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Detailed Contents
About the Author
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section I. Foundations for Social Research
1. Science, Society, and Social Research
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Learning About the Social World
Avoiding Errors in Reasoning About the Social World
Observing
Generalizing
Reasoning
Reevaluating
Research in the News: Why Doesn’t the Internet Reach Everyone?
Science and Social Science
Pseudoscience or Science
Motives for Social Research
Types of Social Research
Descriptive Research
Exploratory Research
Explanatory Research
Evaluation Research
Careers and Research
Alternative Research Orientations
Quantitative and/or Qualitative Methods
Positivist or Constructivist Philosophies
Basic Science or Applied Research
Strengths and Limitations of Social Research
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
2. The Process and Problems of Social Research
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Social Research Questions
Identifying Social Research Questions
Refining Social Research Questions
Evaluating Social Research Questions
Feasibility
Social Importance
Scientific Relevance
Careers and Research
Social Theories
Scientific Paradigms
Social Research Foundations
Searching the Literature
Reviewing Research
A Single-Article Review: Formal and Informal Deterrents
to Domestic Violence
An Integrated Literature Review: When Does Arrest Matter?
Social Research Strategies
Explanatory Research
Deductive Research
Research in the News: Investigating Child Abuse Doesn’t Reduce It
Domestic Violence and the Research Circle
Inductive Research
Exploratory Research
Battered Women’s Help Seeking
Descriptive Research
Careers and Research
Social Research Standards
Measurement Validity
Generalizability
Causal Validity
Authenticity
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
 ■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
3. Research Ethics and Research Proposals
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Historical Background
Ethical Principles
Achieving Valid Results
Honesty and Openness
Protecting Research Participants
Avoid Harming Research Participants
Obtain Informed Consent
Avoid Deception in Research, Except in Limited
Circumstances
Maintain Privacy and Confidentiality
Consider Uses of Research So That Benefits Outweigh Risks
The Institutional Review Board
Research in the News: What Would an IRB Say?
Careers and Research
Social Research Proposals
Case Study: Evaluating a Public Health Program
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
Section II. Fundamentals of Social Research
4. Conceptualization and Measurement
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Concepts
Conceptualization in Practice
Substance Abuse
Youth Gangs
 Poverty
Trust
From Concepts to Indicators
Research in the News: What Is Your Race?
Abstract and Concrete Concepts
Operationalizing the Concept of Race
Operationalizing the Concept of Intimate Partner Violence
Operationalizing Social Network Position
From Observations to Concepts
Being “In” and “Out”
Diversity
Measurement
Constructing Questions
Making Observations
Collecting Unobtrusive Measures
Using Available Data
Coding Content
Taking Pictures
Combining Measurement Operations
Triangulation
Careers and Research
Levels of Measurement
Nominal Level of Measurement
Ordinal Level of Measurement
Interval Level of Measurement
Ratio Level of Measurement
The Special Case of Dichotomies
Comparison of Levels of Measurement
Evaluating Measures
Measurement Validity
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Construct Validity
Measurement Reliability
Multiple Times: Test–Retest and Alternate Forms
Multiple Indicators: Interitem and Split-Half
Multiple Observers: Interobserver and Intercoder
Ways to Improve Reliability and Validity
Conclusions
 ■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
5. Sampling and Generalizability
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Sample Planning
The Purpose of Sampling
Define Sample Components and the Population
Evaluate Generalizability
Research in the News: What Are Best Practices for Sampling
Vulnerable Populations?
Assess the Diversity of the Population
Consider a Census
Sampling Methods
Probability Sampling Methods
Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Probability Sampling Methods Compared
Nonprobability Sampling Methods
Availability Sampling
Careers and Research
Quota Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Snowball Sampling
Lessons About Sample Quality
Generalizability in Qualitative Research
Sampling Distributions
Estimating Sampling Error
Sample Size Considerations
Conclusions
■Key Terms
 ■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
6. Research Design and Causation
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Research Design Alternatives
Units of Analysis
Individual and Group
Research in the News: How to Reduce Crime
The Ecological Fallacy and Reductionism
Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Designs
Cross-Sectional Designs
Longitudinal Designs
Quantitative or Qualitative Causal Explanations
Quantitative (Nomothetic) Causal Explanations
Qualitative (Idiographic) Causal Explanations
Careers and Research
Criteria and Cautions for Nomothetic Causal Explanations
Association
Time Order
Experimental Designs
Nonexperimental Designs
Nonspuriousness
Randomization
Statistical Control
Mechanism
Context
Comparing Research Designs
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
 ■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
Section III. Basic Social Research Designs
7. Experiments
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
History of Experimentation
Careers and Research
True Experiments
Experimental and Comparison Groups
Pretest and Posttest Measures
Randomization
Research in the News: Where Did You Hear That?
