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ebook download (eBook PDF) Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology 2nd Edition all chapter
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8.3 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Reflexes 270 PART 4
Career Spotlight: Occupational Therapist 281
Circulation and Defense
Study Guide 282
Chapter 9
The Nervous System II: The Brain, Cranial Nerves, and
Autonomic Nervous System 285
9.1 Overview of the Brain 286
9.2 Principal Divisions of the Brain 293
9.3 Multiregional Brain Functions 300
9.4 The Cranial Nerves 307
9.5 The Autonomic Nervous System 309
Perspectives on Health 317
Aging of the Nervous System 318
Career Spotlight: Electroneurodiagnostic Technologist 319
Connective Issues 320
© Dr. Yorgos Nikas/Science Source
Study Guide 321
Chapter 10
The Sense Organs 324 Chapter 12
The Circulatory System I: Blood 388
10.1 Receptors and Sensations 325
10.2 The General Senses 328 12.1 Introduction 389
10.3 The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell 331 12.2 Erythrocytes 393
10.4 The Ear—Equilibrium and Hearing 335 12.3 Leukocytes 399
10.5 The Eye and Vision 344 Perspectives on Health 403
Perspectives on Health 355 12.4 Platelets 405
Aging of the Sense Organs 356 Career Spotlight: Phlebotomist 409
Career Spotlight: Optician 356 Connective Issues 410
Study Guide 357 Study Guide 411
Chapter 11
The Endocrine System 360
Chapter 13
The Circulatory System II: The Heart and
11.1 Overview of the Endocrine System 361 Blood Vessels 414
11.2 Endocrine Physiology 364
13.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System 415
11.3 The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 367
13.2 Gross Anatomy of the Heart 418
11.4 Other Endocrine Glands and Tissues 373
Perspectives on Health 424
Perspectives on Health 381
13.3 Physiology of the Heart 425
11.5 Stress Physiology 382
13.4 General Anatomy of Blood Vessels 433
Aging of the Endocrine System 383
13.5 Physiology of Circulation 438
Career Spotlight: Diabetes Educator 383
13.6 Circulatory Routes and Blood Vessels 444
Connective Issues 384
Aging of the Circulatory System 460
Study Guide 385
Career Spotlight: Electrocardiographic Technician 461
Connective Issues 462
Study Guide 463
vii
Chapter 14 Chapter 16
The Lymphatic System and Immunity 466 The Urinary System 525
14.1 The Lymphatic System 467 16.1 Functions of the Urinary System 526
14.2 Innate Immunity 476 16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney 528
14.3 Features of Adaptive Immunity 482 16.3 Glomerular Filtration 534
14.4 Cellular and Humoral Immunity 487 16.4 Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 539
Perspectives on Health 493 16.5 Water Conservation 541
Aging of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems 494 Perspectives on Health 543
Career Spotlight: Public Health Nurse 494 16.6 Urine Storage and Elimination 544
Connective Issues 495 16.7 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 548
Study Guide 496 Aging of the Urinary System 553
Career Spotlight: Dialysis Technician 553
Connective Issues 554
PART 5 Study Guide 555
Intake and Output
Chapter 17
The Digestive System 558
17.1 Overview of the Digestive System 559
17.2 The Mouth Through Esophagus 563
17.3 The Stomach 567
Perspectives on Health 574
17.4 The Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas 574
17.5 The Small Intestine 579
17.6 Chemical Digestion and Absorption 583
17.7 The Large Intestine 587
Aging of the Digestive System 591
Career Spotlight: Dental Hygienist 591
Connective Issues 592
Study Guide 593
