom we may call the “nature-peoples.”[15] These books
produce the impression that the negro, for instance, lives direct from
hand to mouth, and in his divine carelessness takes no thought even
for to-day, much less for to-morrow morning.
The reality is quite otherwise, here and elsewhere, but here in an
especial degree. In Northern Germany, the modern intensive style of
farming is characterized by the barns irregularly distributed over the
fields, and in quite recent times by the corn-stacks, both of which,
since the introduction of the movable threshing-machine, have made
the old barn at the homestead well-nigh useless. Here the farming
differs only in degree, not in principle; here, too, miniature barns are
irregularly scattered over the shambas, or gardens; while other food-
stores which surprise us by their number and size are found close to
and in the homestead. If we examine the interior of the house with a
light, we find in all its compartments large earthen jars, hermetically
sealed with clay, containing ground-nuts, peas, beans, and the like,
and neatly-made bark cylinders, about a yard long, also covered with
clay and well caulked, for holding maize, millet and other kinds of
grain. All these receptacles, both outdoor and indoor, are placed to
protect them from insects, rodents and damp, on racks or platforms
of wood and bamboo, from fifteen inches to two feet high, plastered
with clay, and resting on stout, forked poles. The outdoor food-stores
are often of considerable dimensions. They resemble gigantic
mushrooms, with their thatched roofs projecting far beyond the
bamboo or straw structure, which is always plastered with mud
inside and out. Some have a door in their circumference after the
fashion of our cylindrical iron stoves; others have no opening
whatever, and if the owner wishes to take out the contents, he has to
tilt the roof on one side. For this purpose he has to ascend a ladder of
the most primitive construction—a couple of logs, no matter how
crooked, with slips of bamboo lashed across them a yard apart. I
cannot sketch these appliances without a smile, yet, in spite of their
primitive character, they show a certain gift of technical invention.
The keeping of pigeons is to us Europeans a very pleasing feature
in the village economy of these parts. Almost every homestead we
visit has one or more dovecotes, very different from ours, and yet
well suited to their purpose. The simplest form is a single bark
cylinder, made by stripping the bark whole from the section of a
moderately thick tree. The ends are fastened up with sticks or flat
stones, a hole is cut in the middle for letting the birds in and out, and