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Contents

Preface  xi ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y:  Hammurabi’s Laws  44


■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : How Many Legs
Does a Lamassu Have?   46
Introduct io n
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : Babylon, City of Wonders   49
What Is Art History?  1 M a p 2 - 1 Ancient Mesopotamia and Persia   32
Art History in the 21st Century   2
THE BIG PICTURE 53
Different Ways of Seeing   13

3 Egypt from Narmer to Cleopatra 54


1 Art in the Stone Age 14
Fra min g t h e E ra Life after Death in Ancient
F ram ing t he E ra The Dawn of Art   15 Egypt  55
Ti m e l i n e 16
Ti m e l i n e 56
Paleolithic Art  16
Egypt and Egyptology   56
Neolithic Art  23
Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods   56
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : How to Represent
an ­Animal  17 Old Kingdom  60
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Painting in the Dark   20 Middle Kingdom  67
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Why Is There Art in Paleolithic
Caves?  21 New Kingdom  68
M a p 1 - 1 Stone Age sites in Europe   16 First Millennium bce  79
M a p 1 - 2 Neolithic sites in Anatolia and Mesopotamia   24 ■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: The Gods and Goddesses
of Egypt  58
THE BIG PICTURE 29
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Mummification and Immortality   60
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Building the Pyramids
2 Ancient Mesopotamia and ­Persia 30
of Gizeh  62
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : How to Portray
F ram ing t he E ra Pictorial Narration a ­God-King  64
in Ancient Sumer   31 ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Hatshepsut, the Woman Who Would Be
Ti m e l i n e 32 King  69
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Illuminating Buildings
Mesopotamia  32 ­before Lightbulbs  73
Persia  48 M a p 3 - 1 Ancient Egypt  56
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: The Gods and Goddesses
of Mesopotamia  34 THE BIG PICTURE 81

■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Sumerian Votive
­Statuary  35
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Mesopotamian
Seals  39
4 The Prehistoric Aegean 82
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Enheduanna, Priestess and Poet   41 Framing the Era Greece in the Age of Heroes   83
■ T h e Pat r o n ’ s V o i c e : Gudea of Lagash   43 Ti m e l i n e 84

vi

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Greece before Homer   84
Cycladic Art  85 6 The Etruscans 162
Minoan Art  86 Fr ami n g t h e E ra The Painted Tombs
Mycenaean Art  93 of ­Tarquinia  163
Ti m e l i n e 164
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y:  Archaeology, Art History, and the Art
Market  85 Etruria and the Etruscans   164
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: The Theran Eruption and the
Chronology of Aegean Art   91 Early Etruscan Art   164
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Fortified Palaces for Later Etruscan Art   171
a Hostile World   94
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: Etruscan Counterparts
■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : Corbeled Arches, Vaults, of Greco-Roman Gods and Heroes   165
and Domes  95
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : Etruscan Artists in Rome   166
M a p 4 - 1 The prehistoric Aegean   84
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: The “Audacity” of Etruscan
THE B IG PICTURE 101 Women  167
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Houses of the Dead
in a City of the Dead   168

5 Ancient Greece 102


M a p 6 - 1 Italy in Etruscan times   164

THE BIG P ICTURE 175


F ra m i ng t h e Er a The Perfect Temple   103
Ti m e l i n e 104

The Greeks and Their Gods   104 7 The Roman Empire 176
Geometric and Orientalizing Periods   106 Fr ami n g t h e E ra Roman Art as Historical
Archaic Period  109 ­Fiction  177
Ti m e l i n e 178
Early and High Classical Periods   123
Late Classical Period   142 Rome, Caput Mundi  178

Hellenistic Period  150 Republic  179


■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: The Gods and Goddesses Pompeii and the Cities of Vesuvius   186
of Mount Olympus   105
Early Empire  195
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s :  Greek Vase
­Painting  108 High Empire  206
A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : Greek Temple Plans 113

Late Empire  218
■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : Doric and Ionic Orders 114
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Who’s Who in the Roman World   179
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : The Invention of
■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : Roman Concrete
Red-Figure Painting  119
Construction  182
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: Herakles, the Greatest
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Roman Ancestor Portraits   183
Greek Hero  124
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Hollow-Casting ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Art for Former Slaves   185
Life-Size Bronze Statues   127 ■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : An Eyewitness Account of the Eruption
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Polykleitos’s Prescription of Mount Vesuvius   186
for the Perfect Statue   129 ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y:  The Roman House   188
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: The Hegeso Stele   139 ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Role Playing in Roman Portraiture   196
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : White-Ground ■ T h e Pat r o n ’ s V o i c e : The Res Gestae of Augustus   197
­Painting  140
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : Vitruvius’s Ten Books
■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : The Corinthian Capital   149 on ­Architecture  199
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s :  Hippodamos’s Plan for the ■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : The Golden House of Nero   201
Ideal City  151
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Spectacles in the Colosseum   202
M a p 5 - 1 The Greek world   104
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : The Spiral Frieze of the
THE B IG PICTURE 161 Column of Trajan   208

Contents  vii

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : The Ancient World’s ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Icons and Iconoclasm   271
­Largest Dome  211
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Born to the Purple: Empress Zoe   275
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s :  Hadrian and Apollodorus
M a p 9 - 1 The Byzantine Empire at the death of Justinian in 565   258  
of ­Damascus  212
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Iaia of Cyzicus and the THE BIG PICTURE 283
Art of Encaustic Painting   217
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Tetrarchic Portraiture  224
M a p 7- 1 The Roman Empire at the death of Trajan in 117 ce  178 10 The Islamic World 284
THE BIG PICTURE 229 Fr a min g t h e E ra The Rise and Spread
of Islam  285
Ti m e l i n e 286
8 Late Antiquity 230 Early Islamic Art   286
F ram ing t he E ra Romans, Jews, Later Islamic Art   298
and ­Christians  231 ■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: Muhammad
Ti m e l i n e 232 and ­Islam  288

The Late Antique World   232 ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Major Muslim Dynasties   290


■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : The Mosque  291
From the Soldier Emperors to the Sack of Rome   232
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : A Venetian Visitor to the Alhambra   299
From the Sack of Rome to Justinian   248
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : Sinan the Great and the Mosque
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: Early Christian Saints of ­Selim II   302
and Their Attributes   236
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Islamic Tilework  304
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: Jewish Subjects
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Christian Patronage of Islamic Art   308
in Christian Art   238
M a p 1 0 - 1 The Islamic world around 1500   286
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: The Life of Jesus
in Art  240
THE BIG PICTURE 309
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : What Should a Church
Look Like?  242
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Medieval Manuscript
Illumination  245
11 Early Medieval Europe 310

■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Ivory Carving  246 Fr a min g t h e E ra The Psalms of David


■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Mosaics  251 in Ninth-Century France   311
Ti m e l i n e 312
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Picturing the Spiritual
World  254 Europe after the Fall of Rome   312
M a p 8 - 1 The Mediterranean world in Late Antiquity   232
Merovingians and Anglo-Saxons   312
THE BIG PICTURE 255
Vikings  315
Hiberno-Saxon Monasteries  315
9 Byzantium 256 Visigothic and Mozarabic Art   320
F ram ing t he E ra Church and State United   257 Carolingian Empire  321
Ti m e l i n e 258 Ottonian Empire  329
The Christian Roman Empire   258 ■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Cloisonné  313
A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Early Medieval Ship Burials   314
Early Byzantine Art   259 ■

■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Medieval Books  316
Middle Byzantine Art   272
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: The Four Evangelists   318
Late Byzantine Art   280 ■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Beautifying God’s
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : The Emperors of New Rome   261 Words  319
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Placing a Dome ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Charlemagne’s Renovatio Imperii
over a Square   264 ­Romani  322

viii Contents

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : Charlemagne’s Palatine Chapel ■ T h e Pat r o n ’ s V o i c e : Abbot Suger and the Rebuilding
at Aachen  325 of Saint-Denis  375
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: Medieval Monasteries ■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : The Gothic Rib Vault   378
and Benedictine Rule   327
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Paris, the New Center of Medieval
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y:  Theophanu, a Byzantine Princess Learning  380
at the Ottonian Court   334
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : Building a High Gothic
M a p 1 1 - 1 The Carolingian Empire at the death of Charlemagne ­Cathedral  381
in 814  321
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Stained-Glass
­Windows  384
THE B IG PICTURE 337
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Gothic Book Production   394
M a p 1 3 - 1 Europe around 1200   374
12 Romanesque Europe 338 THE BIG P ICTURE 409
F ra m ing t h e Er a The Door to Salvation   339
Ti m e l i n e 340

European Culture in the New Millennium   340


14 Late Medieval Italy 410

France and Northern Spain   340 Fr ami n g t h e E ra Late Medieval


or Proto-­Renaissance?  411
Holy Roman Empire   357
Ti m e l i n e 412
Italy  363
Duecento (13th Century)   412
Normandy and England   365
Trecento (14th Century)   417
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: The Veneration
of ­Relics  341 ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Italian Artists’ Names   413
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Pilgrimage Roads in France ■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: The Great Schism,
and Spain  342 ­Mendicant Orders, and Confraternities   415
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : Timber Roofs and Stone Vaults   345 ■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Fresco Painting  419
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : The Romanesque Revival ■ T h e Pat r o n ’ s V o i c e :  Artists’ Guilds, Artistic Commissions,
of Stone Sculpture   346 and Artists’ Contracts   422
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : Bernard of Clairvaux on Cloister ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y:  Artistic Training in Renaissance ­Italy   426
­Sculpture  348
M a p 1 4 - 1 Italy around 1400   412
■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : The Romanesque Church
­Portal  350 THE BIG P ICTURE 433
■ T h e Pat r o n ’ s V o i c e :  Terrifying the Faithful at Autun   352
R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: The Crusades  354
15 South and Southeast Asia

■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Romanesque Countesses, Queens,


and Nuns  360 before 1200 434
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Embroidery and
­Tapestry  370 Fr ami n g t h e Era The Great Stupa
at Sanchi  435
M a p 1 2 - 1 Western Europe around 1100   342
Ti m e l i n e 436
THE B IG PICTURE 371
South Asia  436
Southeast Asia  454
13 Gothic Europe 372 ■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: The Buddha, Buddhism,
and Buddhist Iconography   439
F ra m ing t h e Er a “Modern Architecture”
■ T h e Pat r o n ’ s V o i c e : Ashoka’s Sponsorship
in the Gothic Age   373 of ­Buddhism  440
Ti m e l i n e 374 ■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : The Stupa  442
“Gothic”  374 ■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : The Painted Caves
of Ajanta  447
France  374
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y:  Hinduism and Hindu
Opus Francigenum outside France   399 ­Iconography  448

Contents  ix

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : Hindu Temples  452
M a p 1 5 - 1 South and Southeast Asian sites before 1200   436 18 Native American Cultures
THE BIG PICTURE 459 before 1300 508
Fra min g t h e Er a War and Human Sacrifice
in Ancient Mexico   509
16 China and Korea to 1279 460 Ti m e l i n e 510

The Ancient Americas   510


F ram i ng t he E ra The First Emperor’s Army
in the Afterlife   461 Mesoamerica  510
Ti m e l i n e 462 Intermediate Area  524
China  462 South America  525
Korea  486 North America  532
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Chinese Earthenwares ■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Mural Painting
and Stonewares  463 at Teotihuacán  515

■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Shang Bronze-­ ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: The Mesoamerican Ball Game   517