Limitations of True Experimental Designs
Summary: Causality in True Experiments
Quasi-Experiments
Nonequivalent Control Group Designs
Aggregate Matching
Individual Matching
Ex Post Facto Control Group Designs
Before-and-After Designs
Summary: Causality in Quasi-Experiments
Validity in Experiments
Causal (Internal) Validity
Sources of Internal Invalidity Reduced by a Comparison
Group
Sources of Internal Invalidity Reduced by Randomization
Sources of Internal Invalidity That Require Attention While
the Experiment Is in Progress
Generalizability
Sample Generalizability
Factorial Surveys
External Validity
Interaction of Testing and Treatment
Ethical Issues in Experimental Research
Deception
Selective Distribution of Benefits
Conclusions
 ■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
8. Survey Research
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Survey Research in the Social Sciences
Attractions of Survey Research
Versatility
Efficiency
Generalizability
The Omnibus Survey
Errors in Survey Research
Writing Survey Questions
Avoid Confusing Phrasing
Minimize the Risk of Bias
Maximize the Utility of Response Categories
Avoid Making Either Disagreement or Agreement Disagreeable
Minimize Fence-Sitting and Floating
Combining Questions in Indexes
Designing Questionnaires
Build on Existing Instruments
Refine and Test Questions
Add Interpretive Questions
Careers and Research
Maintain Consistent Focus
Research in the News: What Can Surveys Uncover?
Order the Questions
Make the Questionnaire Attractive
Consider Translation
Organizing Surveys
Mailed, Self-Administered Surveys
Group-Administered Surveys
Telephone Surveys
 Reaching Sample Units
Maximizing Response to Phone Surveys
In-Person Interviews
Balancing Rapport and Control
Maximizing Response to Interviews
Electronic Surveys
Mixed-Mode Surveys
A Comparison of Survey Designs
Ethical Issues in Survey Research
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
9. Quantitative Data Analysis
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Introducing Statistics
Case Study: The Likelihood of Voting
Preparing Data for Analysis
Displaying Univariate Distributions
Graphs
Frequency Distributions
Ungrouped Data
Grouped Data
Combined and Compressed Distributions
Summarizing Univariate Distributions
Research in the News: General Social Survey Shows Infidelity on the
Rise
Measures of Central Tendency
Mode
Median
Mean
Median or Mean?
Measures of Variation
 Range
Interquartile Range
Variance
Standard Deviation
Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie With Statistics
Cross-Tabulating Variables
Constructing Contingency Tables
Graphing Association
Describing Association
Evaluating Association
Controlling for a Third Variable
Intervening Variables
Extraneous Variables
Specification
Careers and Research
Regression Analysis
Analyzing Data Ethically: How Not to Lie About Relationships
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
10. Qualitative Methods
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Fundamentals of Qualitative Methods
History of Qualitative Research
Features of Qualitative Research
Basics of Qualitative Research
The Case Study
Ethnography
Careers and Research
Netnography
Participant Observation
Choosing a Role
 Covert Observation
Overt Observation
Overt Participation (Participant Observer)
Research in the News: Can Taping Interviews Capture a Trend?
Covert Participation
Entering the Field
Developing and Maintaining Relationships
Sampling People and Events
Taking Notes
Managing the Personal Dimensions
Intensive Interviewing
Establishing and Maintaining a Partnership
Asking Questions and Recording Answers
Interviewing Online
Focus Groups
Generalizability in Qualitative Research
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
11. Qualitative Data Analysis
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Features of Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative Data Analysis as an Art
Qualitative Compared With Quantitative Data Analysis
Techniques of Qualitative Data Analysis
Documentation
Organization/Categorization/Condensation
Examination and Display of Relationships
Corroboration/Legitimization of Conclusions
Reflection on the Researcher ’s Role
Alternatives in Qualitative Data Analysis
 Ethnomethodology
Conversation Analysis
Research in the News: What’s in a Message?
Narrative Analysis
Grounded Theory
Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Case-Oriented Understanding
Combining Qualitative Methods
Visual Sociology
Careers and Research
Systematic Observation
Participatory Action Research
Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis
Ethics in Qualitative Data Analysis
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■HyperRESEARCH Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
Section IV. Advanced Social Research Designs
12. Evaluation and Policy Research
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
History of Evaluation Research
Careers and Research
Evaluation Basics
Questions for Evaluation Research
Research in the News: What Motivates Policy Shifts?
