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Contributors xi Preface xx
Important Features of this Edition xii

Roy C. Amore and Amir Hussain Vasudha Narayanan

Pashaura Singh Anne Vallely

Roy C. Amore
Terry Tak-/ing Woo

john K. Nelson Amir Hussain and Roy C. Amore

Credits 400 Index 402

Contributors xi
Important Features of this Edition xii
Preface and Acknowledgements XX

Basic Human Religion: Looking Both Ways from Stonehenge 4

Looking Forward from Stonehenge 6
What Is Religion? 22
Why Study Religion? 23

2 I Hindu Traditions 26
Origins 31
Classical Hinduism 41
Schools and Communities of Theology 53
Practices. Rituals. and Arts 69
Recent Developments 90
Summary 96
 Contents

3I 1
t
:sikn Traditions
' I I
.<.
.! I
104
Overview 106
Crystallization 118
Practice 126
Differentiation 131
Cultural Expressions 134
Interaction and Adaptation 137
Recent Developments 139
Summary 142

4 I jaina Traditions 146

Overview 149
The Shramana Revolution IS2
The Early Sangha ISS
Major Developments 160
Practice 162
Expressive Dimensions 171
jainas among Others 173
Women 173
Recent Developments 17S
Summary 178
 Contents

5 I Buddhist Traditions 184

Overview 187
The First Gem: The Buddha 187
The Second Gem: The Dharma 198
The Third Gem: The Sangha 204
Early Buddhism 209
Theravada Buddhism 210
Mahayana, the Second Vehicle 217
Vajrayana, the Third Vehicle 232
Interaction and Adaptation in East Asia 239
Cultural Expressions 241
Buddhism in the Modern World 246
Recent Developments 254
Summary 257

6 I Chinese and Korean Traditions 262

Overview 265
The Classical Period to the Qin (c. 2300 BCE-206 BCE) 269
Han Dynasty (202 BCE-220 CE) 286
The Six Dynasties Period (220-589) 295
Sui and Tang (589-907) 306
The Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties (960-1644) 309
The Qing Dynasty and the Republican Period (1644-present) 315
Korean Religions 322
Recent Developments: 1897 to the Present 329
Summary 332
 Contents

7 I japanese Traditions 340

Overview 343
Foundations 351
Pivotal Developments in Japanese Religious History 355
New Emphases in Japanese Religious Practice 357
Continuities of Religious Practice 364
Global and Domestic Trends 367
Recent Developments 371
Summary 374

Religion and Politics 382

Fundamentalism 383
Bioethics 386
The Environment 388
Gender and Sexuality 390
Religious Diversity 393

Credits 400
Index 402
Roy C. Amore is professor and an associate dean in the Faculty of Arts, Humanities and
Social Sciences at the University of Windsor in Ontario. His extensive research in the areas
of comparative religion and Asia has enabled him to author Two Masters, One Message, a book
comparing the lives and teachings of Christ and Buddha, and co-author Lustful Maidens and
Ascetic Kings: Buddhist and Hindu Stories of Life.

Amir Hussain is professor in the Department of Theological Studies at Loyola Marymount Uni-
versity in Los Angeles, where he teaches courses on Islam and world religions. A Canadian of
Pakistani origin, he is the author of Oil and Water: Two Faiths, One God, an introduction to Islam
for North Americans. He is also the editor of the journal of the American Academy of Religion (JAAR).

Vasudha Narayanan is distinguished professor and chair, Department of Religion at the Uni-
versity of Florida and a past president of the American Academy of Religion. She is the author
or editor of seven books and has written more than a hundred articles and chapters in books.
Her current research focuses on Hindu traditions in Cambodia.

john K. Nelson is professor in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at the Uni-
versity of San Francisco. Trained as a cultural anthropologist, he is the author of two books on
Shinto as well as a documentary film on Yasukuni Shrine, and is the author of Experimental
Buddhism: Innovation and Activism in Contemporary japan (2013).