Casting  464 ■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : The Underworld, the Sun,
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Chinese Jade  466 and Mesoamerican Pyramid Design   521
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Andean Weaving  527
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Silk and the Silk
Road  467 ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Nasca Lines  528
■ A r c h i t e c t u r a l Ba s i c s : Chinese Wood ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Serpent Mound  534
­Construction  470
M a p 1 8 - 1 Early sites in Mesoamerica   511
■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s : Xie He’s Six Canons   472 M a p 1 8 - 2 Early sites in Andean South America   525
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: Daoism and M a p 1 8 - 3 Early Native American sites in North America   532
­Confucianism  476
■ Mat e r ia l s a n d T e c h n i q u e s : Chinese Painting THE BIG PICTURE 537
­Materials and Formats   479
■ T h e Pat r o n ’ s V o i c e : Emperor Huizong’s Auspicious
Cranes  481 19 Africa before 1800 538
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: Chan Buddhism  485
Fr a min g t h e E ra The Royal Arts of Benin   539
M a p 1 6 - 1 China during the Tang dynasty   462
Ti m e l i n e 540
THE BIG PICTURE 489
African Peoples and Art Forms   540
Prehistory and Early Cultures   541
11th to 18th Centuries   545
17 Japan before 1333 490 ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Dating African Art and Identifying
­African Artists  542
F ram ing t he E ra Buddhism Spreads ■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Art and Leadership in Africa   545
to ­Japan  491
■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Ife Ruler Portraiture   546
Ti m e l i n e 492
■ P r o b l e m s a n d S o l u t i o n s : King Lalibela’s New
Japan before Buddhism   492 Jerusalem in Ethiopia   549
M a p 1 9 - 1 Precolonial African peoples and sites   540
Buddhist Japan  496
■ R e l i g i o n a n d M y t h o l o g y: Shinto  495
THE BIG PICTURE 553

■ W r i t t e n S o u r c e s :  Woman Writers and Calligraphers


at the Heian Imperial Court   501
Notes  554

■ A r t a n d S o c i e t y: Heian and Kamakura Artistic Glossary  555


­Workshops  504 Bibliography  571
M a p 1 7- 1 Japan before 1333   492 Credits  583
THE BIG PICTURE 507 Index  587

x Contents

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface

I take great pleasure in introducing the extensively revised and Italy; to such modernist masterpieces as the Notre-Dame-du-Haut
expanded 15th edition of Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A in Ronchamp, France, and the Guggenheim Museum in New York.
Global History, which, like the 14th edition, is a hybrid art history The 15th edition also features an expanded number of the highly
textbook—the first, and still the only, introductory survey of the acclaimed architectural drawings of John Burge. Together, these
history of art of its kind. This innovative new kind of “Gardner” exclusive photographs, videos, and drawings provide readers with a
retains all of the best features of traditional books on paper while visual feast unavailable anywhere else.
harnessing 21st-century technology to significantly increase the Once again, a scale accompanies the photograph of every
number of works examined—without substantially increasing painting, statue, or other artwork discussed—another unique feature
the size of the text or abbreviating the discussion of each work. of the Gardner text. The scales provide students with a quick and
When Helen Gardner published the first edition of Art through effective way to visualize how big or small a given artwork is and its
the Ages in 1926, she could not have imagined that nearly a century relative size compared with other objects in the same chapter and
later, instructors all over the world would still be using her textbook throughout the book—especially important given that the illus-
(available even in Mandarin Chinese) in their classrooms. Indeed, trated works vary in size from tiny to colossal.
if she were alive today, she would not recognize the book that, even Also retained in this edition are the Quick-Review Captions
in its traditional form, long ago became—and remains—the world’s (brief synopses of the most significant aspects of each artwork or
most widely read introduction to the history of art and architecture. building illustrated) that students have found invaluable when pre-
I hope that instructors and students alike will agree that this new paring for examinations. These extended captions accompany not
edition lives up to the venerable Gardner tradition and even exceeds only every image in the printed book but also all the digital images
their high expectations. in the online supplement. Each chapter also again ends with the
The 15th edition follows the 14th in incorporating an innova- highly popular full-page feature called The Big Picture, which sets
tive new online component that includes, in addition to a host of forth in bullet-point format the most important characteristics of
other features (enumerated below), bonus essays and bonus images each period or artistic movement discussed in the chapter. Also
(with zoom capability) of more than 300 additional important retained from the 14th edition are the timeline summarizing the
works of all eras, from prehistory to the present and worldwide. major artistic and architectural developments during the era treated
The printed and online components of the hybrid 15th edition are (again in bullet-point format for easy review) and a chapter-opening
very closely integrated. For example, every one of the more than essay called Framing the Era, which discusses a characteristic paint-
300 bonus essays is cited in the text of the traditional book, and a ing, sculpture, or building and is illustrated by four photographs.
thumbnail image of each work, with abbreviated caption, is inset Another pedagogical tool not found in any other introduc-
into the text column where the work is mentioned. The integration tory art history textbook is the Before 1300 section that appears at
extends also to the maps, index, glossary, and chapter summaries, the beginning of the second volume of the paperbound version of
which seamlessly merge the printed and online information. the book and at the beginning of Book D of the backpack edition.
Because many students taking the second half of a survey course
will not have access to Volume I or to Books A, B, and C, I have pro-
Key Features of the 15th Edition vided a special (expanded) set of concise primers on architectural
In this new edition, in addition to revising the text of every chapter terminology and construction methods in the ancient and medi-
to incorporate the latest research and methodological developments, eval worlds, and on mythology and religion—information that is
I have added several important features while retaining the basic essential for understanding the history of art after 1300, both in the
format and scope of the previous edition. Once again, the hybrid West and the East. The subjects of these special boxes are Greco-
Gardner boasts roughly 1,700 photographs, plans, and drawings, Roman Temple Design and the Classical Orders; Arches and Vaults;
nearly all in color and reproduced according to the highest standards Basilican Churches; Central-Plan Churches; the Gods and Goddesses
of clarity and color fidelity. Included in this count are updated and of Mount Olympus; the Life of Jesus in Art; Early Christian Saints
revised maps along with hundreds of new images, among them a new and Their Attributes; Buddhism and Buddhist Iconography; and
series of superb photos taken by Jonathan Poore exclusively for Art Hinduism and Hindu Iconography.
through the Ages during three photographic campaigns in G ­ ermany Boxed essays once again appear throughout the book as well.
and Rome in 2012–2014 (following similar forays into France and These essays fall under six broad categories, two of which are new
Tuscany in 2011–2013). The online component also includes custom to the 15th edition:
videos made at architectural sites. This extraordinary new archive Architectural Basics boxes provide students with a sound foun-
of visual material ranges from ancient temples in Rome; to medi- dation for the understanding of architecture. These discussions are
eval, Renaissance, and Baroque churches in France, Germany, and concise explanations, with drawings and diagrams, of the major

  xi

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
aspects of design and construction. The information included is essen- Shannen Hill, University of Maryland; Angela K. Ho, George Mason
tial to an understanding of architectural technology and terminology. University; Julie Hochstrasser, The University of Iowa; Hiroko Johnson,
Materials and Techniques essays explain the various media that San Diego State University; Julie Johnson, The University of Texas at
artists employed from prehistoric to modern times. Because materi- San Antonio; Paul H.D. Kaplan, Purchase College, State University of
als and techniques often influence the character of artworks, these New York; Rob Leith, Buckingham Browne & Nichols School; Brenda
discussions contain essential information on why many monuments Longfellow, The University of Iowa; Susan McCombs, Michigan
appear as they do. State University; Jennifer Ann McLerran, Northern Arizona Univer-
Religion and Mythology boxes introduce students to the princi- sity; Patrick R. McNaughton, Indiana University Bloomington; Mary
pal elements of the world’s great religions, past and present, and to Miller, Yale University; Erin Morris, Estrella Mountain Community
the representation of religious and mythological themes in painting College; Nicolas Morrissey, The University of Georgia; Basil Mout-
and sculpture of all periods and places. These discussions of belief satsos, St. Petersburg College–Seminole; Johanna D. Movassat, San
systems and iconography give readers a richer understanding of Jose State University; Micheline Nilsen, Indiana University South
some of the greatest artworks ever created. Bend; Catherine Pagani, The University of Alabama; Allison Lee
Art and Society essays treat the historical, social, political, cul- Palmer, The University of Oklahoma; William H. Peck, University of
tural, and religious context of art and architecture. In some instances, Michigan–Dearborn; Lauren Peterson, University of Delaware; Holly
specific monuments are the basis for a discussion of broader themes. Pittman, University of Pennsylvania; Romita Ray, Syracuse Univer-
Written Sources present and discuss key historical documents sity; Wendy Wassyng Roworth, The University of Rhode Island;
illuminating important monuments of art and architecture through- Andrea Rusnock, Indiana University South Bend; Bridget Sandhoff,
out the world. The passages quoted permit voices from the past to University of Nebraska Omaha; James M. Saslow, Queens College,
speak directly to the reader, providing vivid and unique insights City University of New York; Anne Rudolph Stanton, University
into the creation of artworks in all media. of Missouri; Achim Timmermann, University of Michigan; David
In the Artists on Art boxes, artists and architects throughout Turley, Weber State University; Lee Ann Turner, Boise State University;
history discuss both their theories and individual works. Marjorie S. Venit, University of Maryland; Shirley Tokash Verrico,
New to the 15th edition are The Patron’s Voice boxed essays, Genesee Community College; Louis A. Waldman, The University of
which underscore the important roles played by the individuals Texas at Austin; Ying Wang, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee;
and groups who paid for the artworks and buildings in determin- Gregory H. Williams, Boston University; and Benjamin C. Withers,
ing the character of those monuments. Also new are boxes designed University of Kentucky.
to make students think critically about the decisions that went into I am especially indebted to the following for creating the
the making of every painting, sculpture, and building from the instructor and student materials for the 15th edition: Ivy Cooper,
Old Stone Age to the present. Called Problems and Solutions, these Southern Illinois University Edwardsville; Patricia D. Cosper (retired),
essays address questions of how and why various forms developed; The University of Alabama at Birmingham; Anne McClanan, Port-
the problems that painters, sculptors, and architects confronted; land State University; Amy M. Morris, The University of Nebraska
and the solutions they used to resolve them. Omaha; Erika Schneider, Framingham State University; and Camille
Other noteworthy features retained from the 14th edition are Serchuk, Southern Connecticut State University. I also thank the
the extensive (updated) bibliography of books in English; a glossary more than 150 instructors and students who participated in surveys,
containing definitions of and page references for italicized terms intro- focus groups, design sprints, and advisory boards to help us better
duced in both the printed and online texts; and a complete museum understand readers’ needs in our print and digital products.
index, now housed online only, listing all illustrated artworks by their I am also happy to have this opportunity to express my gratitude
present location. The host of state-of-the-art online resources accom- to the extraordinary group of people at Cengage Learning involved
panying the 15th edition are enumerated on page xv). with the editing, production, and distribution of Art through the Ages.
Some of them I have now worked with on various projects for nearly
two decades and feel privileged to count among my friends. The suc-
Acknowledgments cess of the Gardner series in all of its various permutations depends
A work as extensive as a global history of art could not be undertaken in no small part on the expertise and unflagging commitment
or completed without the counsel of experts in all areas of world of these dedicated professionals, especially Sharon Adams Poore,
art. As with previous editions, Cengage Learning has enlisted more product manager (as well as videographer extraordinaire); Rachel
than a hundred art historians to review every chapter of Art through Harbour, content developer; Lianne Ames, senior content project
the Ages in order to ensure that the text lives up to the Gardner manager; Chad Kirchner, media developer; Erika Hayden, associ-
reputation for accuracy as well as readability. I take great plea- ate content developer; Elizabeth Newell, associate media developer;
sure in acknowledging here the important contributions to the Rachael Bailey, senior product assistant; Cate Barr, senior art direc-
15th edition made by the following: Patricia Albers, San Jose State tor; Jillian Borden, marketing manager; and the incomparable group
University; Kirk Ambrose, University of Colorado Boulder; Jenny of local sales representatives who have passed on to me the welcome
Kirsten Ataoguz, Indiana University–Purdue University Fort advice offered by the hundreds of instructors they speak to daily dur-
Wayne; Paul Bahn, Hull; Denise Amy Baxter, University of North ing their visits to college campuses throughout North America.
Texas; Nicole Bensoussan, University of Michigan-Dearborn; I am also deeply grateful to the following out-of-house contrib-
Amy R. Bloch, University at Albany, State University of New York; utors to the 15th edition: the incomparable quarterback of the entire
Susan H. Caldwell, The University of Oklahoma; David C. Cateforis, production process, Joan Keyes, Dovetail Publishing Services; Helen
The University of Kansas; Thomas B. F. Cummins, Harvard University; Triller-Yambert, developmental editor; Michele Jones, copy editor;
Joyce De Vries, Auburn University; Verena Drake, Hotchkiss School; Susan Gall, proofreader; Mark Fox, Design is Play, cover designer;
Jerome Feldman, Hawai’i Pacific University; Maria Gindhart, Georgia Frances Baca, text designer; PreMediaGlobal, photo researchers; Cenveo
State University; Annabeth Headrick, University of Denver; Publisher Services; Jay and John Crowley, Jay’s Publishing Services;