© Susumu Nishinaga/Science Source
Chapter 18
Chapter 15 Nutrition and Metabolism 596
The Respiratory System 499 18.1 Nutrition 597
15.1 Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System 500 Perspectives on Health 605
15.2 Pulmonary Ventilation 510 18.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism 606
Perspectives on Health 515 18.3 Lipid and Protein Metabolism 610
15.3 Gas Exchange and Transport 516 18.4 Metabolic States and Metabolic Rate 614
Aging of the Respiratory System 520 18.5 Energy Balance and Appetite Regulation 617
Career Spotlight: Respiratory Therapist 520 18.6 Body Heat and Thermoregulation 620
Connective Issues 521 Career Spotlight: Dietitian 624
Study Guide 522 Study Guide 625
viii
PART 6 Chapter 20
Human Life Cycle Human Development and Aging 672
20.1 Fertilization and Preembryonic Development 673
20.2 The Embryonic and Fetal Stages 680
Perspectives on Health 690
20.3 The Neonate 691
20.4 Aging, Senescence, and Death 696
Career Spotlight: Genetic Counselor 700
Study Guide 701
Chapter 19
The Reproductive System 628
19.1 Essentials of Sexual Reproduction 629
19.2 The Male Reproductive System 630
19.3 The Female Reproductive System 638
19.4 The Production and Union of Sex Cells 646
Perspectives on Health 660
19.5 Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Lactation 661
Aging of the Reproductive System 667
Career Spotlight: Midwife 667
Connective Issues 668
Study Guide 669
ix
Taking Anatomy & Physiology
to New Heights
∙ Water and oleogustus as primary taste sensations (chapter 10)
Audience ∙ Replacement of nonspecific resistance with innate immunity
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, second edition, is intended (chapter 14)
for students in associate degree, certification, and career-training ∙ Meanings of immunity and immune system (chapter 14)
programs; students in high-school advanced placement classes;
∙ Expanded discussions of cellular and humoral immunity
students who are seeking a general education science class; and
(chapter 14)
those who may not have set foot in a college classroom for many
years. The prose and vocabulary in Essentials of Anatomy & ∙ Updates on polio and HIV (chapter 14)
Physiology are appropriate to serve this broad spectrum of readers. ∙ Updated view of female urinary sphincter (chapter 16)
Keeping in mind that many students are interested in e xploring ∙ Hepcidin and iron metabolism (chapter 17)
medical professions, a “Career Spotlight” feature has been included ∙ Gut microbiota (chapter 17)
in every chapter, and references to further career information are ∙ Updates on papillomavirus, genital warts, and cervical cancer
found in appendix B. (chapter 19)
Keeping pace with changing terminology, the new edition
What’s New in the Second has updated terms to agree with the latest Gray’s Anatomy and
Edition? the Terminologia Anatomica and to delete little-used synonyms
and obsolete eponyms.
The new edition of Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology by
Saladin and McFarland has been significantly updated. A hall-
mark of the first edition, according to both students and review- Enhanced Content
ers, is the exceptionally clear writing. In this new edition, the This new edition updates and enhances anatomical and physiological
authors have analyzed explanations to ensure accessibility for concepts:
readers who do not have an extensive scientific background. In
∙ Pseudopods as a cell surface feature (chapter 3)
addition, numerous scientific updates, new photographs and
∙ Proteasomes (chapter 3)
illustrations, and enhanced pedagogical features are included.