The late Willard G. Oxtoby, the original editor of this work, was professor emeritus at the Uni-
versity of Toronto, where he launched the graduate program in the study of religion. His books
include Experiencing India: European Descriptions and Impressions and The Meaning of Other Faiths .

Pashaura Singh is professor and Dr jasbir Singh Saini endowed chair in Sikh and Punjabi
studies at the University of California, Riverside. He has authored three Oxford monographs,
co-edited five conference volumes, and contributed articles to academic journals, books, and
encyclopedias. His recent book, Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in
the Sikh Tradition (OUP, 2006) was a bestseller in India.

Anne Vallely is associate professor in the Department of Classics and Religious Studies at the
University of Ottawa, where she teaches courses on South Asian traditions (especially Jainism
and Hinduism), as well as nature and religion and death and dying. Her book Guardians of the
Transcendent: An Ethnography of a Jain Ascetic Community (2002) is an anthropological study of
Jain female ascetics. Her co-edited volume Animals and the Human Imagination published in 2010.

Terry Tak-ling Woo teaches at York University and the University of Toronto, Scarborough.
She is involved with courses that introduce the study of religion and East Asian religions. Her
research interests include women in Chinese religions and Chinese religions in diaspora.
1 I J orld Religions: Eastern Traditions , fourth edition, is a readable and reliable introduction to
VV Eastern religions. Expert contributors thoroughly investigate Hindu, Sikh,jaina, Buddhist,
Chinese, Korean, and japanese religious traditions. Highlights of the fourth edition include:

GJ NEW "Recent Developments" sections addressing contemporary issues and practices

GJ NEW learning tools in the form of chapter outlines, chapter summaries, discussion
questions, and Sacred/Foundational Texts tables

GJ NEW content on the roles and experiences of women

Dynamic pedagogical program

Traditions at a Glance boxes give readers a

summary of the basics at the start of each chapter.
 Important Features of This Edition

Timelines help to place religious developments in

historical context.

Informative maps provide useful reference points.

 Important Features of This Edition

A rich and vibrant art program highlights practitioners' lived experience.

lloli"""(S..:r)
TeJ<t(o)
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•O<Jo;g.mb.,.J """'•A,<;.,,,.

Sacred/Foundational Texts tables give students

a convenient summary of the most important
texts in each tradition, how and when they were
composed, and the uses made of them.
 Important Features of This Edition

Sites
Sites boxes draw attention to locations of special significance to each tradition.