xii Preface

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Mary Ann Lidrbauch, art log preparer; and, of course, Jonathan Poore the Perfect Statue,” and “Hippodamos’s Plan for the Ideal City.”
and John Burge, for their superb photos and architectural drawings. New Materials and Techniques box “White-Ground Painting.”
I also owe thanks to two individuals not currently associated with New photographs of the Achilles and Ajax vases by Exekias and
this book but who loomed large in my life for many years: Clark ­Baxter, the Lysippides and Andokides Painters; the Temple of Aphaia
who retired in 2013 at the end of a long and distinguished career, at Aegina; the Parthenon and two sections of its Ionic frieze;
from whom I learned much about textbook publishing and whose Mnesikles’s Propylaia; the Erechtheion and a detail of its caryatid
continuing friendship I value highly; and former coauthor and long- porch; the restored Athena Nike temple; the Phiale Painter’s krater
time friend and colleague, Christin J. Mamiya of the University of with Hermes and Dionysos; Gnosis’s stag hunt mosaic; the the-
Nebraska–Lincoln, with whom I have had innumerable conversations ater at Epidauros; the tholos at Delphi; the choragic monument of
not only about Art through the Ages but the history of art in general. Lyskikrates; and the Barberini Faun.
Her thinking continues to influence my own, especially with regard
6: The Etruscans. New Framing the Era essay “The Painted Tombs
to the later chapters on the history of Western art. I conclude this long
of Tarquinia.” New Problems and Solutions box “Houses of the
(but no doubt incomplete) list of acknowledgments with an expres-
Dead for a City of the Dead.” New section on Etruscan city plan-
sion of gratitude to my colleagues at Boston University and to the
ning. New photographs of the Tarquinian Tomb of the Triclinium
thousands of students and the scores of teaching fellows in my art
and the Tomb of the Leopards, including four new details, as well as
history courses since I began teaching in 1975, especially my research
of the Tomb of the Reliefs at Cerveteri. New plan of Marzabotto and
assistant, Angelica Bradley. From them I have learned much that has
new drawing of arch construction.
helped determine the form and content of Art through the Ages and
made it a much better book than it otherwise might have been. 7: The Roman Empire. New Framing the Era essay “Roman Art as
Fred S. Kleiner Historical Fiction.” New Patron’s Voice box “The Res Gestae of Augus-
tus.” New Written Sources box “Vitruvius’s Ten Books on Architecture.”
New Problems and Solutions boxes “The Spiral Frieze of the Column
Chapter-by-Chapter Changes of Trajan,” “The Ancient World’s Largest Dome,” and “Tetrarchic
in the 15th Edition Portraiture.” New photographs of details of the apotheosis of Antoni-
nus and Faustina; the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli; cubiculum 15 of the
The 15th edition is extensively revised and expanded, as detailed below.
Villa of Agrippa Postumus at Boscotrecase; the Ara Pacis and its
Each chapter contains a revised Big Picture feature, and all maps in the
Tellus panel; the Maison Carrée at Nîmes; the Arch of Titus (general
text are new to this edition. Instructors will find a very helpful figure
view and three reliefs); the Column of Trajan (general view and four
number transition guide in the online instructor companion site.
details of the frieze); the exterior and interior of the Markets of Trajan;
Introduction: What Is Art History? Added 18th-century Benin the Pantheon; the Baths of Neptune at Ostia; the Arch of Constantine
Altar to the Hand and details of Claude Lorrain’s Embarkation of the (general view and detail of the Hadrianic tondi and Constantinian
Queen of Sheba. frieze); the colossal portrait head of Constantine; the Basilica Nova
1: Art in the Stone Age. New Problems and Solutions boxes “How in Rome; and the interior and exterior of the Aula Palatina at Trier.
to Represent an Animal” and “Painting in the Dark.” New bonus essay 8: Late Antiquity. Major reorganization of the chapter in order to
on Göbekli Tepe. New photographs of the Paleolithic Hohlenstein- treat the material in chronological order and merge the previously
Stadel statuette and of Neolithic Jericho, Göbekli Tepe, and Stone- separate discussions of Dura Europos, funerary art, architecture and
henge, as well as a new drawing of post-and-lintel construction. architectural decoration, and luxury arts. New two-page Religion
2: Ancient Mesopotamia and Persia. New Framing the Era essay and Mythology box “Early Christian Saints and Their Attributes”
“Pictorial Narration in Ancient Sumer.” New Problems and Solu- and new Problems and Solutions boxes “What Should a Church
tions boxes “Sumerian Votive Statuary” and “How Many Legs Does a Look Like?” and “Picturing the Spiritual World.” New photographs
Lamassu Have?” New Patron’s Voice box “Gudea of Lagash.” New pho- of the exterior and interior of Santa Costanza and Santa Sabina, the
tographs of the Warka Vase (including three new details), Akkadian Abraham and Lot mosaic in Santa Maria Maggiore, and the Crucifixion
ruler portrait, Lion Gate at Hattusa, Khorsabad lamassu, Ashurbani- panel of Santa Sabina’s wood doors.
pal hunting lions, and the triumph of Shapur I over Valerian. 9: Byzantium. New Problems and Solutions box “Placing a Dome
3: Egypt from Narmer to Cleopatra. New Framing the Era essay over a Square.” Discussion of Vienna Genesis and Rossano Gos-
“Life after Death in Ancient Egypt” and new Problems and Solu- pels transferred from Chapter 8. New photographs of the exterior
tions boxes “Building the Pyramids of Gizeh,” “How to Portray a and interior of Hagia Sophia, the choir and apse of San Vitale, the
God-King,” and “Illuminating Buildings before Lightbulbs.” New Katholikon at Hosios Loukas, and St. Catherine in Thessaloniki.
photographs of the palette of King Narmer, stepped pyramid of 10: The Islamic World. New Art and Society box “Major Muslim
King Djoser, Great Sphinx, tomb of Khnumhotep II, temple com- Dynasties.” New Written Sources box “A Venetian Visitor to the Alham-
plex and hypostyle hall at Karnak, portrait of Tiye with sun disk bra.” New photographs of the exterior and interior of the Dome of the
crown, and temple of Horus at Edfu. Rock in Jerusalem, the mosaics of the Great Mosque of Damascus, the
4: The Prehistoric Aegean. New Problems and Solutions box “For- Great Mosque at Kairouan, the exterior and interior of the Mosque of
tified Palaces for a Hostile World.” New Architectural Basics box Selim II at Edirne, and the Imam Mosque at Isfahan. Expanded discus-
“Corbeled Arches, Vaults, and Domes.” New photographs of the Lion sion and new photographs of the Friday Mosque at Isfahan, with new
Gate, the exterior and interior of the Treasury of Atreus, and Grave photographs and a new bonus essay on the 14th-century mihrab.
Circle A at Mycenae. New restored view of the palace at Knossos.
11: Early Medieval Europe. New Framing the Era essay “The
5: Ancient Greece. New Problems and Solutions boxes “The Psalms of David in Ninth-Century France.” New Materials and Tech-
Invention of Red-Figure Painting,” “Polykleitos’s Prescription for niques box “Cloisonné.” New Art and Society box “Early Medieval

Preface  xiii

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Ship Burials.” New Problems and Solutions box “Beautifying God’s Vishnu Temple at Deogarh and its Ananda panel; the Vishvanatha
Words.” New Written Sources box “Charlemagne’s Palatine Chapel Temple at Khajuraho and its mithuna reliefs; and the Bayon temple
at Aachen.” New bonus essay on Saint Pantaleon at Cologne. New and towers at Angkor.
photographs of the Palatine Chapel at Aachen, abbey church at
Corvey, Saint Cyriakus at Gernrode, Saint Michael’s at Hildesheim, 16: China and Korea to 1279. New Framing the Era essay “The First
and Bernward’s bronze column. Emperor’s Army in the Afterlife.” New Patron’s Voice box “Emperor
Huizong’s Auspicious Cranes.” New in-text discussions of Prince Liu
12: Romanesque Europe. New Framing the Era essay “The Door Sheng’s incense burner and the Sui altarpiece in Boston. Addition of
to Salvation.” New Problems and Solutions box “The Romanesque Li Chang’s A Solitary Temple amid Clearing Peaks. New photographs
Revival of Stone Sculpture.” New Patron’s Voice box “Terrifying of the terracotta soldiers and bronze horses of the Lintong army of
the Faithful at Autun.” New photographs of the tympanum and the First Emperor of Qin; the Han house model in Kansas City; the
trumeau of the south portal and of a historiated capital in the cloister murals in the tomb of Yongtai; Fan Kuan’s Travelers among Moun-
of Saint-Pierre at Moissac, the exterior and interior of Speyer tains and Streams; and the Buddhist cave temple at Seokguram.
Cathedral, and the facade of San Miniato al Monte in Florence. New
bonus essays, with new photographs, on the Krak des Chevaliers in 17: Japan before 1333. New discussion with a new photograph of a
Syria and the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Middle Jomon flame-style vessel and a new bonus essay and bonus
image of the Horyuji pagoda. New photograph of the Yakushiji
13: Gothic Europe. New Framing the Era essay “‘Modern Architec-
triad. New in-text discussion of Fujiwara no Sadanobu’s album leaf
ture’ in the Gothic Age.” New Problems and Solutions box “Building
and a new Written Sources box “Woman Writers and Calligraphers
a High Gothic Cathedral.” New Art and Society box “Gothic Book
at the Heian Imperial Court.”
Production.” New photographs of the rose window of Reims Cathe-
dral; Saint Theodore of the Chartres south transept; the interior of 18: Native American Cultures before 1300. New Framing the Era
Salisbury Cathedral; the Death of the Virgin tympanum of Stras- essay “War and Human Sacrifice in Ancient Mexico.” New Mate-
bourg Cathedral; the Naumburg Master’s Crucifixion and Ekkehard rials and Techniques box “Mural Painting at Teotihuacán.” New
and Uta; the Bamberg Rider; and the exterior and interior of Saint Art and Society box “Nasca Lines.” Reorganized discussion of late
Elizabeth at Marburg. Maya and Classic Veracruz periods. Revised and extended discussion
14: Late Medieval Italy. Expanded discussions of Nicola and of Palenque with the addition of the sarcophagus lid of Lord Pakal.
Giovanni Pisano, Pietro Cavallini, and Orvieto Cathedral. Addition New general view and details of the watercolor copy of the Lord
of Pisa Cathedral pulpit. New photographs of Giovanni Pisano’s Chan Muwan mural at Bonampak, and new photograph of the
Nativity, Pietro Cavallini’s Last Judgment, Giotto’s Entry into Jerusa- Sipán ear ornament.
lem, and the Doge’s Palace in Venice.
19: Africa before 1800. New Framing the Era essay “The Royal Arts
15: South and Southeast Asia before 1200. Expanded chapter of Benin.” New Problems and Solutions box “King Lalibela’s New
with new in-text discussions of Ashoka’s pillar at Lauriya Nandan- Jerusalem in Ethiopia.” Added a 16th-century brass plaque por-
garh and the Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora. New Framing the Era traying a Benin king on horseback, a painted animal plaque from
essay “The Great Stupa at Sanchi.” New Patron’s Voice box “Ashoka’s the Apollo 11 Cave in Namibia, and a Kuba ndop portrait of King
Sponsorship of Buddhism.” New photographs of the Great Stupa at Shyaam aMbul aNgoong. New photograph of the Tassili n’Ajjer rock
Sanchi and its toranas; bodhisattva Padmapani in Ajanta cave 1; the painting depicting a woman with a horned headdress.