∙ Vitamin D synthesis and functions (chapter 5)
∙ Steps of muscle excitation, contraction, and relaxation
Updated Science (chapter 7)
The second edition presents the following updated or new scien- ∙ New terminology of muscle attachments (chapter 7)
tific information: ∙ Action potential steps (chapter 8)
∙ New guidelines on trans fats (chapter 2) ∙ Congestive heart failure (chapter 13)
∙ Expanded roles for vitamin D (chapter 5) ∙ Benefits of exercise on the aging cardiovascular system
∙ Expanded role of astrocytes, including their vasomotor role (chapter 13)
(chapter 8) ∙ Cellular and humoral immunity (chapter 14)
∙ Spinal cord injuries and paralysis (chapter 8) ∙ Pressure changes during inspiration and expiration (chapter 15)
∙ Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease (chapter 8) ∙ Structure and function of the male prepuce (chapter 19)
x
New Photographs New and Enhanced Art
∙ Figure 1.1: new brain scans ∙ Figure 1.4: negative feedback in response to drop in
∙ Figure 3.12: fluorescent micrograph of cytoskeleton blood pressure
∙ Figure 4.12: squamous cells from the mucosa of the vagina ∙ Figure 3.6: pseudopods
∙ Figure 6.3: bone marrow histology ∙ Figure 3.9: mechanism of osmosis
∙ Figure 10.20: SEM of human rods and cones ∙ Figure 6.25: surface anatomy of the clavicle
∙ Figure 11.13: histology of ovarian follicle ∙ Figure 7.5: organization and size principle of motor units
∙ Figure 12.3: TEM of erythrocytes in a capillary ∙ Figure 9.7: functions of the five cerebral lobes
∙ Figure 12.8: color TEM of an eosinophil ∙ Figure 10.7: pediatric versus adult auditory tubes
∙ Figure 13.5: polymer cast of coronary circulation ∙ Figure 13.4: cross-sectional shapes and relationships of
∙ Figure 14.8: cadaver abdomen showing position of spleen heart ventricles
∙ Figure 19.2: electron micrograph of seminiferous tubule ∙ Figure 14.17: stages of cellular immunity
∙ Figure 19.8: malignant Pap smear ∙ Figure 18.6: environmental temperatures versus core and
shell body temperatures
∙ Figure 20.7: embryonic and fetal developmental stages
New Pegagogy
In each chapter “Study Guide,” students are asked to analyze 10
false statements and to correct them, in contrast to the first
edition, where they were prompted to distinguish between 5 true
and 5 false statements.
Many of the “Apply What You Know” questions have been
revised to further elicit critical thinking.
xi
Making Anatomy & Physiology
Intriguing and Inspiring
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology crafts the facts of A&P into
art and prose in a way that makes the book exciting and reward- Muscle
fiber
ing to read. Nucleus
I band
Photography Mitochondria
Z disc
Openings into
transverse tubules
as visual learners.
Sarcoplasm
Epineurium
ganglion
to assess student
Blood
understanding of the Learning vessels (b)
xii
Expected Learning
Outcomes
This book provides a ready-made course
outline of course objectives and means of
assessment with its “Expected Learning
Outcomes” presented at the start of each
chapter section.
xiii
Making Anatomy & Physiology
Intriguing and Inspiring
Stimulating Prose
Far more than “just the facts,” Essentials of
Anatomy & Physiology’s narrative style weaves
the facts into an engaging story of human form
and function. Vivid analogies that captivate the
imagination make complex concepts easy to
understand.
xv
Making Anatomy & Physiology
Intriguing and Inspiring
Tying It All Together
Base Camp
∙ “Base Camp” lists key concepts from e arlier
chapters that a student should know before
embarking on the new one, and effectively
ties all chapters together into an integrated
whole.
Connective Issues
∙ No organ system functions in isolation. The
“Connective Issues” tool shows how every organ
system affects all other body systems, and gen-
erates a more holistic understanding of human
function.
xvi
Career Spotlight
∙ “Career Spotlight” features provide a relevant career idea
in every chapter with basic information on educational
requirements and entry into a career, and expand student
awareness of opportunities in allied health professions.
“Appendix B” refers students to online sources of further
information about 20 career fields and a list of 83 more
health-care career ideas.
Clinical Application
∙ “Clinical Application” essays apply
basic science to interesting issues of
health and disease.