Chapter 1: About Religion Sarnath, India 197

Kushinagar, India 198
Tell Megiddo, Israel l3
Bangkok, Thailand 212
Chapter 2: Hindu Traditions Angkor, Cambodia 213
Shaolin, China 227
Kamakhya, Assam 44
Kathmandu, Nepal 233
Badrinath, Uttaranchal 56
Lhasa, Tibet, TAR, China 237
Guruvayur, Kerala 59
Kyoto, Japan 242
Srirangam, Tamilnadu 70
Ajanta Caves, India 243
Madurai, Tamilnadu 72
Kandy,SriLanka 249
Tirumala-Tirupati (also known as Tiruvenkatam),
Andhra Pradesh 73 Chapter 6: Chinese and
Haridwar, Uttaranchal 79
Puri, Orissa 80
Korean Traditions
Vaishno Devi, Jammu and Kashmir 80 Beijing, People's Republic of China 266
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 86 Qufu, Shandong province, People's Republic
Mount Kailas, Tibet 93 ofChina 275
Xian, Shaanxi province, People's Republic of
Chapter 3: Sikh Traditions China 298
Patna, Bihar 113 Wudangshan, Hubei province, People's
Amritsar, Punjab 115 Republic of China 310
Anandpur, Punjab 117 Guangzhou, Guangdong province, People's
Talwandi Saba, Punjab 118 Republic of China 314
Nanded, Maharashtra 135 Mount Gaya and Cheongju City, South Korea 327
Seoul, South Korea 328
Chapter 4: Jaina Traditions
Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh 149
Chapter 7: Japanese Traditions
Shravanabelagola, Karnataka 154 Neighbourhood Temples and Shrines 347
Sammet Shikarji, Jharkand 157 Izumo Shrine 351
Rajasthan, India 160 Nara 353
Palitana, Gujarat 169 Kamakura 358
Jain Centre, Leicester, England 177 Kyoto 360
Jain Center of Greater Boston 178 Ise Shrines 365
Nikko 369
Chapter 5: Buddhist Traditions
Lumbini Park, Nepal 190
Chapter 8: Current Issues
Bodh Gaya, India 195 Ayodhya, India 383
Important Features of This Edition
Document
Document boxes provide a generous selection of excerpts from scripture and other important writings.
Chapter I: About Religion
The Sacrifice 10
Ritual Sacrifice in the Hebrew Bible 11
Divine Energy 14
Avatar Gods 17
The Word of God 21
Chapter 2: Hindu Traditions
The Creation Hymn, Rig Veda 10.129 36
How Many Gods Are There? 39
Gargi Vachaknavi Questions Yajnavalkya 40
From the Bhagavad Gita 43
Becoming a Brahmin 50
From the Songs of Andal 60
From the Tiruvaymoli 62
From Kabir 64
From Mirabai 65
Chapter 3: Sikh Traditions
Guru Nanak's Message to Different Audiences 111
Guru Nanak on Women 112
From the Sacred Writings of the Sikhs 119
From Sikh Hymns and Prayers 130
Chapter 4: jaina Traditions
From the Bhaktamara Stotra 158
From the Acaranga Sutra on Good Conduct 165
The Sakra Stava (Hymn oflndra) 170
Chapter 5: Buddhist Traditions
From the Dhammapada 193
A Woman's Compassionate Wisdom 199
From the Itivuttaka 200
King Milinda Questions Nagasena 208
Pure Land Buddhism: Honen's Testament 225
Chan Buddhism 229
jewel Brocade 255
Chapter 6: Chinese and
Korean Traditions
On the Mandate of Heaven 271
From the Zhuangzi 284
From the Sutra in Forty-two Sections 288
From the Lives of Nuns 299
From the Diamond Sutra 304
From the Platform Sutra, fourth chapter,
"Samadhi and Prajna" 309
From Zhang Zai's Western Inscription 311
Excerpts from the Gateless Gate and Zhuangzi 314
The Lay of King Dongmyeong (Tongmyong) 324
The Holy Mother of Mount Fairy Peach 325
Chapter 7: japanese Traditions
From the Nihon Shoki 352
The Great Way 371
The japan Buddhist Federation's Appeal for
a Lifestyle without Dependence on
Nuclear Power 375
Chapter 8: Current Issues
The Dalai Lama on the Common Ground
between Buddhism and Science 390
Reform judaism and LGBTIQ Teens 392
 Importa nt Features of Th is Edition

Focus
Focus boxes offer additional information on selected subjects.

Chapter 2: Hindu Traditions The Flower Sermon 226

Roshi Robert Aitken 231
Hindu-Muslim Relations 63
The Fourteenth Dalai Lama 238
The Significance of Food 76
Yoga in North America 94 Chapter 6: Chinese and
Chapter 3: Sikh Traditions Korean Traditions
The Nath Tradition 108 The Yin- Yang School 272
Daily Routine of Liturgical Prayers 126 The Guanzi 280
Zhu Xi on Human Nature 313
Chapter 4: jaina Traditions
The Life of Mah avira in the Kalpa Sutra 155
Chapter 7: japanese Traditions
The Mahavratas 165 Taboo Terms at Shinto Shrines 357
Dagen and the Cook 362
Chapter 5: Buddhist Traditions
Shakyamuni and jesus of Nazareth:
Chapter 8: Current Issues
Life-Story Parallels 191 Missionary Religions 394
Buddhist Vehicles and Schools 211
 Important Features of This Edition
End-of-chapter discussion questions enhance students' critical understanding of
key concepts; glossaries explain key terms; and further readings and recommended
websites provide excellent starting points for further research.
378 World Rd igions [.,t<m Trad itions
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Further Reading
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A« ml-onnualjoum •IJ«<i<>t<dto tloe aca<kmi< l<udyof]>pan«< o it< ; .,anyt<m pl<o o iO<>I\.,~ tlorit own<it< < . )
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 Important Features of This Edition

Extensive ancillary package

Instructors benefit from a suite of ancillaries designed to support their teaching goals:

Instructor's Manual contains chapter overviews, lecture outlines, and tutorial discus-
sion questions.
Test Generator includes multiple-choice, true/false, short answer, and essay questions.
PowerPoint Slides cover all key concepts and are easily adapted to suit your course.
NEW Image Bank provides all images and captions, maps, and boxed features.