a bout the author


Fred S. Kleiner
Fred S. Kleiner (Ph.D., Columbia University) has been the author or coauthor of Gardner’s Art through the
Ages beginning with the 10th edition in 1995. He has also published more than a hundred books, articles,
and reviews on Greek and Roman art and architecture, including A History of Roman Art, also published by
Cengage Learning. Both Art through the Ages and the book on Roman art have been awarded Texty prizes
as the outstanding college textbook of the year in the humanities and social sciences, in 2001 and 2007,
respectively. Professor Kleiner has taught the art history survey course since 1975, first at the University of
Virginia and, since 1978, at Boston University, where he is currently professor of the history of art and archi-
tecture and classical archaeology and has served as department chair for five terms, most recently from
2005 to 2014. From 1985 to 1998, he was editor-in-chief of the American Journal of Archaeology.
Long acclaimed for his inspiring lectures and devotion to students, Professor Kleiner won Boston Uni-
versity’s Metcalf Award for Excellence in Teaching as well as the College Prize for Undergraduate Advising
in the Humanities in 2002, and he is a two-time winner of the Distinguished Teaching Prize in the College of
Arts & Sciences Honors Program. In 2007, he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London,
and, in 2009, in recognition of lifetime achievement in publication and teaching, a Fellow of the Text and
Academic Authors Association.

xiv Preface

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Resources

FOR FACULTY FOR STUDENTS


Instructor Companion Site MindTap for Art through the Ages
Access the Instructor Companion Site to find resources to help you MindTap for Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Global History,
teach your course and engage your students. Here you will find the 15th edition, helps you engage with your course content and
Instructor’s Manual; Cognero computerized testing; and Microsoft achieve greater comprehension. Highly personalized and fully
PowerPoint slides with lecture outlines and images that can be used online, the MindTap learning platform presents authoritative
as offered or customized by importing personal lecture slides or Cengage Learning content, assignments, and services offering
other material. you a tailored presentation of course curriculum created by your
instructor.
Digital Image Library MindTap guides you through the course curriculum via an
Display digital images in the classroom with this powerful tool. This innovative Learning Path Navigator where you will complete read-
one-stop lecture and class presentation resource makes it easy to ing assignments, annotate your readings, complete homework, and
assemble, edit, and present customized lectures for your course. engage with quizzes and assessments. Concepts are brought to life
Available on Flashdrive, the Digital Image Library provides high- with: zoomable versions of close to 1,500 images; videos to rein-
resolutions images (maps, diagrams, and the fine art images from force concepts and expand knowledge of particular works or art
the text) for lecture presentations and allows you to easily add your trends; numerous study tools, including image flashcards; a glos-
own images to supplement those provided. A zoom feature allows sary complete with an audio pronunciation guide; Google EarthTM
you to magnify selected portions of an image for more detailed dis- coordinate links for all works, monuments, and sites discussed in
play in class, or you can display images side-by-side for comparison. the text; and much more! Additional features, such as the ability
to synchronize your eBook notes with your personal EverNote
Google EarthTM account, provide added convenience to help you take your learning
further, faster.
Take your students on a virtual tour of art through the ages!
Resources for the 15th edition include Google EarthTM coordinates
Slide Guides
for all works, monuments, and sites discussed in the text, encour-
aging students to make geographical connections between places The Slide Guide is a lecture companion that allows you to take
and sites. Use these coordinates to start your lectures with a virtual notes alongside representations of the art images shown in class.
journey to locations all over the globe, or take aerial screenshots of This handy resource includes reproductions of the images from the
important sites to incorporate in your lecture materials. book, with full captions and space for note-taking.

  xv

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 ## Caption here

 I-1b Why is the small boat in the foreground much larger than the
 ## Caption here
sailing ship in the distance? What devices did Western artists develop
to produce the illusion of deep space in a two-dimensional painting?

 I-1a Among the questions art historians


ask is why artists chose the subjects they
represented. Why would a 17th-century
French painter set a biblical story in a
contemporary harbor with a Roman ruin?

1 ft.

Claude Lorrain, Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba, 1648. Oil on canvas, 1 ft.
I-1 4' 10" × 6' 4". National Gallery, London.

Cption here
##

 I-1c Why does the large port building at the right edge
of this painting seem normal to the eye when the top and
bottom of the structure are not parallel horizontal lines,
as they are in a real building?

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
#
I N TRO DUCT ION
FRAMING THE ERA
Title Here
What Is Art History?
What is art history? Except when referring to the modern academic discipline, people do not often jux-
A head here
tapose the words art and history. They tend to think of history as the record and interpretation of past
Text
human here.
events, particularly social and political events. In contrast, most think of art, quite correctly, as
part of the present—as something people can see and touch. Of course, people cannot see or touch his-
tory’s vanished human events, but a visible, tangible artwork is a kind of persisting event. One or more
artists made it at a certain time and in a specific place, even if no one now knows who, when, where, or
why. Although created in the past, an artwork continues to exist in the present, long surviving its times.
The first painters and sculptors died 30,000 years ago, but their works remain, some of them exhibited
in glass cases in museums built only a few years ago.
Modern museum visitors can admire these objects from the remote past and countless others pro-
duced over the millennia—whether a large painting on canvas by a 17th-century French artist (fig. I-1),
a wood portrait from an ancient Egyptian tomb (fig. I-14), an illustrated book by a medieval German
monk (fig. I-8), or an 18th-century bronze altar glorifying an African king (fig. I-15)—without any
knowledge of the circumstances leading to the creation of those works. The beauty or sheer size of an
object can impress people, the artist’s virtuosity in the handling of ordinary or costly materials can
dazzle them, or the subject depicted can move them emotionally. Viewers can react to what they see,
interpret the work in the light of their own experience, and judge it a success or a failure. These are all
valid responses to a work of art. But the enjoyment and appreciation of artworks in museum settings are
relatively recent phenomena, as is the creation of artworks solely for museum-going audiences to view.
Today, it is common for artists to work in private studios and to create paintings, sculptures, and
other objects to be offered for sale by commercial art galleries. This is what American artist Clyfford
Still (1904–1980) did when he created his series of paintings (fig. I-2) of pure color titled simply with
the year of their creation. Usually, someone the artist has never met will purchase the artwork and dis-
play it in a setting that the artist has never seen. This practice is not a new phenomenon in the history
of art—an ancient potter decorating a vase for sale at a village market stall probably did not know who
would buy the pot or where it would be housed—but it is not at all typical. In fact, it is exceptional.
Throughout history, most artists created paintings, sculptures, and other objects for specific patrons
and settings and to fulfill a specific purpose, even if today no one knows the original contexts of those
artworks. Museum visitors can appreciate the visual and tactile qualities of these objects, but they can-
not understand why they were made or why they appear as they do without knowing the circumstances
of their creation. Art appreciation does not require knowledge of the historical context of an artwork
(or a building). Art history does.

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ART HISTORY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Art historians study the visual and tangible objects that humans
make and the structures that they build. Scholars traditionally have
classified these works as architecture, sculpture, the pictorial arts
(painting, drawing, printmaking, and photography), and the craft
arts, or arts of design. The craft arts comprise utilitarian objects,
such as ceramics, metalwork, textiles, jewelry, and similar acces-
sories of ordinary living—but the fact that these objects were used
does not mean that they are not works of art. In fact, in some times
and places, these so-called minor arts were the most prestigious art-
works of all. Artists of every age have blurred the boundaries among
these categories, but this is especially true today, when multimedia
works abound.
Beginning with the earliest Greco-Roman art critics, scholars
have studied objects that their makers consciously manufactured
as “art” and to which the artists assigned formal titles. But today’s
art historians also study a multitude of objects that their creators
and owners almost certainly did not consider to be “works of art.”
Few ancient Romans, for example, would have regarded a coin
bearing their emperor’s portrait as anything but money. Today, an
1 ft. art museum may exhibit that coin in a locked case in a climate-
controlled room, and scholars may subject it to the same kind of
art historical analysis as a portrait by an acclaimed Renaissance or
modern sculptor or painter.
The range of objects that art historians study is constantly
expanding and now includes, for example, computer-generated
I-2 Clyfford Still, 1948-C, 1948. Oil on canvas, 6' 8 78 " × 5' 8 34 ". images, whereas in the past almost anything produced using a
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, machine would not have been regarded as art. Most people still con-
Washington, D.C. (purchased with funds of Joseph H. Hirshhorn, sider the performing arts—music, drama, and dance—as outside art
1992). history’s realm because these arts are fleeting, impermanent media.
Clyfford Still painted this abstract composition without knowing who would But during the past few decades, even this distinction between “fine
purchase it or where it would be displayed, but throughout history, most artists art” and “performance art” has become blurred. Art historians, how-
created works for specific patrons and settings. ever, generally ask the same kinds of questions about what they study,
whether they employ a restrictive or expansive definition of art.

Thus a central aim of art history is to determine the original


The Questions Art Historians Ask
context of artworks. Art historians seek to achieve a full under- HOW OLD IS IT? Before art historians can write a history of art,
standing not only of why these “persisting events” of human they must be sure they know the date of each work they study. Thus
history look the way they do but also of why the artistic events an indispensable subject of art historical inquiry is chronology, the
happened at all. What unique set of circumstances gave rise to the dating of art objects and buildings. If researchers cannot determine
construction of a particular building or led an individual patron a monument’s age, they cannot place the work in its historical con-
to commission a certain artist to fashion a singular artwork for a text. Art historians have developed many ways to establish, or at
specific place? The study of history is therefore vital to art history. least approximate, the date of an artwork.
And art history is often indispensable for a thorough understand- Physical evidence often reliably indicates an object’s age. The
ing of history. In ways that other historical documents may not, material used for a statue or painting—bronze, plastic, or oil-based
art objects and buildings can shed light on the peoples who made pigment, to name only a few—may not have been invented before a
them and on the times of their creation. Furthermore, artists and certain time, indicating the earliest possible date (the terminus post
architects can affect history by reinforcing or challenging cultural quem: Latin, “point after which”) someone could have fashioned the
values and practices through the objects they create and the struc- work. Or artists may have ceased using certain materials—such as
tures they build. Although the two disciplines are not the same, specific kinds of inks and papers for drawings—at a known time, pro-
the history of art and architecture is inseparable from the study of viding the latest possible date (the terminus ante quem: Latin, “point
history. before which”) for objects made of those materials. Sometimes the
The following pages introduce some of the distinctive subjects material (or the manufacturing technique) of an object or a building
that art historians address and the kinds of questions they ask, and can establish a very precise date of production or construction. The
explain some of the basic terminology they use when answering study of tree rings, for instance, usually can determine within a nar-
these questions. Readers armed with this arsenal of questions and row range the date of a wood statue or a timber roof beam.
terms will be ready to explore the multifaceted world of art through Documentary evidence can help pinpoint the date of an object
the ages. or building when a dated written document mentions the work. For

