USES OF PHYSICS IN TEARMS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

LECTURE 6-7
1) Mechanical wave
To measure the elasticity of internal organs scientists have developed a new biomedical imaging
technique called elastography. Elastography makes use of mechanical waves in order to give doctors
insights into the stiffness of body tissues.
2) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
The three main EMF applications and areas of medicine using EMF sources are: • MRI –
diagnostic imaging • RF ablation – cardiology and cancer (tumour) therapy • Localized
dielectric heating (shortwave diathermy) – physiotherapy.
3) APPLICATIONS OF SIMPLE HARMONIC, PERIODIC, AND OSCILLATION MOTION
IN MEDICINE

Heart health and electrocardiograms (ECG):

o The heart beats in a periodic and oscillatory pattern, with the cardiac muscles
contracting and relaxing.
o ECG waves are periodic patterns that describe the electrical activity of the heart,
which is measured by this procedure.
o Monitoring heart health and diagnosing cardiac diseases are made possible by
examining the periodicity and anomalies of ECG waves.
4) LIGHT WAVES
In addition to photography, the application of light waves extends to many other areas.
For example, light waves are used in medical imaging technologies, such as X-rays, CT
scans, and MRI scans. They are also used in laser surgery, where a concentrated beam
of light is used to remove or reshape tissue.
5) REFLECTION OF LIGHT
X-rays, ultrasounds, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are just a few examples of the imaging
modalities that rely on reflection. These strategies are dependent on the

body's internal structures can be visualised in great detail through light reflection. For instance, sound
waves are reflected off of tissues during ultrasound imaging and are then transformed into pictures
6)MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS OF LIGHT REFRACTION
Vision correction number one: Common visual impairments are caused by refractive abnormalities
such astigmatism, hyperopia, and nearsightedness (myopia). Refraction works to rectify these defects
by the use of eyeglasses, contact lenses, and refractive procedures like LASIK (Laser-Assisted in
Situ Keratomileusis). In order to improve eyesight, lenses or surgical operations change how light
refracts onto the retina.

7) Medical technology applications of light interference

1. Interferometry: Interferometry is a measurement technique that makes use of interference to
provide accurate results. It is used in a variety of applications in medical technology, including:
a. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): OCT is a cross-sectional imaging method that produces
high-resolution pictures of biological tissues using low-coherence interferometry. To inspect the retina
and identify diseases like macular degeneration and glaucoma, it is frequently used in ophthalmology.

LECTURE 8
1) MECHANICAL WAVES
WRITTEN IN LECTURE 6-7
● SOUND WAVE
Sound waves are sent into the body and reflect back to form images the heart, liver, veins, and more. You can measure the movement of the heart and blood

circulation speeds around it. These are things that can't be measured as accurately with other methods such as CT or MRI

● ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
WRITTEN IN LECTURE 6-7
2) CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND WAVES
● FREQUENCY
Medical applications of radio frequency (RF) energy, in the form of
electromagnetic waves (radio waves) or electrical currents, have existed for over
125 years, and now include diathermy, hyperthermy treatment of cancer,
electrosurgery scalpels used to cut and cauterize in operations, and
radiofrequency ablation.
● AMPLITUDE
AMPLITUDE develops and markets high-end products for orthopaedic
surgery, covering the main disorders affecting the hip, knee and
extremities, particularly foot and ankle surgery.
9) SOUND INTENSITY
Ultrasound is an imaging test that utilizes sound waves to generate a picture of organs and tissues in
the body. It is a non-invasive imaging test that is uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-
time pictures.
9) ECHO
An echocardiogram uses sound waves to show how blood flows through the heart and heart valves.
Sensors attached to the chest and sometimes the legs check the heart rhythm during the test. The
test can help a health care provider diagnose heart conditions.
10) DOPPLER EFFECT
The Doppler Effect is commonly used in medicine. It is used in Echocardiogram, Ultrasonography,
Fetal monitoring etc. The Doppler Effect is used to measure the direction and speed of flow of blood
in arteries and veins. It is also used to diagnose vascular problems.
LECTURE 9-10
1) HEAT
Heat therapy systems are devices that supply water of a controlled temperature to regulate a
patient's body temperature or to apply heat therapy to a localized area to relieve pain, promote
blood flow, and increase healing.
2) TEMPERATURE
Medical thermometers allow healthcare professionals to provide accurate diagnosis.
Temperature can be measured in various locations on the body which maintain a stable
temperature. These include oral, axillary(armpit), rectal, tympanic(ear), or temporal(forehead)
3) ENTROPY
Entropy is a quantitative EEG device which captures a single-lead frontal EEG via a 3-
electrode sensor applied to the patient's forehead. The system calculates the "spectral
entropy" of the electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which is a measure of the degree that the
power spectrum is uniform.
4) THERODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics can be used to create a digital twin of any mechanical part of a medical
device. From there, we can estimate its condition. Laws of thermodynamics are fundamental,
and it is easy to build a model that shows how an object's temperature changes.
5) HEAT ENGINE
The therapeutic effects of heat include increasing the extensibility of collagen tissues;
decreasing joint stiffness; reducing pain; relieving muscle spasms; reducing inflammation,
edema, and aids in the post acute phase of healing; and increasing blood flow.
6) REFRIGERATION
As opposed to regular kitchen refrigerators, medical refrigeration requires specially designed
equipment for lab purposes. These fridges provide uniform temperature stability, thereby
preserving critical biological samples and serums.