Students have access to a wealth of additional information in the Student Study Guide, which
offers chapter summaries, multiple-choice and short-answer questions with answers, research
questions, reflection questions, fieldwork guidelines, and a bonus chapter on Zoroastrianism.

The late W1llard G. Oxtoby, Roy C. Amore and Amir Hussain

COMPANION
World Reltgtons Eastern Tradtttans , Fourth Edttton
WEBSITE ISBN 13· 9780199002818

~.:.. :...·· About the Book

World . ·· The fourth edition of World Religions: Eastern Instructor Resources
Religions Traditions provides students with an

=- · ~··.
·····
,.._, ' """"
-·' , .. ···
authoritative examination of religions of the
Eastern world. In this contrib ute d text, experts
on Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, and
Chinese, Korean, and Japanese religions
You need a password to access these resources.
Please contact your local
Sales and Edltorjal Representative for more
information.

. A ···; employ extensive knowle dge and rigorous

research to thoroughly investigate each
fascinating tradition.
Student Resources
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Sa mple Materia l
Contact & Comments
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This is the fourth edition of a successful textbook project started by the late Will Oxtoby, Pro-
fessor at the University of Toronto. Will believed that only those who loved classroom teaching
could write a good textbook. And he wanted authors who could write about each religion in
a scholarly but appreciative way. In choosing contributors, Amir Hussain, the co-editor of the
companion volume World Religions: Western Traditions, and I have tried to be true to Will's
vision. A goal of both volumes is to include both male and female voices and to give attention
to women's experience throughout each chapter.
Will wrote in his original foreword that before 1979, many people used to ask him why
he was wasting his time on something as unimportant as religion, but that those questions
stopped after Iran's Islamic Revolution. I have a similar story. Before I moved over to political
science, I taught in a religious studies department. Sometimes political science students would
ask me why anyone interested in politics would bother with religion. Since the attacks of Sep-
tember 2001, not a single student has raised that question. On the contrary, understanding the
world's major religious traditions seems more important now than ever before.
This fourth edition of the Eastern Traditions volume, like its Western counterpart, updates
the material, incorporates more focus and text boxes, moves the site boxes from the chapter
end to their proper context, adds discussion questions, and improves the colour layout that
students appreciated in the previous edition. The two new volumes share their opening and
concluding chapters, on the nature of religion and current trends respectively.
 Preface

@ Acknowledgements
I wish to express my appreciation to all the teacher-scholars who have contributed to this
volume. They have produced a sound and engaging text, and several of them also contributed
photographs for their chapters. I enjoyed working with my co-editor Amir Hussain on the proj-
ect as a whole and on the chapters that open and close this book. I also deeply appreciate the
support and advice on content I have received from my wife, Michelle Morrison, and from so
many of my students at the University of Windsor.
At Oxford University Press I would like to thank Katherine Skene and Stephen Kotowych
for their encouragement, Meagan Carlsson for her developmental guidance, and Sally Living-
ston for her hands-on editorial work. I am also grateful to all the reviewers whose comments
helped to shape this volume, both those whose names are listed below and those who wished
to remain anonymous:

Christopher R. Austin, Dalhousie University

Adam Barkman, Redeemer University College
Larry DeVries, Langara College
Gillian McCann, Nipissing University
justine Noel, Camosun College
Lee Rainey, Memorial University of Newfoundland

Finally, on behalf of all the authors, I wish to thank the many practitioners of Eastern reli-
gious traditions who, over the years, have answered our questions, posed for our cameras, and
allowed us to observe them at worship, sometimes even inviting us to take tea with them or
share their food. It is, after all, their spiritual lives that this book is all about.