2 INTRODUCTION What Is Art History?

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
example, official records may note when church officials commis- display any stylistic unity at all. How would someone define the
sioned a new altarpiece—and how much they paid to which artist. artistic style of the second decade of the new millennium in North
Internal evidence can play a significant role in dating an art- America? Far too many crosscurrents exist in contemporary art for
work. A painter might have depicted an identifiable person or a anyone to describe a period style of the early 21st century—even in
kind of hairstyle, clothing, or furniture fashionable only at a certain a single city such as New York.
time. If so, the art historian can assign a more accurate date to that Regional style is the term that art historians use to describe
painting. variations in style tied to geography. Like an object’s date, its
Stylistic evidence is also very important. The analysis of style— provenance, or place of origin, can significantly determine its char-
an artist’s distinctive manner of producing an object—is the art acter. Very often two artworks from the same place made centuries
historian’s special sphere. Unfortunately, because it is a subjective apart are more similar than contemporaneous works from two
assessment, an artwork’s style is by far the most unreliable chrono- different regions. To cite one example, usually only an expert can
logical criterion. Still, art historians find stylistic evidence a very distinguish between an Egyptian statue carved in 2500 bce and one
useful tool for establishing chronology. made in 500 bce. But no one would mistake an Egyptian statue of
500 bce for one of the same date made in Greece or Mexico.
WHAT IS ITS STYLE? Defining artistic style is one of the key ele- Considerable variations in a given area’s style are possible, how-
ments of art historical inquiry, although the analysis of artworks ever, even during a single historical period. In late medieval Europe,
solely in terms of style no longer dominates the field the way it once French architecture differed significantly from Italian architecture.
did. Art historians speak of several different kinds of artistic styles. The interiors of Beauvais Cathedral (fig. I-3) and the church of
Period style refers to the characteristic artistic manner of a spe- Santa Croce (Holy Cross, fig. I-4) in Florence typify the architec-
cific era or span of years, usually within a distinct culture, such as tural styles of France and Italy, respectively, at the end of the 13th
“Archaic Greek” or “High Renaissance.” But many periods do not century. The rebuilding of the east end of Beauvais Cathedral began
in 1284. Construction commenced on Santa Croce only 10 years
later. Both structures employ the pointed arch characteristic of this
era, yet the two churches differ strikingly. The French church has
towering stone ceilings and large expanses of colored-glass win-
dows, whereas the Italian building has a low timber roof and small,

I-3 Choir of Beauvais Cathedral (looking east), Beauvais, France, I-4 Interior of Santa Croce (looking east), Florence, Italy, begun
rebuilt after 1284. 1294.

The style of an object or building often varies from region to region. This In contrast to Beauvais Cathedral (fig. I-3), this contemporaneous Florentine
cathedral has towering stone vaults and large stained-glass windows typical church conforms to the quite different regional style of Italy. The building has
of 13th-century French architecture. a low timber roof and small windows.

Art History in the 21st Century   3

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1 ft.

I-5 Georgia O’Keeffe, Jack-in-the-Pulpit No. 4, 1930. Oil on canvas,


3' 4" × 2' 6". National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. (Alfred Stieg-
1 ft.
litz Collection, bequest of Georgia O’Keeffe).

O’Keeffe’s paintings feature close-up views of petals and leaves in which the
organic forms become powerful abstract compositions. This approach to paint-
ing typifies the artist’s distinctive personal style.

widely separated clear windows. Because the two contemporaneous


churches served similar purposes, regional style mainly explains I-6 Ben Shahn, The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti, 1931–1932.
their differing appearance. Tempera on canvas, 7' 12 " × 4'. Whitney Museum of American Art, New
Personal style, the distinctive manner of individual artists or York (gift of Edith and Milton Lowenthal in memory of Juliana Force).
architects, often decisively explains stylistic discrepancies among O’Keeffe’s contemporary, Shahn developed a style markedly different from
paintings, sculptures, and buildings of the same time and place. For hers. His paintings are often social commentaries on recent events and incor-
example, in 1930, the American painter Georgia O’Keeffe (1887– porate readily identifiable people.
1986) produced a series of paintings of flowering plants. One of
them—Jack-in-the-Pulpit No. 4 (fig. I-5)—is a sharply focused close-
up view of petals and leaves. O’Keeffe captured the growing plant’s academic cap and gown) who declared that the original trial was
slow, controlled motion while converting the plant into a powerful fair and cleared the way for the executions. Behind, on the wall of a
abstract composition of lines, forms, and colors (see the discus- stately government building, hangs the framed portrait of the judge
sion of art historical vocabulary in the next section). Only a year who pronounced the initial sentence. Personal style, not period or
later, another American artist, Ben Shahn (1898–1969), painted regional style, sets Shahn’s canvas apart from O’Keeffe’s. The contrast
The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (fig. I-6), a stinging commentary is extreme here because of the very different subjects that the art-
on social injustice inspired by the trial and execution of two Ital- ists chose. But even when two artists depict the same subject, the
ian anarchists, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. Many people results can vary widely. The way O’Keeffe painted flowers and the
believed that Sacco and Vanzetti had been unjustly convicted of kill- way Shahn painted faces are distinctive and unlike the styles of their
ing two men in a robbery in 1920. Shahn’s painting compresses time contemporaries. (See the “Who Made It?” discussion on page 6.)
in a symbolic representation of the trial and its aftermath. The two The different kinds of artistic styles are not mutually exclusive.
executed men lie in their coffins. Presiding over them are the three For example, an artist’s personal style may change dramatically
members of the commission (headed by a college president wearing during a long career. Art historians then must distinguish among

4 INTRODUCTION What Is Art History?

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
I-7 Gislebertus, weighing of souls, detail of Last Judgment
(fig. 12-15), west tympanum of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France,
ca. 1120–1135.

In this high relief portraying the weighing of souls on judgment day,


Gislebertus used disproportion and distortion to dehumanize the
devilish figure yanking on the scales of justice.

the different period styles of a particular artist, such as the


“Rose Period” and the “Cubist Period” of the prolific 20th-
century artist Pablo Picasso.

WHAT IS ITS SUBJECT? Another major concern of art


historians is, of course, subject matter, encompassing the
story, or narrative; the scene presented; the action’s time
and place; the persons involved; and the environment and
its details. Some artworks, such as modern abstract paint-
ings (fig. I-2), have no subject, not even a setting. The
“subject” is the artwork itself—its colors, textures, compo-
sition, and size. But when artists represent people, places,
or actions, viewers must identify these features to achieve
complete understanding of the work. Art historians tradi-
tionally separate pictorial subjects into various categories,
such as religious, historical, mythological, genre (daily life),
portraiture, landscape (a depiction of a place), still life (an
arrangement of inanimate objects), and their numerous
subdivisions and combinations.
Iconography—literally, the “writing of images”—refers
both to the content, or subject, of an artwork, and to the
study of content in art. By extension, it also includes the
study of symbols, images that stand for other images or
encapsulate ideas. In Christian art, two intersecting lines of
unequal length or a simple geometric cross can serve as an
emblem of the religion as a whole, symbolizing the cross of
Jesus Christ’s crucifixion. A symbol also can be a familiar
object that an artist has imbued with greater meaning. A
balance or scale, for example, may symbolize justice or the
weighing of souls on judgment day (fig. I-7).
Artists may depict figures with unique attributes iden-
tifying them. In Christian art, for example, each of the
authors of the biblical gospel books, the four evangelists
(fig. I-8), has a distinctive attribute. People can recognize
Saint Matthew by the winged man associated with him,
John by his eagle, Mark by his lion, and Luke by his ox.
Throughout the history of art, artists have used person-
ifications—abstract ideas codified in human form. Because
of the fame of the colossal statue set up in New York City’s
harbor in 1886, people everywhere visualize Liberty as a
robed woman wearing a rayed crown and holding a torch.
Four different personifications appear in The Four Horsemen

I-8 The four evangelists, folio 14 verso of the Aachen Gospels,


ca. 810. Ink and tempera on vellum, 1' × 9 12 ". Domschatz-
kammer, Aachen.
1 in.

Artists depict figures with attributes in order to identify them for


viewers. The authors of the four gospels have distinctive attributes—
winged man (Matthew), eagle (John), lion (Mark), and ox (Luke).

Art History in the 21st Century   5

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artist’s personal style. Although signing (and dating) works is quite
common (but by no means universal) today, in the history of art,
countless works exist whose artists remain unknown. Because per-
sonal style can play a major role in determining the character of
an artwork, art historians often try to attribute anonymous works
to known artists. Sometimes they assemble a group of works all
thought to be by the same person, even though none of the objects in
the group is the known work of an artist with a recorded name. Art
historians thus reconstruct the careers of artists such as “the Achil-
les Painter,” the anonymous ancient Greek artist whose masterwork
is a depiction of the hero Achilles. Scholars base their attributions
on internal evidence, such as the distinctive way an artist draws or
carves drapery folds, earlobes, or flowers. It requires a keen, highly
trained eye and long experience to become a connoisseur, an expert
in assigning artworks to “the hand” of one artist rather than another.
Attribution is subjective, of course, and ever open to doubt. For
example, scholars continue to debate attributions to the famous
17th-century Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn.
Sometimes a group of artists works in the same style at the same
time and place. Art historians designate such a group as a school.
“School” does not mean an educational institution or art academy.
The term connotes only shared chronology, style, and geography.
Art historians speak, for example, of the Dutch school of the 17th
century and, within it, of subschools such as those of the cities of
Haarlem, Utrecht, and Leyden.

WHO PAID FOR IT? The interest that many art historians show in
1 in. attribution reflects their conviction that the identity of an artwork’s
maker is the major reason the object looks the way it does. For them,
personal style is of paramount importance. But in many times and
places, artists had little to say about what form their work would
I-9 Albrecht Dürer, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, ca. 1498. take. They toiled in obscurity, doing the bidding of their patrons,
Woodcut, 1' 3 14 " × 11". Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (gift of those who paid them to make individual works or employed them
Junius S. Morgan, 1919). on a continuing basis. The role of patrons in dictating the content
Personifications are abstract ideas codified in human form. Here, Albrecht and shaping the form of artworks is also an important subject of art
Dürer represented Death, Famine, War, and Pestilence as four men on charging historical inquiry, more so today than at any time in the past.
horses, each one carrying an identifying attribute. In the art of portraiture, to name only one category of painting
and sculpture, the patron has often played a dominant role in decid-
ing how the artist represented the subject, whether that person was
of the Apocalypse (fig. I-9) by German artist Albrecht Dürer the patron or another individual, such as a spouse, son, or mother.
(1471–1528). The late-15th-century print is a terrifying depiction of Many Egyptian pharaohs and some Roman emperors, for example,
the fateful day at the end of time when, according to the Bible’s last insisted that artists depict them with unlined faces and perfect
book, Death, Famine, War, and Pestilence will annihilate the human youthful bodies no matter how old they were when portrayed. In
race. Dürer personified Death as an emaciated old man with a pitch- these cases, the state employed the sculptors and painters, and the
fork. Famine swings the scales for weighing human souls (compare artists had no choice but to portray their patrons in the officially
fig. I-7). War wields a sword, and Pestilence draws a bow. approved manner. This is why Augustus, who lived to age 76, looks
Even without considering style and without knowing a work’s so young in his portraits (fig. I-10). Although Roman emperor for
maker, informed viewers can determine much about the work’s more than 40 years, Augustus demanded that artists always repre-
period and provenance by iconographical and subject analysis sent him as a young, godlike head of state.
alone. In The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (fig. I-6), for example, All modes of artistic production reveal the impact of patronage.
the two coffins, the trio headed by an academic, and the robed judge Learned monks provided the themes for the sculptural decoration of
in the background are all pictorial clues revealing the painting’s sub- medieval church portals (fig. I-7). Renaissance princes and popes
ject. The work’s date must be after the trial and execution, probably dictated the subject, size, and materials of artworks destined for
while the event was still newsworthy. And because the two men’s display in buildings also constructed according to their specifica-
deaths caused the greatest outrage in the United States, the painter– tions. An art historian could make a very long list of commissioned
social critic was probably an American. works, and it would indicate that patrons have had diverse tastes
and needs throughout history and consequently have demanded
WHO MADE IT? If Ben Shahn had not signed his painting of Sacco different kinds of art. Whenever a patron contracts with an art-
and Vanzetti, an art historian could still assign, or attribute (make ist or architect to paint, sculpt, or build in a prescribed manner,
an attribution of), the work to him based on knowledge of the personal style often becomes a very minor factor in the ultimate

6 INTRODUCTION What Is Art History?

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
their color, texture, and other qualities. Composition refers to how
an artist composes (organizes) forms in an artwork, either by placing
shapes on a flat surface or by arranging forms in space.

