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Behaviour therapy_Overview_Bidita_Watermark
Behaviour therapy_Overview_Bidita_Watermark
Behaviour Therapy
Dr. B i d i ta B h
Overview
v Behaviour
B h a t ta
therapyc h a r y
emerged a as a technology
Dr. Biditofa behaviour change in 1930s.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Goals of
Therapy
Goals of ttherapy: t ta c h a r y a
Dr. Bidi a Bha
•Client specifies positive
changes that he/she wants from
counseling
•Focus on what client wants to
do rather than what client does
not want to do
•Client has ownership of goals
•Client and counselor see if
goals are realistic
Goals of therapy:
ha
B t ta c h a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
•Define the goals in concrete
terms; target behaviors
•Discuss behaviors associated
with the goals; antecedents and
consequences
•A plan of action to work
towards the goals
B h at ta c h a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
Clients’ Experience
Client’s experience
B h at ta c h a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
• Client is aware and participants in the
therapeutic process
• Engage in modeling, role-playing, rehearsal
• Completes homework assignments
• Client completes assignments both in and
out of therapy sessions
• Work to generalize behaviors
• Need to be willing to make changes and
continue to implement new behaviors once
treatment has ended
B h at ta c h a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
Therapeutic Techniques
Therapeutic B h at ta c r
techniques
h a y a
Dr.B i d i ta
•Behavioral Assessment: look at
target behavior in terms of
antecedents and consequences,
frequency-intensity-duration
•Use tests, scales, checklists, and
graphs to determine if
intervention is working
•Ongoing process
Therapeutic B h at ta c r
techniques
h a y a
B i d i ta
Dr. •Systematic Desensitization,
• Relaxation Training,
•Assertion Training,
•Self-management Training,
•Biofeedback,
•Flooding,
•EMDR
B h at ta c h a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
Contributions
Contributions:
B h at ta c h a r y a
B
Dr. i d i ta
•Wide variety of techniques
available
•Therapy stresses ‘doing’
•Techniques have been extended to
more areas of human functioning
than any other therapeutic
approach
•Emphasis on research into and
assessment of treatment outcomes
Contributions:
B h at ta c h a r y a
B
Dr. i d i ta
• Therapists are willing to examine
the effectiveness of their
procedures in terms of
generalizability and durability of
change
• Therapists are ethical in their
practice
• Clients have control and freedom
• Clients can monitor and manage
their interventions
Contributions:
B h at ta c h a r y a
B
Dr. i d i ta
Therapeutic Principles
Reinforcement B h at ta c h a r y a
.B i d
Dr•Those i ta
consequences of behaviour, which
increase the probability of its occurrence
and decrease its absence.
•It sets the occasion for behaviour to occur.
•In order to know why a stimulus event will
act as reinforcer – must look into the
learning history and repertoire.
Positive Negative
Difference B hbetween
at ta c h a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
Reinforcement & Reward
Reinforcement Reward
• The act of strengthening • Compensation for
of a response behaving in a given
• Has its basis in its effect way
on behaviour • Is used to indicate a
• Always in terms of subjective state leading
measurable stimulus or to pleasant or
measurable behaviour of satisfying sensations
the individual • It is not
B h at ta c h a r y a
.B i d i
DrPositive ta Reinforcement
• The stimulus that follows a
response and increases its
strength or likelihood of
occurrence.
• Contingent
• Strength of response
Factors influence
B h at ta c h r y a
reinforcer
a
Dr. B i d i ta
effectiveness
• Timing (immediately after the
target response)
• Deprivation (not available) –
most effective when high
• Satiation (exhausted excessively)
• Size
• Type
• Quality
B h at ta c h a r y a
r. B i d i
DIdentifying ta potential reinforcer
•Observation
•Individual’s report about
previous one
•Reinforcement survey
schedule.
Premack principle
Desired behaviour
Negative
consequences
Positive
consequences
Bonuses
B•h a t t
Openlya c h a r y a
negotiated & mutually
rGeneral
. B i d
Dprinciplesi ta agreed.
• In written form with signature
• Recognition should be given for
accomplishments & not paying
when not accomplished.
• An effective contract is often one
in a larger series of contracts
which are used to gradually shape
behaviours.
• Not legally binding & open to
renegotiation.
• a t ta
Academic
Bhbehaviourc h a
or r y a
school related
Expected
r . B i
D outcomed i ta problems,
• Independent living or social skill
training,
• Addiction – habit control,
• Marital problem,
• Delinquent behaviour, bn
•A stimulus is a negative
reinforcer only when its
removal increases the strength
of the response that removes
it.
Negative a c h
reinforcement
B h at t a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
Escape •Is a response that removes or
Behaviour reduces the effects of the
stimulus.
•A negative reinforcer is a
stimulus that signals or sets
the occasion for an escape
response.
Negative a c h
reinforcement
B h at t a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
Avoidance •An individual can avoid a
Behaviour negative reinforcer by
performing a response that
prevents it from occurring.
Escape condition
Avoidance
condition
Escape condition
B h at ta c h a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
Jerry demands
a toy, Jerry’s
threatens to Is paired screaming
with
scream
Father buys
the toy
Termination of
Jerry’s d by
we
screaming Follo
Avoidance attacharya
Dr. idita Bh
Bcondition
Jerry demands a toy,
In the threatens to scream
presence
of Father buys the toy
by
low ed
Fol Jerry’s
screaming
Termination of
n t s t h e
Jerry’s demand & e
Prev of
threat
on s e t
Shaping B h at ta c h a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta •Teaching a desired response
through a series of successive
steps which lead the learner to
the final response.
Response Response
contingent contingent
removal of a +ve presentation of
reinforcer a punisher
Aversive stimuli
B h at ta c h a r y a
Dr. B i d i ta
•An event – typically described
by an indv as unpleasant,
annoying, or painful.
Sufficient intensity
Generaliz • Opposite of
ation discrimination