Roy C. Amore
March 2013
University of Windsor
 .,
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 During this period of six months no less
than five hundred and sixty-five deaths are
recorded under the head of morbi vanie. In
other words, those men died without having
received sufficient medical attention for the
determination of even the name of the
disease causing death.
During the month of August fifty-three
cases and fifty-three deaths are recorded as
due to marasmus. Surely this large number
of deaths must have been due to some other
morbid state than slow wasting. If they were
due to improper and insufficient food, they
should have been classed accordingly, and if
to diarrhea or dysentary or scurvy, the
classification in like manner should have
been explicit.
We observe a progressive increase of the
rate of mortality, from 3.11 per cent. in March
to 9.09 per cent. of mean strength, sick and
well, in August. The ratio of mortality
continued to increase during September, for
notwithstanding the removal of one-half the
entire number of prisoners during the early
portion of the month, one thousand seven
hundred and sixty-seven (1,767) deaths are
registered from September 1 to 21, and the
largest number of deaths upon any one day
occurred during this month, on the 16th, viz:
one hundred and nineteen.
The entire number of Federal prisoners
confined at Andersonville was about forty
thousand six hundred and eleven; and
during the period of near seven months, from
February 24 to September 21, nine thousand
four hundred and seventy-nine (9,479)
deaths were recorded; that is, during this
period near one-fourth, or more, exactly one
in 4.2, or 23.3 per cent. terminated fatally.
This increase of mortality was due in great
measure to the accumulation of the sources
of disease, as the increase of excrements
and filth of all kinds, and the concentration of
noxious effluvia, and also to the progressive
effects of salt diet, crowding, and the hot
climate.