LECTUTRE 11

1) ELECTROSTATICS
Electrostatic spray technology is used to apply PTFE and other coatings to medical
devices, aeronautic systems and automated electronics.
2) ELECTRIC FIELD
Electrical field is created in biological tissues to stimulate or alter healing process.
Electric field is created on the skin surface to drive ions beneficial to the healing process
into or through the skin.
3) CAPACITOR
Capacitors are employed for use in implantable medical devices such as defibrillators,
insulin pumps and pacemakers, as well as in portable and wearable devices (including
electrocardiograms, ultrasonic echo devices and blood gas analyzers).
LECTURE 12
1) ELECTRIC CURRENT
Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy as a medical treatment. In
medicine, the term electrotherapy can apply to a variety of treatments, including
the use of electrical devices such as deep brain stimulators for neurological
disease.
2) DIRECTION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), a device that uses low-
voltage electrical current to block neurons from sending pain signals to the brain,
has been used in therapy for a variety of painful conditions, from fibromyalgia to
menstrual pain.
3) ALTERNATING CURRENT
4) Use of alternating currents in contact electrotherapy implies much lower stress
on the tissue under the electrode. For these types of currents the capacitive
component of skin resistance is involved, and due to that these currents are very
well tolerated by the patients.
5) DIRECT CURRENT

direct current a current that flows in one direction only; when modeled as a wave,
its amplitude is constant. When used medically it is called galvanic current. This
current has distinct and important polarity and marked secondary chemical
effects

6) RESISTOR
 The purpose of using power resistors is two-fold – To protect the patients from
fluctuations in the medical equipment circuitry and to prevent damage in the
medical equipment due to voltage and power surges. Power Resistors are
designed to withstand and dissipate large amounts of power in a short amount of
time.

7) RESISTANCE

Antimicrobial resistance happens when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the
ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. That means the germs are not
killed and continue to grow. Resistant infections can be difficult, and sometimes
impossible, to treat.
8) CONDUCTIVITY
The power of transmission or conveyance of certain forms of energy, such as
heat, sound, and electricity, without perceptible motion in the conducting body. 2.
The property, inherent in living protoplasm, of transmitting a state of excitation;
e.g., in muscle or nerve.
9) POWER DISSIPATION IN RESISTOR
The purpose of using power resistors is two-fold – To protect the patients from
fluctuations in the medical equipment circuitry and to prevent damage in the
medical equipment due to voltage and power surges. Power Resistors are
designed to withstand and dissipate large amounts of power in a short amount of
time.

LECTURE 13-14
1) ELECTRONICS
Medical electronic devices include pacemakers, defibrillators, drug-
releasing pumps, hearing aids, and diagnostic equipment for measuring,
monitoring, and recording body functions such as heartbeat and brain
waves. Major requirements for medical devices are the following:
Miniaturization
2) SEMICONDUCTOR
Semiconductor-enabled equipment such as magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) machines, pacemakers, blood pressure monitors, chemistry/blood
 gas analyzers, and bedside and wireless patient monitors are changing
lives today
3) EXTRINSIC
originating or due to causes or factors from or on the outside of a body,
organ, or part. renal tumors or cysts … causing extrinsic compression of
the renal vasculature Scientific American Medicine. : originating outside a
part and acting on the part as a whole.
4) Doping EPO is used in the treatment of anemia (low blood count) related
to kidney disease. However, misuse of these substances and techniques
could lead to a range of serious health effectors
5) BIASING
A biased approach to decision making, although practical, may result in
errors. Publication bias in medicine delays the acceptance of novel key
ideas, distorts truth, and may negatively impact outcomes by hindering the
development and testing of candidate therapies.