MATERIAL AND TECHNIQUE To create art forms, artists shape


materials (pigment, clay, marble, gold, and many more) with tools
(pens, brushes, chisels, and so forth). Each of the materials and tools
available has its own potentialities and limitations. Part of all art-
ists’ creative activity is to select the medium and instrument most
suitable to the purpose—or to develop new media and tools, such
as bronze and concrete in antiquity and cameras and computers in
modern times. The processes that artists employ, such as applying
paint to canvas with a brush, and the distinctive, personal ways that
they handle materials constitute their technique. Form, material, and
technique interrelate and are central to analyzing any work of art.

LINE Among the most important elements defining an artwork’s


shape or form is line. A line can be understood as the path of a point
moving in space, an invisible line of sight. More commonly, however,
artists and architects make a line visible by drawing (or chiseling)
it on a plane, a flat surface. A line may be very thin, wirelike, and
delicate. It may be thick and heavy. Or it may alternate quickly from
broad to narrow, the strokes jagged or the outline broken. When a
continuous line defines an object’s outer shape, art historians call it
a contour line. All of these line qualities are present in Dürer’s Four
Horsemen of the Apocalypse (fig. I-9). Contour lines define the basic
1 in.
shapes of clouds, human and animal limbs, and weapons. Within
the forms, series of short broken lines create shadows and textures.
An overall pattern of long parallel strokes suggests the dark sky on
the frightening day when the world is about to end.
I-10 Bust of Augustus wearing the corona civica, early first century ce.
Marble, 1' 5" high. Glyptothek, Munich. COLOR Light reveals all colors. Light in the world of the painter
Patrons frequently dictate the form that their portraits will take. Emperor and other artists differs from natural light. Natural light, or sunlight,
Augustus demanded that he always be portrayed as a young, godlike head of is whole or additive light. As the sum of all the wavelengths com-
state even though he lived to age 76. posing the visible spectrum, it may be disassembled or fragmented
into the individual colors of the spectral band. The painter’s light in
art—the light reflected from pigments and objects—is subtractive
appearance of the painting, statue, or building. In these cases, the light. Paint pigments produce their individual colors by reflecting
identity of the patron reveals more to art historians than does the a segment of the spectrum while absorbing all the rest. Green pig-
identity of the artist or school. The portrait of Augustus illustrated ment, for example, subtracts or absorbs all the light in the spectrum
here (fig. I-10)—showing the emperor wearing a corona civica, or except that seen as green.
civic crown—was the work of a virtuoso sculptor, a master wielder Hue is the property giving a color its name. Although the spec-
of hammer and chisel. But scores of similar portraits of this Roman trum colors merge into each other, artists usually conceive of their
emperor also exist today. They differ in quality but not in kind from hues as distinct from one another. Color has two basic variables—
this one. The patron, not the artist, determined the character of the apparent amount of light reflected and the apparent purity. A
these artworks. Augustus’s public image never varied. change in one must produce a change in the other. Some terms for
these variables are value or tonality (the degree of lightness or dark-
ness) and intensity or saturation (the purity of a color, its brightness
The Words Art Historians Use or dullness).
As in all fields of study, art history has its own specialized vocabu- Artists call the three basic colors—red, yellow, and blue—the
lary consisting of hundreds of words, but certain basic terms are primary colors. The secondary colors result from mixing pairs of pri-
indispensable for describing artworks and buildings of any time and maries: orange (red and yellow), purple (red and blue), and green
place. They make up the essential vocabulary of formal analysis, the (yellow and blue). Complementary colors represent the pairing of
visual analysis of artistic form. Definitions and discussions of the a primary color and the secondary color created from mixing the
most important art historical terms follow. two other primary colors—red and green, yellow and purple, and
blue and orange. They “complement,” or complete, each other, one
FORM AND COMPOSITION Form refers to an object’s shape and absorbing the colors that the other reflects.
structure, either in two dimensions (for example, a figure painted on Artists can manipulate the appearance of colors, however. One art-
a wood panel) or in three dimensions (such as a statue carved from ist who made a systematic investigation of the formal aspects of art,
a marble block). Two forms may take the same shape but differ in especially color, was Joseph Albers (1888–1976), a German-born

Art History in the 21st Century   7

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
– Köszönöm a jóságát – susogta a leány.
Jósika megfogta kezét:
– Édes szép galambom – mondta szerelmes melegséggel.
– Hagyjon, báró úr, kérem, hagyjon – könyörgött Franciska és
sírásra készen vette elő kis kendőjét.
– Mi baja, egyetlenem? – kérdezte Jósika és átölelte a leányt. Ő
már elhatározta, hogy gyönyörűen összebujva teszik meg ezt az utat
és íme, most Franciska kibontakozott karjából.
– Az apámra gondolok – mondta komoly hangon.
– Pedig most nem szabad rá gondolnia, Franciska. Most
gondoljon a bálra, gondoljon szerelmünkre, gondoljon a jövőre, a
fényes, ragyogó jövőre – biztatta Jósika, de valójában maga sem
volt tisztában azzal, hogy milyen is lesz az a jövendő.
Tizenhét éves kora óta háborúban volt mindig, huszonegy
esztendős fejével sejtelme sem volt egy komoly, mély érzelemről.
Csak kalandokat ismert, heves, gyors, muló szerelmeket, melyeket a
folyton leselkedő halál tesz édesebbé és melyekből a változékony
hadi élet eleve kizárja a hűséget. A leány azé, aki meghódítja, és
övé addig, míg lehet, míg a sors tovább nem viszi katonáját új
harcokba, új veszélybe. Hány leányt ölelt ő már; hánynak igért örök
hűséget, hány után repedt meg a szíve? Ki tudja azt! Franciska egy
a sok közül, ebben a percben a legédesebb, az egyetlen, az övé és
bolond ember, ki a pillanat örömein túl is gondolkozik.
Gyengéden kereste meg a leány kezét, kihúzta nagy, sötét
gallérja alól, megcsókolta forrón, sokszor és fülébe suttogta csábító
szavait:
– Ne gondoljon az édesapjára, szerelmem. Ne gondolj rá drága
galambom. Neked el kellett hagynod őt. Te egy szép, tarka pillangó
vagy, aki a fényt keresi és ő nem engedte, hogy meglásd a
világosságot. Gyönyörű rózsa vagy és ő elrejtve tartotta ezt a
pompás virágot, hogy ne érezze a nap forró sugarait. Mit szólna a
világ hozzá, ha Mozart bezárkózva, úgy verte volna a fortepianót,
hogy senki se hallja? Mi lenne, ha az írók nem engednék, hogy
olvassák, amit írtak, és az aktorok nem hagynák, hogy lássák őket
játszani? Az apád irígyen rejtette el műveit, az órákat és irígyen
rejtett el téged is. Azért a császár elvette legszebb óráját és én
elraboltam a pillangóját, elraboltalak téged, gyönyörű galambom.
Szeretsz, úgy-e, szeretsz?
– Nem tudom, – felelte Franciska – talán… majd…
– Szeretsz, szeretsz – ujjongott Jósika és ismét karjába akarta
kapni.
– Ne, ne, most ne, még ne – susogta a leány.
– Jó, hát türelmes leszek, de hidd el, édes madaram, minden
pillanatért kár. Az élet gonosz, az élet csúnya, néhány hangulatos
órát ad nekünk, egy pár önfeledt percet. Azokban a percekben
szemünkben a lelkünk és ajkunkon egész szívünk, azok szépek,
azokért érdemes küzdeni, lenni, meghalni. Most olyan perceket
élünk, Franciska. Az élet épen olyan vén uzsorás, mint a te apád,
angyalom, meg kell lopnunk, el kell rabolnunk legnagyobb kincsét, a
szerelmet, legszebb drágaköveit, a csókokat. Nálad is ritka
gyémántjait zárta el kis szívem, te őrzöd a legfényesebbeket, adj
nekem belőlük egyetlenem. Csókolj meg pillangóm, rózsám,
madaram.
Jósika beszélt mint egy csábító regényhős és Franciska
megmámorosodva hallgatta, szívta magába az édes mérget.
– Majd később, a bál után – rebegte.
– Később? Majd? Nem, nem, most – és hosszú csókban zárta le
ajkát a kis kapitány.
A szekér rohant, az este leszállt, sötét lett körülöttük, de
Franciska folyton azt a fényességet látta, mely a sötéten, az estén
túl várt reá.
– Már messze járnak – gondolta Hiláriusz, aztán odahagyta
csendes műhelyét, ahol kedvenc órájának ketyegése kísértett
szomorúan.
– Franciska! – szólt és leült karosszékébe az ebédlő sarkában.
– Franciska! – ismételte hangosabban egy idő mulva. Vágyott a
leánya után, hangját akarta hallani, csengő, élő szavát, hogy
elnyomja lelkében a tompa, halott ketyegést.
– Franciska! – kiáltott ki az udvarra.
– Franciska, gyere! – és megtelt türelmetlen hangjával az egész
ház.
Náni sietve jött kisírt szemmel:
– Nincs künn a kisasszony – jelentette.
– Hát hol van? – kérdezte ijedten Hiláriusz mester.
Bement a Franciska szobájába, gyertyát gyújtott és szétnézett.
Kitárta a szekrényt is, ismerte leányának minden darab ruháját,
apró szalagját, virágját. A nagy gallérja hiányzott és rózsaszín
csokros sötét kalapja nem lógott a fogason.
– Elment hazulról?
– Nem tudom – rebegte Náni.
Egy pillanatig tanácstalanul állt az órásmester, aztán mintha a
szobától várna feleletet, sorra világította meg Franciskájának kedves
bútorait. Az asztalt, a székeket, a pamlagot, az ágyat, a kis zongorát,
a himzőrámát, a fiókos szekrényt és rajta egy kis fehér papirlapot, a
papiron pedig néhány sor írást:
„Édes jó apám, elmegyek, el kell mennem. Elmegyek most, mert
most elvisznek, mert értem jönnek. Látni akarom a nagy világot, az
életet, mindent, amit te nem akartál megmutatni nekem. Bocsáss
meg jó apám. Hálás leányod Franciska.“
– Elment – nyögte Hiláriusz megkövülve a fájdalomtól.
– Ellopták tőlem – ordította aztán és kirohant a szobából, mintha
utána futhatna, mintha elérhetné.
A kapualjban hirtelen megállt, a nagy, fehér ládába ütközött,
melynek falán át hallani lehetett a Napoleon-óra ketyegését. Az óra
itt maradt, csak a leányát, csak Franciskáját vitte el tőle az a
göndörhajú, szép, fiatal betyár, az a hitvány gazember, az a… és
Franciskát, az ő büszke Franciskáját elcsábította az első hencegő
katona, az első szerelmes szó.
– Átkozott, átkozott! Átkozott a csábító és átkozott Franciska is.
Átkozott az egész világ!
Vad, tomboló fájdalmában lángokban szeretett volna látni
mindent és ekkor a fehér láda mélyéből egykedvű, pontos
ketyegéssel szólt hozzá kedvenc órája.
– Hallgass, hallgass – kiabálta Hiláriusz mester, felfordította a
ládát, vad erővel a falhoz csapta, ütötte, lökte, de a deszkák nem
engedtek. Fejszéért rohant, meglóbálta feje fölött a gyilkos
szerszámot és őrült csapásokkal törte össze élte kedvenc alkotását.
Csupaszon hevert előtte az óra bús szerkezete, összezúzva a barna
szekrény, az oroszlánkörmös állvány, a Napoleon-szobor.
– Hallgatsz, úgy-e, most már hallgatsz? – kiabálta
kétségbeesetten, egyet rúgva a kerekek rejtélyes halmazán. De
akkor, amint hozzáért, a szerkezet mélyéből előnyúlt a kis arany
kalapács, az óra még egyszer szólni kezdett és a kalapács koppant,
koppant egyszer, kétszer, sokszor a levegőben… nem, az ő lelkén, a
Napoleon feje helyett mestere szívére mérte apró, csengő ütéseit.
Müller Hiláriusz állt megdermedve, fájdalma tompa
kétségbeesésbe csendesült, összetörött a csapások alatt.
– Franciska, Franciska – nyögte zokogva és odaborult kedvenc
órájának romjaira.
VI. FEJEZET.