Needs Assessment
Evaluability Assessment
Process Evaluation
Impact Analysis
Efficiency Analysis
Design Decisions
Black Box Evaluation or Program Theory
 Researcher or Stakeholder Orientation
Quantitative or Qualitative Methods
Simple or Complex Outcomes
Groups or Individuals
Policy Research
Ethics in Evaluation
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
13. Historical and Comparative Research and Content Analysis
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Overview of Historical and Comparative Research Methods
Historical Social Science Methods
Historical Events Research
Event-Structure Analysis
Oral History
Historical Process Research
Comparative Social Science Methods
Research in the News: Can We Compare Equality on the Board
Across the Globe?
Cross-Sectional Comparative Research
Careers and Research
Comparative Historical Research
Comparative Case Study Designs
Cautions for Comparative Analysis
Demographic Analysis
Content Analysis
Identify a Population of Documents or Other Textual Sources
Determine the Units of Analysis
Select a Sample of Units From the Population
Design Coding Procedures for the Variables to Be Measured
Develop Appropriate Statistical Analyses
 Ethical Issues in Historical and Comparative Research and Content
Analysis
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
14. Secondary Data Analysis and Big Data
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Secondary Data Sources
Careers and Research
U.S. Census Bureau
Research in the News: Long-Term Impact; How Can Research Make
the Connection?
Integrated Public Use Microdata Series
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Other U.S. Government Sources
Independent Investigator Data Sources
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research
Obtaining Data From ICPSR
Institute for Quantitative Social Science
International Data Sources
Qualitative Data Sources
Challenges for Secondary Data Analyses
Big Data
Overview
Issues
Ethical Issues in Secondary Data Analysis and Big Data
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
 ■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
15. Mixed Methods
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
History of Mixed Methods
Philosophy of Mixed Methods
Types of Mixed Methods
Integrated Designs
Embedded Designs
Staged Designs
Complex Designs
Strengths and Limitations of Mixed Methods
Research in the News: What Came First, the Alleged Cause or the
Effect?
Careers and Research
Ethics and Mixed Methods
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
16. Summarizing and Reporting Research
Research That Matters, Questions That Count
Writing Research
Displaying Research
Reporting Research
Journal Articles
Research in the News: How Much Should Social Scientists Report?
Applied Research Reports
Findings From Welfare Reform: What About the Children?
Limitations
 Conclusions
Recommendations
Framing an Applied Report
Careers and Research
Reporting Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Performing Meta-Analyses
Case Study: Patient–Provider Race Concordance and Minority
Health Outcomes
Case Study: Broken Homes and Delinquency
Ethics, Politics, and Research Reports
Communicating With the Public
Plagiarism
Conclusions
■Key Terms
■Highlights
■Student Study Site
■Discussion Questions
■Practice Exercises
■Ethics Questions
■Web Exercises
■Video Interview Questions
■SPSS Exercises
■Developing a Research Proposal
Appendix A: Questions to Ask About a Research Article
Appendix B: How to Read a Research Article
Appendix C: Table of Random Numbers
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
About the Author

Russell K. Schutt,
PhD, is Professor and Chair of Sociology at the University of Massachusetts
Boston and Lecturer on Sociology in the Department of Psychiatry
(Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center) at
the Harvard Medical School. He completed his BA, MA, and PhD degrees at the
University of Illinois at Chicago and was a postdoctoral fellow in the
Sociology of Social Control Training Program at Yale University. In addition
to Investigating the Social World: The Process and Practice of Research and
adaptations of that text—Making Sense of the Social World (with Dan
Chambliss), Research Methods in Psychology (with Paul G. Nestor), The
Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice and Fundamentals of
Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice (with Ronet Bachman), The
Practice of Research in Social Work and Fundamentals of Social Work Research
(with Ray Engel), and Research Methods in Education (with Joseph Check)—he
is the author of Homelessness, Housing, and Mental Illness and Organization in
a Changing Environment, coeditor of Social Neuroscience: Brain, Mind, and
Society and of The Organizational Response to Social Problems, and coauthor
of Responding to the Homeless: Policy and Practice. He has authored and
coauthored 50 peer-reviewed journal articles as well as many book chapters
and research reports on homelessness, service preferences and satisfaction,
mental health, organizations, law, and teaching research methods. His research
has included a mixed-methods investigation of a public health coordinated care
program, a study of community health workers and recruitment for cancer
clinical trials, a mixed-methods study of a youth violence reduction program, a
randomized trial of a peer support program for homeless dually diagnosed
veterans, and a randomized evaluation of housing alternatives for homeless
persons diagnosed with severe mental illness, with funding from the National
Cancer Institute, the Veterans Health Administration, the National Institute of
Mental Health, the John E. Fetzer Institute, and state agencies. His current
scholarly foci are the impact of the social environment on cognitive and
community functioning, the meaning of housing and service preferences, and
the value of alternative organizational and occupational structures for service
delivery. His prior research has also included investigation of social factors in
legal decisions and admission practices and of influences on job and service
satisfaction. Details are available at http://rschutt.wikispaces.umb.edu.
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