Perspectives on Health
∙ “Perspectives on Health” essays make basic science
relevant to the student’s interest in health and disease.
xvii
Required=Results
Required=Results
©Getty
©GettyImages/iStockphoto
Images/iStockphoto
McGraw-Hill Connect®®
McGraw-HillConnect
Learn
LearnWithout
WithoutLimits
Limits
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Connectisisa ateaching
teachingand
andlearning
learningplatform
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that
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Connect
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empowersstudents
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continually
adapting
adaptingtotodeliver
deliverprecisely
preciselywhatwhatthey
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need,
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Adaptive
THE ADAPTIVE
READING EXPERIENCE
DESIGNED TO TRANSFORM
THE WAY STUDENTS READ
©Getty Images/iStockphoto
SmartBook®
Proven to help students improve grades and
study more efficiently, SmartBook contains
the same content within the print book, but
actively tailors that content to the needs of the
individual. SmartBook’s adaptive technology
provides precise, personalized instruction on
what the student should do next, guiding the
student to master and remember key concepts,
targeting gaps in knowledge and offering
customized feedback, and driving the student
toward comprehension and retention of the
subject matter. Available on smartphones and
tablets, SmartBook puts learning at the student’s
fingertips—anywhere, anytime.
www.mheducation.com
50% of the country’s students
are not ready for A&P
Since 2009, our adaptive programs in A&P have hosted 900,000 unique users who have answered
more than 800 million probes, giving us the only data-driven solutions to help your students get
from their first college-level course to program readiness.
Acknowledgments
I gratefully acknowledge the team at McGraw-Hill who have pro- My heartfelt appreciation goes to our team at McGraw-Hill who
vided excellent ideas and unfailing encouragement t.hroughout this have provided such friendship, collegiality, and support over my
project. I am immensely grateful to my coauthor Ken Saladin for a 20-year history in textbooks; to Robin for adding this new dimen-
rewarding collaboration and firm friendship. I appreciate my col- sion and stimulating collaboration to my writing career; to my
leagues in the biology department at Cabrillo College who inspire colleagues at Georgia College for an atmosphere that supports
me every day with their dedication to student success. Finally, I and rewards such work; and to Diane for her steadfast love and
wish to thank my husband Jeff and my children Reid and encouragement.
Madeleine for their support and patience. Ken Saladin
Robin McFarland
In this edition, we are very pleased to have been able to incorporate real student data points and input, derived from thousands of our
LearnSmart users, to help guide our revision. LearnSmart “heat maps” provided a quick visual snapshot of usage of portions of the text
and the relative difficulty students experienced in mastering the content. With these data points, we were able to hone not only our text
content but also the LearnSmart probes.
∙ If the data indicated that the subject covered was more difficult than other parts of the book, as evidenced by a high proportion of stu-
dents responding incorrectly, we substantively revised or reorganized the content to be as clear and illustrative as possible.
∙ In some sections, the data showed that a smaller percentage of the students had difficulty learning the material. In those cases, we
revised the text to provide a clearer presentation by rewriting the section, providing additional examples to strengthen student problem-
solving skills, designing new text art or figures to assist visual learners, and so on.
∙ In other cases, one or more of the LearnSmart probes for a section was not as clear as it might be or did not appropriately reflect the
content. In these cases, the probe— rather than the text—was edited.
Following is an example of one of the heat maps from chapter 8 that was particularly useful in guiding our revisions. The highlighted
sections indicate the various levels of difficulty students experienced in learning the material. This evidence informed all of the revisions
described in the “What’s New in the Second Edition?” section of this preface.
xxi
Our grateful thanks are extended to these reviewers, who read early drafts of these chapters and provided instructive comments to help
shape the content within these pages.
Smruti A. Desai, Lone Star College–CyFair Jeanine L. Page, Lock Haven University
Maria Florez, Lone Star College–CyFair Krista Rompolski, Drexel University
Leontine M. Lowery, Delaware Technical Community College–Dover Melvin F. Simoyi, Heritage University
Elizabeth A. May, Illinois Central College
xxii
PART 1 Organization of the Body Chapter
The Study of 1
Anatomy and Chapter Outline
1.1 Anatomy—The Structural Basis of Human
Physiology
Function
• The Anatomical Sciences
• Examination of the Body
• Techniques of Medical Imaging
• Anatomical Variation
1.2 Physiology—Dynamic Processes in the
Living Body
• The Physiological Sciences
• Essential Life Functions
• Homeostasis and Feedback
• Physiological Variation
1.3 The Human Body Plan
• Levels of Human Structure
• Anatomical Position
• Anatomical Planes
• Major Body Regions
• Body Cavities and Membranes
• Organ Systems
1.4 The Language of Medicine
• Analyzing Medical Terms
• Singular and Plural Forms
• Directional Terminology
End of Chapter
• Career Spotlight: Radiologic Technologist
• Study Guide
A full-body image
made by magnetic
resonance imaging
(MRI). MRI is one
of several ways of
viewing the interior
of the body without
surgery.