Pfisterer Kristóféknál.

– Jaj, mamikám, elég szép lesz-e így a bárókisasszonynak? –


kérdezte anyjától a szöszke Pfisterer Fáni és egy fehér kendőcskét
terített a fésülködőasztalra.
– Eridj már te kis bornyú, egész megbomlottál azzal a
bárókisasszonnyal, azért csak olyan az, mint te vagy, annak is enni
kell, hogy éljen, jobb lenne a vacsora után nézni – mondta Pfisterer
Kristófné.
Nagy, deli asszonyság volt, szélesvállú, tekintélyes személy.
Magyar, falusi házból ment férjhez a szepességi német származású
ötvösmesterhez. Nem tudott egy szót se németül, a férje tanult meg
kedvéért nagy kínnal-bajjal magyarul, hogy legalább valamit
megértsen abból a rengeteg sok mindenből, amit felesége mond
neki.
Fáni megigazította bodros vállkendőjét, egyet kacsintott a
tükörbe, tetszett neki magának is kék szeme, szőke haja.
Ingerkedőn kihívó volt egész apró lénye. Pisze orrának rózsás
orrlyukai és keskeny, erősen piros szája, élénk foltok voltak másként
kicsit szobaszínű, halvány arcában.
– Borcsa kinn van, elég az – felelte félvállról.
– Persze Borcsa, mindent Borcsa csinál, te csak cifrálkodol.
– Jaj, mamika, – beszélt tovább a leány – milyen nagyon
szeretném már látni a bárókisasszonyt. Vajjon szép-e? A báró
nagyon csinos ember, kis, barna bajusza van…
A fehérneműs szekrény előtt guggolt Pfisterer mama és
haragosan csapta széles térdére a tiszta abroszt, úgy vágott
megbotránkozva leánya szavába:
– Honnan tudod?
– Ne haragudjál, mamikám lelkem. Ma délelőtt láttam, mikor
atyusnál járt, véletlenül kinéztem épen az ablakon.
– Kinéztél az ablakon? Véletlenül néztél ki? Hát láttál te már
tisztességes hajadont délelőtt kinézni az ablakon? Fáni, Fáni, rossz
vége lesz ennek, sírba viszel te engemet. Várj csak, mert úgy
forrázom ki a szemedet, ha még egyszer kinézel az utcára!
Nagyon haragudott a mama, a mester is meghallotta hangját a
műhelyben és bejött csitítani:
– Miért vagysz te megint haragos, Anikó?
– Még maga kérdi, maga az oka mindennek. Maga pártolta
mindig ezt a galád leányt, egy pár pofli hiányzik neki, de még
kipótolom, még megkapja a nyakleveseket, csak sokat hencegjen.
Úgy tett erre a kis Pfisterer Kristóf, mintha roppant megijedt volna
és alázatosan veregette meg felesége kövér karját:
– Ugyan, ugyan, Anikó, ma csinálod a skandált, mikor mi
vendégeket kapjuk?
Erre még jobban megharagudott a mama:
– A vendégeket is maga hívta. Mi a csudának hozza ide az a
figura báró a testvérét? Nem jóban járnak, az már biztos. Aztán ez a
haszontalan leány még csak jobban megbolondul.
– Ha te azt nem akarsz, Anikó, én fogom nekik mondani, hogy ők
ne jöjjenek, én fogok őket megvárni a ház előtt.
– Azt már nem lehet tenni – mondta lecsendesülve Pfistererné. –
Mit szólnának? Már csak jöjjenek. Vegye fel a jó kabátját, atyus. Fáni
ne bámészkodj, láss a dolgod után. Teríteni, egy-kettő.
Fáni hozzálátott a terítéshez és amint a mama kiment a
konyhába, dalolni kezdett. Mindig dalolt, tele volt hangjával az egész
ház és a műhelyben a legények jobban, szebben dolgoztak, ha
kihallatszott a nótája.
Nem vette szívére, ha az anyja zsörtölődött, olyan volt az mint a
nyári zápor, hirtelen jött nagy erővel, elöntött mindent, de jóságának
napja felszárította hamar az áradatot.
Ide, az ötvösmester házához hozta Jósika Franciskát, hogy
átöltözzék a bálra. Azt mondta, hogy a nővére, a bálra jött fel, Pest
mellett laknak és nincs rokonuk, kihez szállhatnának. Ha mese
kellett, azt tudott kitalálni Jósika és előadni is olyan kedvesen tudta,
hogy mindenki szívesen hitt neki.
Nagy esemény volt ez Pfistereréknél, izgalomba ejtette az egész
házat, de milyen izgalomba. Mikor a szekér megállt a ház előtt, olyan
szaladgálás lett egyszerre, mint egy hangyabolyban.
– Jönnek… itt vannak… Gyorsan, gyorsan… Borcsa, mosd meg
a kezedet… Rendben van a hajam?… Atyus, menjen már elébük.
Pfisterer Kristóf vasárnapi kabátjában a ház előtt fogadta
vendégeit. Soványan lötyögött vékony teste az ünneplő gúnyában,
minden kedélyes ség eltűnt arcáról a nagy izgalomban, nyelve,
ajaka, fogai szünetlenül munkában voltak, kétségbeesve keresve a
megszokott szopókát, mert a mamika még pipáját is kivette szájából
az utolsó percben, pedig anélkül nem is volt ember.
– Franciskám, azt mondtam nekik, hogy a nővérem, vigyázzon –
súgta Jósika a leány fülébe, míg lesegítette a szekérről.
– Hazudjunk? Az nagyon csúnya.
– Nincs más mód – felelte a báró és odavezette Franciskát az
ötvösmesterhez:
– Kedves kis hugom, Jósika Franciska, szíves jóindulatába
ajánlom, uram.
– Isten hozta nálunk. Nagy szerencse érte szerény hajlékomat,
hogy megtisztelni kegyesked… te… nem kegyeskedje…
Mamika tanította meg férjét a mondanivalókra és atyus nagyon
szépen meg is jegyezte magának, csak a végét zavarta össze.
Biztosan a pipa hiányzott, az volt a baj.
– Mindegy az Pfisterer bátyám, fő a szíveslátás – nevetett Jósika.
– Én is aztat mondok – jegyezte meg az öreg és bevezette
Franciskát a házba.
Kis földszintes budai ház volt. Először jött a műhely, utcára nyíló
szárnyas ajtajához néhány lépcső vezetett fel. Onnan üveges ajtón
át lehetett bejutni a benyiló első szobába, ez volt a látogató, ebédlő
és az úr, meg az asszony hálószobája. Ebből nyílott a leányok
szobája, melyet egy kis kamraforma választott el a konyhától, ahol
ragyogott a sok fényes cintál és tányér, a rengeteg szépen súrolt
lábos, a falon függő tömérdek sok réz kaszrol és formácska.
Csillogott az egész ház a tisztaságtól, csillogtak a tányérok és
csillogott a háziasszony is, olyan volt az arca, mint egy fényesre
súrolt rézlábos, piros, kerek, mosolygós és ha nevetett, különösen
rándult meg gömbben végződő pisze orra. Most is rándult egyet, míg
apró fényes szeme szíves mosollyal nyugodott a Franciska finom
alakján:
– Köszöntöm a kisasszonyt.
Franciska megcsókolta a leányokat, a kövérkés, vöröskezű
Borcsát és az apró, vékony Fánit.
– Jaj de boldog vagyok, jaj de boldog – ujjongott a kis leány.
– Ugyan Fáni, már megint nem férsz a bőrödbe – intette a mama.
– Hagyja, Pfistererné asszony, hiszen olyan mint egy kis pacsirta
– udvarolt Jósika.
Fáni huncut, kacér pillantást vetett a kis báróra, mire a ház
asszonya komolyan szólott:
– Vezessétek szobátokba a kisasszonyt.
Amint a leányok elmentek, Jósikához fordult:
– Jaj kérem, sok bajom van ezzel a leánnyal, a nagyobbik szelíd,
derék teremtés, de ez olyan, mint az apja.
– Ugyan Anikó – csitította Pfisterer.
– De bizony úgy van, – erősítette a felesége – nincs azon semmi
szégyenleni való, atyus. Nagy selyma volt maga mindig és ilyen lett
szegény Fánim is. Nem jár az becsületesen a földön, csak repül,
mint a szélhajtó förgeteg. Nem akar dolgozni sem, az utcán szeret
ácsorogni és nézni, hogy rakják az emberek a lábukat, mert hát mit
is nézhetne, ha…
– Hagyjál már békén a szegényt, mamika – szólt közbe Pfisterer.
– Nézzél, még le se ültettél a báró urat.
– Jaj, igaz bizony. Na tessék helyet foglalni. De hát azért csak
elmondhatom a dolgot. Ami igaz, az igaz. Szeretem én őt azért, csak
féltem. Édes gyermekem nekem, csak úgy, mint Borcsa, de Borcsa
másforma leány, hiába. Ő egy grófi szakácstól tanult főzni is,
mindenféle cukros tortákat, süteményeket, fagylaltokat, ízletes
halakat. Szép munkákat is tud, de Fáni fejfájást kap a konyhán és
elgörbül a háta a himzőráma mellett. Hitvány jószág, nem bírom
felhízlalni, még ha mogyoróval etetem sem, pedig mondják, hogy bő
konyhán élünk, no majd meglátja a báró úr. Borcsa főzte a vacsorát.
– Köszönöm a jóságát, Pfistererné asszonyom, de nem
maradhatok itt, szolgálattevő kamarás vagyok Őfelsége mellett, majd
eljövök Franciskáért később. Addig gondjaira bízom hugocskámat.
– Kár, nagy kár – sopánkodott Pfistererné. – Majd készítünk
valami hideget, mire vissza tetszik jönni… Ne féltse a testvérkéjét,
vigyázunk mi rá.
Sietve ment el Jósika és félve, nagyon félve, hogy észrevették
délutáni szökését. Neki az udvarral kellett a bálba mennie és csak
azután jöhetett el Franciskáért. Az egész életét csupa remegéssé,
csupa hazugsággá tette az édes szerelem. No de majd a bál után!
Milyen szép lesz akkor, de arról még sejtelme sem volt, hogy hova
viszi onnan Franciskát és hol és hogyan is lesz olyan nagyon szép.
Franciska ezalatt az ágyra terítette báli díszét, az ezüstleveles,
rózsaszínű csuda selyemruhát, a magyaros, zöld bársony
mellénykét, ezüst zsinórral átfűzött, rózsaszínű selyem topánkáját és
pillangókkal kihímezett, fehér atlasz lengyelkéjét. Aranypapirba volt
becsomagolva minden darab és amint sorra bontogatta, édes
várakozásban gyult ki lassan szép, fehér arca.
A kis Fáni be nem tudott telni a sok pompával, tapogatta,
cirógatta, úgy ujjongott:
– Oh be szép, oh be nagyon, nagyon gyönyörű. Ilyet csak a