CONCLUSIONS.
1st. The great mortality among the Federal
prisoners confined in the military prison at
Andersonville was not referable to climatic
causes, or to the nature of the soil and
waters.
 2d. The chief causes of death were scurvy
and its results and bowel affections—chronic
and acute diarrhea and dysentery. The
bowel affections appear to have been due to
the diet, and the habits of the patients, the
depressed, dejected state of the nervous
system and moral and intellectual powers,
and to the effluvia arising from the
decomposing animal and vegetable filth. The
effects of salt meat, and the unvarying diet
of corn-meal, with but few vegetables, and
imperfect supplies of vinegar and sirup, were
manifested in the great prevalence of scurvy.
This disease, without doubt, was also
influenced to an important extent in its origin
and course by the foul animal emanations.
3d. From the sameness of the food and
form, the action of the poisonous gasses in
the densely crowded and filthy stockade and
hospital, the blood was altered in its
constitution, even before the manifestation
of actual disease. In both the well and the
sick the red corpuscles were diminished; and
in all diseases uncomplicated with
inflammation, the fibrous element was
deficient. In cases of ulceration of the
mucous membrane of the intestinal canal,
the fibrous element of the blood was
increased; while in simple diarrhea,
uncomplicated with ulceration, it was either
diminished or else remained stationary.
Heart clots were very common, if not
universally present in cases of ulceration of
the intestinal mucous membrane, while in
the uncomplicated cases of diarrhea and
scurvy, the blood was fluid and did not
coagulate readily, and the heart clots and
fibrous concretions were almost universally
absent. From the watery condition of the
blood, there resulted various serous
effusions into the pericardium, ventricles of
the brain, and into the abdomen. In almost
all the cases which I examined after death,
even the most emaciated, there were more
or less serous effusions into the abdominal
cavity. In case of hospital gangrene of the
extremities, and in case of gangrene of the
intestines, heart clots and fibrous coagula
were universally present. The presence of
these clots in the cases of hospital
gangrene, while they were absent in the
cases in which there were no inflammatory
symptoms, sustains the conclusion that
hospital gangrene is a species of
inflammation, imperfect and irregular though
it may be in its progress, in which the fibrous
element and coagulation of the blood are
increased, even in those who are suffering
from such a condition of the blood, and from
such diseases as are naturally accompanied
with a disease in the fibrous constituent.
4th. The fact that hospital gangrene
appeared in the stockade first, and
originated spontaneously without any
previous contagion, and occurred
sporadically all over the stockade and prison
hospital, was proof positive that this disease
will arise whenever the conditions of
crowding, filth, foul air, and bad diet are
present. The exhalations of the hospital and
stockade appeared to exert their effects to a
considerable distance outside of these
localities. The origin of hospital gangrene
among the prisoners appeared clearly to
depend in great measure to the state of the
general system induced by diet, and various
external noxious influences. The rapidity of
the appearance and action of the gangrene
depended upon the powers and state of the
constitution, as well as upon the intensity of
the poison in the atmosphere, or upon the
direct application of poisonous matter to the
wounded surface. This was further illustrated
by the important fact that hospital gangrene,
or a disease resembling it in all essential
respects, attacked the intestinal canal of
patients laboring under ulceration of the
bowels, although there were no local
manifestations of gangrene upon the surface
of the body. This mode of termination in case
of dysentery was quite common in the foul
atmosphere of the Confederate States
Military Hospital, in the depressed, depraved
condition of the system of these Federal
prisoners.
5th. A scorbutic condition of the system
appeared to favor the origin of foul ulcers,
which frequently took on true hospital
gangrene. Scurvy and hospital gangrene
frequently existed in the same individual. In
such cases vegetable diet, with vegetable
acids would remove the scorbutic condition
without curing the hospital gangrene. From
the results of the existing war for the
establishment of the independence of the
Confederate States, as well as from the
published observations of Dr. Trotter, Sir
Gilbert Blane, and others of the English navy
and army, it is evident that the scorbutic
condition of the system, especially in
crowded ships and camps, is most favorable
to the origin and spread of foul ulcers and
hospital gangrene. As in the present case of
Andersonville, so also in past times when
medical hygiene was almost entirely
neglected, those two diseases were almost
universally associated in crowded ships. In
many cases it was very difficult to decide at
first whether the ulcer was a simple result of
scurvy or the action of the prison or hospital
gangene, for there was great similarity in the
appearance of the ulcers in the two
diseases. So commonly have those two
diseases been confined to their origin and
action, that the description of scorbutic
ulsers, by many authors, evidently includes
also many of the prominent characteristics of
hospital gangrene. This will be rendered
evident by an examination of the
observations of Dr. Lind and Sir Gilbert
Blane upon scorbutic ulcers.
6th. Gangrenous spots followed by rapid
destruction of the tissue appeared in some
cases where there has been no known
wound. Without such well established facts,
it might be assumed that the disease was
propagated from one patient to another. In
such a filthy and crowded hospital as that of
the Confederate States Military Prison at
Andersonville, it was impossible to isolate
the wounded from the sources of actual
contact with gangrenous matter. The flies
swarmed over the wounds and over filth of
every kind, the filthy, imperfectly washed and
scanty supplies of rags, and the limited
supply of washing utensils, the same wash-
bowl serving for scores of patients were
sources of such constant circulation of the
gangrenous matter that the disease might
rapidly spread from a single gangrenous
wound. The fact already stated, that a form
of moist gangrene, resembling hospital
gangrene, was quite common in this foul
atmosphere, in cases of dysentery, both with
and without the existance of the entire
service, not only demonstrates the
dependence of the disease upon the state of
the constitution, but proves in the clearest
manner that neither the contact of the
poisonous matter of gangrene, nor the direst
action of the poisonous atmosphere upon
the ulcerated surface are necessary to the
development of the disease.
7th. In this foul atmosphere amputation did
not arrest hospital gangrene; the disease
almost universally returned. Almost every
amputation was followed finally by death,
either from the effects of gangrene or from
the prevailing diarrhea and dysentery. Nitric
acid and escharoties generally in this
crowded atmosphere, loaded with noxious
effluvia, exerted only temporary effects; after
their application to the diseased surfaces,
the gangrene would frequently returned with
redoubled energy; and even after the
gangrene had been completely removed by
local and constitutional treatment, it would
frequently return and destroy the patient. As
far as my observation extended, very few of
the cases of amputation for gangrene
recovered. The progress of these cases was
frequently very deceptive. I have observed
after death the most extensive
disorganization of the stump, when during
life there was but little swelling of the part,
and the patient was apparently doing well. I
endeavored to impress upon the medical
officers the view that on this disease
treatment was almost useless, without an
abundance of pure, fresh air, nutricious food,
and tonics and stimulants. Such changes,
however, as would allow of the isolation of
the cases of hospital gangrene appeared to
be out of the power of the medical officers.
8th. The gangrenous mass was without
true puss, and consisted chiefly of broken-
down, disorganized structures. The reaction
of the gangrenous matter in certain stages
was alkaline.
9th. The best, and in truth the only means
of protecting large armies and navies, as
well as prisoners, from the ravages of
hospital gangrene, is to furnish liberal
supplies of well-cured meat, together with
fresh beef and vegetables, and to enforce a
rigid system of hygene.
10th. Finally, this gigantic mass of human
misery calls loudly for relief, not only for the
sake of suffering humanity, but also on
account of our own brave soldiers now
captive in the hands of the Federal
Government. Strict justice to the gallant men
of the Confederate armies, who have been
or who may be, so unfortunate as to be
compelled to surrender in battle, demands
that the Confederate Government should
adopt that course which will best secure their
health and comfort in captivity; or at least
leave their enemies without a shadow of an
excuse for any violation of the rules of
civilized warfare in the treatment of
prisoners.”