© Science Photo Library/
Getty Images Module 1: Body Orientation
1
2 PART 1 Organization of the Body
Human Function
* *
*
Der Berliner Arzt kam, aber die Sorgen der armen Eltern konnte er
nicht zerstreuen. Ein schmerzlicher Tag ging mit Untersuchungen,
Fragen und Beraten hin. Am Abend kam Hanni, um zu erfahren, wie
alles gewesen, fuhr aber gleich wieder heim und machte ihrem
bekümmerten Herzen in einem Briefe an Käte Luft:
»Meine liebe Käte! O, wenn Du uns heute in Buchdorf gesehen
hättest, Du würdest uns kaum wiedererkannt haben, so anders war
alles als vor drei Wochen. Daß Oda nicht wohl war, erlebtest Du ja
noch; jetzt ist sie so elend, daß man auf alles gefaßt sein muß. –
Wirklich! – Ich spreche es eben zum erstenmal aus, – aber es ist
nicht anders.
Professor Howaldt hat heute verlangt, sie solle in den nächsten
Tagen abreisen – nach Davos. O, wie mir dabei wird! Du kennst
doch das traurige Buch: ›Das große, stille Leuchten‹, in dem der
schwere Kampf der armen, dort Leidenden geschildert wird. Und nun
denke Dir, sie haben ihr den Beschluß – natürlich mit aller Schonung
– mitgeteilt. Oda hat die Nachricht ganz heiter aufgenommen und
gesagt, sie hätte es nicht anders erwartet und wollte gern alles tun,
was verlangt würde. Dann ließen sie sie allein, damit sie Mittagsruhe
hielte. Die Ärzte saßen noch auf der Terrasse, um den Abendzug
abzuwarten, da stürzte Line zitternd und weinend heraus, ›sie
glaube, Fräulein Oda stürbe‹!
Als die anderen fort gewesen, hatte sie das Weinen nicht länger
unterdrücken können. Sie hat gesagt, es sei so übermächtig über sie
gekommen, weil sie es den ganzen Sommer gewaltsam
zurückgehalten. Der Gedanke an die Trennung und die Aussicht, so
bald dies schöne Leben verlassen zu müssen, habe sie überwältigt.
Denke bloß, Käte! Da ist sie so sehr in Erregung gekommen – und
als Line ihre Milch um vier Uhr brachte, fand sie sie von Blut
überströmt.
Sie alle haben ihr nun zugesprochen und versucht, sie zu trösten;
aber sie war schon wieder gefaßt. ›Gesund würde sie nicht wieder,
das fühle sie mit unabweisbarer Sicherheit. Aber sie sollten wirklich
nicht mehr trauern; sie wolle von Herzen gern folgen, wenn Gott
riefe; es sei nur der erste Schreck gewesen! Und das stände bei ihr
fest: so unaussprechlich viel Liebes sie auch verlassen müsse, bei
Gott würde es doch noch schöner sein.‹ Der Professor habe allerlei
angeordnet für ihre Pflege, und gesagt, sie müsse sich nun natürlich
erst etwas erholen, bevor sie reisen könne. Er wolle bald noch
einmal kommen, nach ihr zu sehen.
Ja, Käte, wenn wir so vergnügt sangen: ›Ach, die Rosen welken
all‹, haben wir doch nicht geahnt, daß es so schnell ginge! Denk an
uns und grüße Deine Lieben.
Deine traurige Hanni.«
11. Kapitel.
Die Schatten des Todes.