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Rules for WRITERS

8
Rules for WRITERS
Ninth Edition

Diana Hacker

Nancy Sommers
Harvard University

Contributing ESL Specialist

Kimberli Huster
Robert Morris University

9
For Bedford/St. Martin’s
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Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2012, 2008 by Bedford/St. Martin’s.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,

10
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,
or otherwise, except as may be permitted by law or expressly
permitted in writing by the Publisher.
1 2 3 4 5 6 23 22 21 20 19 18

For information, write: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 75 Arlington

Street, Boston, MA 02116

ISBN: 978-1-319-20781-6(mobi)

Acknowledgments

Adler, Jonathan H., excerpt from “Little Green Lies: The

Environmental Miseducation of America’s Children,” Policy
Review, Summer 1992. Copyright © 1992. Reprinted by
permission of the Heritage Foundation.

Berger, Michelle, excerpt from “Volunteer Army,” Audubon

Magazine, November–December 2010. Copyright © 2010 by
the National Audubon Society. Reprinted by permission.

Rothman, Joshua, “What Amazon’s Purchase of Whole Foods

Really Means,” New Yorker, June 24, 2017. Copyright © 2017
Condé Nast. Reprinted by permission.

Rudloe, Jack, and Anne Rudloe, excerpt from “Electric Warfare:

The Fish That Kill with Thunderbolts,” Smithsonian, vol. 24,
no. 5, 95–105. Copyright © 1993 by Jack and Anne Rudloe.
Reprinted by permission of Jack Rudloe.

11
Taylor, Betsy, “Big Box Stores Are Bad for Main Street,” from
David Masci, “The Consumer Culture,” CQ Researcher, vol.
9, no. 44, November 19, 1999. Copyright © 1999 by CQ Press
Researcher. Reprinted by permission of CQ Press
Researcher, an imprint of SAGE Publications, Inc.;
permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc.

Art acknowledgments and copyrights appear on the same page

as the art selections they cover; these acknowledgments and
copyrights constitute an extension of the copyright page.

12
Contents
Preface for Instructors
Scavenger Hunt: Learning to use Rules for Writers
A PROCESS FOR WRITING
1 Exploring, planning, and drafting
a Assess the writing situation.
b Explore your subject.
c Draft and revise a working thesis statement.
How to solve five common problems with thesis
statements
d Draft a plan.
e Draft an introduction.
f Draft the body.
g Draft a conclusion.
2 Revising, editing, and reflecting
a See revising as a social process.
b Use peer review: Revise with comments.
c Use peer review: Give constructive comments.
How to write helpful peer review comments
d Highlights of one student’s peer review process
SAMPLE ROUGH DRAFT WITH PEER COMMENTS
e Approach global revision in cycles.
f Revise and edit sentences.
g Proofread the final manuscript.

13
 How to improve your writing with an editing log
h Format the final manuscript.
i Sample student revision
SAMPLE STUDENT REVISION
j Prepare a portfolio; reflect on your writing.
3 Building effective paragraphs
a Focus on a main point.
b Develop the main point.
c Choose a suitable pattern of organization.
d Make paragraphs coherent.
e If necessary, adjust paragraph length.

ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

4 Reading and writing critically
a Read actively.
SAMPLE ANNOTATED ARTICLE
How to read like a writer
b Outline a text to identify main ideas.
c Summarize to deepen your understanding.
d Analyze to demonstrate your critical reading.
How to draft an analytical thesis statement
e Sample student writing: Analysis of an article
SAMPLE ANALYSIS PAPER
Writing guide: How to write an analytical essay

5 Reading and writing about multimodal texts

a Read actively.

14
 SAMPLE ANNOTATED ADVERTISEMENT
b Summarize to deepen your understanding.
c Analyze to demonstrate your critical reading.
How to write a summary of a multimodal text
d Sample student writing: Analysis of an
advertisement
SAMPLE ANALYSIS OF AN ADVERTISEMENT

6 Reading arguments
a Distinguish between reasonable and fallacious
argumentative tactics.
b Distinguish between legitimate and unfair
emotional appeals.
c Judge how fairly a writer handles opposing views.
7 Writing arguments
a When writing arguments, identify your purpose and
context.
b View your audience as a panel of jurors.
c In your introduction, establish credibility and state
your position.
How to draft a thesis statement for an argument
d Back up your thesis with persuasive lines of
argument.
e Support your claims with specific evidence.
f Anticipate objections; counter opposing arguments.
g Build common ground.
h Sample student writing: Argument

15
 SAMPLE ARGUMENT PAPER
Writing guide: How to write an argument essay

CLARITY
8 Prefer active verbs.
a Active versus passive verbs
b Active versus be verbs
c Subject that names the actor
9 Balance parallel ideas.
a Parallel ideas in a series
b Parallel ideas presented as pairs
c Repetition of function words
10 Add needed words.
a In compound structures
b that
c In comparisons
d a, an, and the
11 Untangle mixed constructions.
a Mixed grammar
b Illogical connections
c is when, is where, and reason . . . is because
12 Repair misplaced and dangling modifiers.
a Limiting modifiers
b Misplaced phrases and clauses
c Awkwardly placed modifiers
d Split infinitives

16
 e Dangling modifiers
13 Eliminate distracting shifts.
a Point of view (person, number)
b Verb tense
c Verb mood, voice
d Indirect to direct questions or quotations
14 Emphasize key ideas.
a Coordination and subordination
b Choppy sentences
c Ineffective or excessive coordination
d Ineffective subordination
e Excessive subordination
f Other techniques
15 Provide some variety.
a Sentence openings
b Sentence structures
c Inverted order
16 Tighten wordy sentences.
a Redundancies
b Unnecessary repetition
c Empty or inflated phrases
d Simplifying the structure
e Reducing clauses to phrases, phrases to single words
17 Choose appropriate language.
a Jargon