(END OF WITNESS’S TESTIMONY.)

 S U M M A RY

The variation—from month to month—of the

proportion of deaths to the whole number of living is
singular and interesting. It supports the theory I have
advanced above, as the following facts taken from
the official report, will show:
In April one in every sixteen died.
In May one in every twenty-six died.
In June one in every twenty-two died.
In July one in every eighteen died.
In August one in eleven died.
In September one in every three died.
In October one in every two died.
In November one in every three died.
Does the reader fully understand that in
September one-third of those in the pen died, that in
October one-half of the remainder perished, and in
November one-third of those who still survived, died?
Let him pause for a moment and read this over
carefully again, because its startling magnitude will
hardly dawn upon him at first reading. It is true that
the fearful disproportionate mortality of those months
was largely due to the fact that it was mostly the sick
that remained behind, but even this diminishes but
little the frightfulness of the showing. Did anyone
ever hear of an epidemic so fatal that one-third of
those attacked by it in one month died; one-half of
the remnant the next month, and one-third of the
feeble remainder the next month? If he did his
reading has been much more extensive than mine.
 T H E WA R ’ S D E A D .

The total number of deceased Union

soldiers during and in consequence of the
war, is 316,233. Of these, only 175,764 have
been identified, and the rest will probably
remain for ever unknown. Of the grand total,
36,868 are known to have been prisoners of
war who died in captivity. There are seventy-
two National Cemeteries for the dead of the
Union armies, besides which there are 320
local and Post cemeteries. The largest of the
Government grounds are: Arlington, Va., the
former homestead of General Robert E. Lee,
15,547 graves; Fredericksburg, Va., 15,300
graves; Salisbury, N. C., 12,112 graves;
Beaufort, S. C., 10,000 graves;
Andersonville, Ga., 13,706 graves; Marietta,
Ga., 10,000 graves; New Orleans, La.,
12,230 graves; Vicksburg, Miss., 17,012
graves; Chattanooga, Tenn., 12,964 graves;
Nashville, Tenn., 16,529 graves; Memphis,
Tenn., 13,958 graves; Jefferson Barracks,
near St. Louis, Mo., 8,601 graves. The
National Cemetery near Richmond, Va.
contains 6,276 graves, of which 5,450 are of
unknown dead, mostly prisoners of war. The
cemeteries are kept in good condition, and
are generally well sodded and planted with
ornamental trees.
 EX-PRISONERS AND
PENSIONERS.