17
 b Pretentious language, euphemisms, “doublespeak”
c Slang, regional expressions, nonstandard English
d Levels of formality
e Sexist language
f Offensive language
18 Find the exact words.
a Connotations
b Specific, concrete nouns
c Misused words
d Standard idioms
e Clichés
f Figures of speech

GRAMMAR
19 Repair sentence fragments.
a Subordinate clauses
b Phrases
c Other fragmented word groups
d Acceptable fragments
20 Revise run-on sentences.
a Revision with coordinating conjunction
b Revision with semicolon, colon, or dash
c Revision by separating sentences
d Revision by restructuring
21 Make subjects and verbs agree.
a Standard subject-verb combinations

18
 b Words between subject and verb
c Subjects joined with and
d Subjects joined with or, nor, either . . . or, or neither
. . . nor
e Indefinite pronouns
f Collective nouns
g Subject following verb
h Subject, not subject complement
i who, which, and that
j Words with plural form, singular meaning
k Titles of works, company names, words mentioned
as words, gerund phrases
22 Make pronouns and antecedents agree.
a Singular with singular, plural with plural (indefinite
pronouns, generic nouns)
b Collective nouns
c Antecedents joined with and
d Antecedents joined with or, nor, either . . . or, or
neither . . . nor
23 Make pronoun references clear.
a Ambiguous or remote reference
b Broad reference with this, that, which, and it
c Implied antecedents
d Indefinite use of they, it, and you
e who for persons, which or that for things
24 Distinguish between pronouns such as I and me.

19
 a Subjective case for subjects and subject
complements
b Objective case for objects
c Appositives
d Pronoun following than or as
e Subjects and objects of infinitives
f Pronoun modifying a gerund
25 Distinguish between who and whom.
a In subordinate clauses
b In questions
c As subjects or objects of infinitives
26 Choose adjectives and adverbs with care.
a Adjectives to modify nouns
b Adverbs to modify verbs, adjectives, and other
adverbs
c good and well, bad and badly
d Comparatives and superlatives
e Double negatives
27 Choose appropriate verb forms, tenses, and moods
in Standard English.
a Irregular verbs
b lie and lay
c -s (or -es) endings
d -ed endings
e Omitted verbs
f Verb tense

20
 g Subjunctive mood

MULTILINGUAL WRITERS AND ESL TOPICS

28 Verbs
a Appropriate form and tense
b Passive voice
c Base form after a modal
d Negative verb forms
e Verbs in conditional sentences
f Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
29 Articles (a, an, the)
a Articles and other noun markers
b When to use the
c When to use a or an
d When not to use a or an
e No articles with general nouns
f Articles with proper nouns
30 Sentence structure
a Linking verb between a subject and its complement
b A subject in every sentence
c Repeated nouns or pronouns with the same
grammatical function
d Repeated subjects, objects, and adverbs in adjective
clauses
e Mixed constructions with although or because
f Placement of adverbs

21
 g Present participles and past participles as adjectives
h Order of cumulative adjectives
31 Prepositions and idiomatic expressions
a Prepositions showing time and place
b Noun (including -ing form) after a preposition
c Common adjective + preposition combinations
d Common verb + preposition combinations

PUNCTUATION
32 The comma
a Independent clauses joined with and, but, etc.
b Introductory elements
c Items in a series
d Coordinate adjectives
e Nonrestrictive and restrictive elements
f Transitional expressions and other word groups
g Direct address, yes and no, interrogative tags,
interjections
h he said etc.
i Dates, addresses, titles, numbers
33 Unnecessary commas
a Between two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses
b Between a verb and its subject or object
c Before the first or after the last item in a series
d Between cumulative adjectives, an adjective and a
noun, or an adverb and an adjective

22
 e Before and after restrictive or parenthetical
elements
f Before essential concluding adverbial elements
g After a phrase beginning an inverted sentence
h Other misuses
34 The semicolon
a Between independent clauses not joined with a
coordinating conjunction
b Between independent clauses linked with a
transitional expression
c In a series containing internal punctuation
d Misuses
35 The colon
a Before a list, an appositive, or a quotation
b Conventional uses
c Misuses
36 The apostrophe
a Possessive nouns
b Possessive indefinite pronouns
c Contractions
d Not for plural numbers, letters, abbreviations,
words as words
e Misuses
37 Quotation marks
a Direct quotations
b Quotation within a quotation

23
 c Titles of short works
d Words as words
e With other punctuation marks
f Misuses
38 End punctuation
a The period
b The question mark
c The exclamation point
39 Other punctuation marks
a The dash
b Parentheses
c Brackets
d The ellipsis mark
e The slash

MECHANICS
40 Abbreviations
a Titles with proper names
b Familiar abbreviations
c Conventional abbreviations
d Units of measurement
e Latin abbreviations
f Plural of abbreviations
g Misuses
41 Numbers
a Spelling out

24
 b Using numerals
42 Italics
a Titles of works
b Names of ships, spacecraft, and aircraft
c Foreign words
d Words as words, letters as letters, numbers as
numbers
43 Spelling
a Spelling rules
b Words that sound alike
c Commonly misspelled words
44 The hyphen
a Compound words
b Hyphenated adjectives
c Fractions and compound numbers
d With certain prefixes and suffixes
e To avoid ambiguity or to separate awkward double
or triple letters
f Word division
45 Capitalization
a Proper vs. common nouns
b Titles with proper names
c Titles and subtitles of works
d First word of a sentence
e First word of a quoted sentence

25
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