The following is an Appeal to Congress in behalf of

the ex-prisoners of war, issued by Felix LaBaume,
President of the “National Ex-Prisoners of War
Association,” and I hope that the united efforts of
every one of the survivors will be concentrated with
an object in view which shall substantially benefit
those who performed a most valuable service in
putting down the rebellion, suffering horrors and
privations that cannot fully be described, and for
which privations and sufferings they have never been
recognized in the existing pension laws.

APPEAL TO CONGRESS.

It is a historical fact that in the early part of

1864, shortly after the battles of the
wilderness, certain high officials of the
Federal government decided that it was
more economical to stop the exchange of
prisoners of war entirely.
The policy of non-exchange was
understood to be based on the following
facts:
That a soldier counted for more in the
Confederate army then acting on the
defensive; that many of the Andersonville
prisoners were men whose term of service
had already expired, that all of them were
disabled by starvation and exposure, and
unfit for further service, while every
Confederate was able-bodied and “in for the
war” so that an exchange would have been a
gratuitous strengthening of the armies of the
Confederacy, which, at the same time, would
have prevented the prisoners held in the
South from falling into the hands of
Sherman.
August 14th, 1864, General Grant
telegraphed to General Butler: “It is hard on
our men held in Southern prisons, not to
exchange them, but it is humane to those left
in the ranks to fight our battles. If we now
commence a system of exchange which
liberates all prisoners taken, we will have to
fight on till the whole South is exterminated.
If we hold those captured, they count for
more than dead men.”
In accordance with General Grant’s
opinion General Butler then wrote a letter in
reply to General Ould’s proposals of
exchange.
In his famous Lowell speech, Butler said:
“In this letter these questions were argued
justly, as I think, not diplomatically, but
obtrusively and demonstratively, not for the
purpose of furthering an exchange of
prisoners, but for the purpose of preventing
and stopping the exchange, and furnishing a
ground on which we could stand.” The men
who languished at Andersonville and other
Confederate prisons, played, in their
sufferings and death, an active part in the
termination of the war.
This part was not so stirring as charging
on guns or meeting in the clash of infantry
lines. But as the victims of a policy, dictated
by the emergency of a desperate condition
of affairs, their enforced, long continued
hardships and sufferings made it possible for
the Union generals and their armies to
decide the deplorable struggle so much
sooner, and to terminate the existence of the
Confederacy by the surrender at Appomatox.
No soldier or seaman, in this or any other
country, ever made such personal sacrifices
or endured such hardships and privations as
those who fell into the hands of the
Confederates during the late war. The recital
of their sufferings would be scarcely believed
were they not corroborated by so large a
number of unimpeachable witnesses on both
sides.
Colonel C. T. Chandler’s C. S. A. report on
Andersonville, dated Aug. 5, 1864, in which
he said: “It is difficult to describe the horrors
of the prison, which is a disgrace to
civilization,” was endorsed by Col. R. H.
Chilton, Inspector General C. S. A., as
follows: “The condition of the prisoners at
Andersonville is a reproach to us as a
nation.”
The sixty thousand graves filled by the
poor victims of the several prisons, tells a
story that cannot be denied or
misunderstood. When we consider the
hardships and privations to which these men
were subjected, the wonder is not that so
many died, but that any survived. We submit,
it is hardly possible that any man who was
subjected to the hardships and inhuman
treatment of a Confederate prison for even
two or three months only, could come out
any other than permanently disabled.
Statistics show that of those who were
released, nearly five per cent. died before
reaching home. In a few instances there was
a roll kept of thirty to fifty of those men who,
when released, were able to travel home
alone, and it is now found that nearly three-
fourths of the number have since died.
The roll of the Andersonville Survivors
Association shows that during the year 1880,
the number of deaths averaged sixteen and
one-third per cent. of the total membership,
showing an increase of five per cent. over
the death rate of 1879.
But few of the most fortunate of these
survivors will live to see the age of fifty, and
probably within the next ten years the last of
them will have passed away.
Congress has from time to time enacted
laws most just and liberal (or that were