teátrumban láttam, olyan lesz a kisasszony, mint Matild a
Templáriusokban. Roppant gonosz nő. Látta a kisasszony?
– Én még sohasem voltam teátrumban – felelte mosolyogva
Franciska.
– Nem volt? Jaj az kár. Én bizony megyek, ha csak négy garasos
helyre is. A magyar játékszínt jobban szeretem, ott játszanak a
magyarok a Rondellában a Dunaparton, úgy hívják tréfából:
bagolyodú. Déryné a legkedvesebb, láttam a „Két róká“-ban meg „Az
első hajós“ nevű énekes játékban, a kis vadleányt játssza, Melidát.
Gyönyörű az „Arany idő“ vagy „Inkle és Járikó“ című darab is.
Hamlet is szép, Hamlet királyfi Kőszegi Laci, gyönyörű ifjú, deli
termetű. Jaj, de szeretek én a teátrumba menni, de oda még jobban
szeretnék menni, ahol játszanak, nemcsak oda, ahol fizetnek. Aztán
én volnék Matild a Templáriusokban, felvenném azt a gyönyörű
chamoisszín atlasz ruhát, zöld zsenilinnel kihímezve és mondanám
Kőszegi Lacinak: „Imádlak! Fogadd el szerelmemet Molai“.
– Az istenért, Fáni – Borcsa majdnem sikított és lángvörös lett
kerek arca. – Ne tessék ráhallgatni, kisasszony. Mindig ilyeneket
beszél, pedig csak azért akarna ő játszani, hogy szép ruhákat
vegyen fel, meg hogy lássa azt a Kőszegit. Egész meg van
háborodva.
– Nahát jobban is tetszik nekem, mint a patikőr, akihez mamika
akar férjhez adni.
– Pedig derék ifjú, higyje el, kisasszony – magyarázta Borcsa,
miközben orra hegye épen úgy rándult meg mint az anyjáé. Patikus.
Fáni mindig patikőrnek nevezi, pedig mamika megtiltotta. Még télen
is a legszebb csokor virágokat hozza a porcellánpohárba. Tíz pengő
is van egy olyan szépen összeválogatott virágcsokor.
– Bánom is én – nevetett Fáni. – Ki nem állhatom, sohse is
állhattam, mondtam már százszor, hogy nem szeretem.
Franciska hallgatta őket elámulva. Neki nem voltak leánypajtásai,
sohasem hallott ilyeneket, élemény volt számára minden szó. Ott állt
forró titkokkal teli szívével hidegen, magasan a két beszédes,
egyszerű teremtés szobájában. Mint egy szép, idegen, néma hattyú
a csiripelő verebek között. Nagyon messziről jött és még
messzebbre akart menni, fel a magasba, ahol legszebb, ahol
legnagyobb, legragyogóbb az élet.
Pfisterer mama jött be, hívta őket vacsorálni.
Fáni felkapta az ágyról a bársony mellénykét:
– Mamika gyere, mamika nézd meg, milyen gyönyörű.
A mama megnézte jobbról, balról:
– Bizony pompás – mondta. – És echt bársony. Hiába, a gyapot
megismerszik, más a hajlása.
– Jaj de szeretnék én egy ilyen köntöst – sóhajtotta Fáni.
– Nem hallgatsz mindjárt. Ez csak bárókisasszonynak való. Már
az összes szép holmimat odaadogattam neki, tudja kisasszony.
Voltak olyan finom batisztperkál, térdig stikkelt ingeim, azokból is
feláldoztam hármat, egyet meg is festettem vadsáfránnyal, szép
virító sárgára, hogy ne legyen mind egyszínű. Akkor aztán sál is
kellett volna, mert hogy az a divat. Volt egy igen szép levantin vörös
selyemkendőm, egy tenyérnyi szélességű fehér atlasz széllel, még
staffirungban kaptam, de sohasem volt szívem viselni. Ennek a
hálátlan békának azt is kétfelé hasítottam és összevarrtam középütt,
sálnak. Nem használt az semmit, másnap már… Jaj, de tessék
jönni, elhűl a vacsora.
Leültek szépen az asztal köré. Ez hát egy polgárcsalád háza?
gondolta Franciska. Így élnek a rendes emberek, ilyen egy
közönséges mesterember, mint Pfisterer Kristóf, ilyenek a
mesterleányok, mint Borcsa, és ha kicsit ki szeretnének rúgni a
hámból, olyanok, mint Fáni. Majd azt is megtöri az élet, ha férjhez
megy a patikőrhöz. Milyen más őnáluk otthon, milyen ember az ő
apja, milyen csendes álomvilág volt az ő világa.
Pfisterer mester késével egy falatot szelt kenyeréből, szájába
gyűrte és teli pofával dünnyögte:
– Jaj te Anikó, én úgy szeretném enni egy kis vizaikra, délben
megterheltem az én gyomrom, sokat ettem. Az csinálja megint jó
étvágyat.
– Van a speizban – mondta Pfisterer mama. – Hozd be Fánni és
hozz ecetet, olajat és hagymát is. Érted?
– Értem, mamika.
Míg a ház ura helyreállította étvágyát a kaviárral, Borcsa roppant
nagy tálon behozta a pampuskát. Letette az asztal közepére és az
atyus nagy, kék üveg cukorszelencéből evőkanállal szórta rá a
cukrot, hogy úgy fehérlett, mintha havas volna.
– Jó forrón tessék enni, kisasszony, – bíztatta Franciskát
Pfisterer mama – majd iszik utána egy korty ürmöst, akkor nem árt
meg.
A pampuska után jött a töltöttkáposzta, utána pecsenye, aztán a
torták.
Igazi nagy vacsora volt, és vacsora után gyűszűnyi ezüst
pohárkákban hozták a finom rózsalikőrt. Franciska csudálkozva
bámulta meg a Borcsa kezében.
– Finom erdélyi szokás ez – magyarázta büszkén Pfistererné. –
Ott látta az édesapám, Isten nyugosztalja, megtanulta a készítési
módját is. Úgy hívják ott rozsólis. Igazi török rózsaolaj kell hozzá, de
olyan illatos is lesz tőle a szája, hogy mind elkábulnak az ifjak a
bálon.
Atyus nagy tetszéssel szörpölte a finom italt:
– Csak nagy ünnepen adja elő a mamika – jegyezte meg. – De
ma ünnep is vanja. A vacsora utánna meg is nézegetünk a
kivilágítás, leányok.
Fáni az apja nyakába borult:
– Köszönöm, köszönöm, felveszem a sárga ruhámat, meg a szép
sálomat.
– Abból ugyan semmi sem lesz, majd még összegyűrik a
tolongásban. Nem elég, hogy tegnap rajtad volt? – pattogott a
mama.
– Hát tegnap hol tetszett lenni? – kérdezte udvariasan Franciska.
– Mamika és Borcsa nem voltak, csak én mentem el atyussal a
teátrumba – magyarázta Fáni. – A német teátrumba, mert ott volt a
nagy ünnepi játék. Gyönyörű új épület a német színház és tegnap a
tornáca háromsoros lámpákkal volt kivilágosítva, a nézőtér pedig
viaszgyertyákkal. A játék énekes játék volt: „Aschenbrödel“.
Mesterséges táncok is voltak beleelegyítve. A főszemély Cibulkáné
volt, meg Campiné. A játék már megkezdődött, mikor belépett a
császári lozsiba az orosz császár, jaj de szép ember, aztán a mi
felséges urunk, utóljára a prusszus király. Mennyi éljent kiabáltak,
mert Ferenc császár magyar huszárruhában volt és úgy integetett
kezével, mintha egy atyus volna és születésnapját ünnepelnék.
Sohasem felejtem el. A magyar teátrumi társaság is előadta az
óteátrumban „A süketnéma“ című vígjátékot, aztán a játék végén a
társaság kiállott az áldozattűz köré és énekelt is. Rothkrepf Nelli
mesélte, ő ott volt, de azért oda csak az ment, aki a német
teátrumba nem juthatott be.
– Nagyon szép lehetett – mondta Franciska. Aztán arra gondolt,
hogy mindezt meglátja ma ő is, az ünneplést, a pompát, a
császárokat és ennek az ünneplésnek egy kis fénysugára
bizonyosan éri majd őt is, egész bizonyosan.
Alig várta, hogy Pfisterer és leányai elmenjenek, de sokáig tartott.
A mamika otthon maradt, előbb át kellett hívni hozzá Rothkrepfnét,
hogy ne legyen egyedül. Aztán a leányok lelkére kötötték
Franciskának, hogy felkeltse őket biztosan, ha hazajön. Az ágy
megvetve fogja várni, majd Fáni és Borcsa együtt alszanak.
– Vagy talán – könyörgött Fáni – a kisasszony nem utálja és
velem alszik, olyan szép lenne.
Végre elmentek. Pfistererné a külső szobában a drágaságról
beszélgetett Rothkrepfnéval és Franciska öltözködött a leányok
fehérfüggönyös tükre előtt, melynek asztalán porcellánpohárban
állottak a patikőr virágai.
Ünneplőbe öltözködött Franciska és ünneplőbe öltözködött a
város is, Pest-Budának minden ablakában csillogó fényt gyújtott a
lelkesedés. A Szentjánoshegyen tündérkastélyt formáltak az
örömtüzek, és sohasem látott világosságot loptak az öreg budai
erdők sötét fái közé.
Az obszervatórium a Gellérthegyen mintha lángban állna, úgy
ragyogott, egy-egy sistergő rakétát küldve a magasba, az ég felé.
Franciska feltűzte haját, dús fürtökben rendezte el homloka körül,
magas kontyba simította, aztán rátűzte a kis magyaros pártát,
melyről rózsaszín selyemszalag csüngött szoknyája széléig. Most
valami még kellene… valami dísz a kontya mellé. Mit tűzzön oda?
Erre nem gondolt. Maga elé nézett, a tükörtől kért tanácsot és akkor
észrevette a patikőr virágait.
Egy fehér rózsa virított az őszies csokorban, a nyár végső
könnyű lehellete, és ő kivette a pohárból a budai patikus szerelmi
küldöncét, hogy felékesítse magát vele a császárok báljára.
A fejedelmek a bál előtt körülhajtattak Pesten, hogy megnézzék
az illuminációt és útjukban mindenütt tomboló lelkesedés ünnepelte
őket. Olyan rég nem örült már az ország és a magyarnak úgy kell a
fény, a zaj, a ragyogás… Legnagyobb volt a tolongás a hajóhíd pesti
oldalán, óriási néptömeg várta az udvari hintókat. Mindenki látni
akarta, amint visszatérnek Budára. De ott is volt a legszebb.
Szemben a királyi vár, minden ablakában világosság égett, a
rendesen elhagyott, sötét, halott épület, végre felnyitotta sok-sok
ragyogó szemét, hogy biztató mosolyt küldjön a városnak, az
örvendő embereknek, öregeknek, ifjaknak, mindenkinek, aki most
kendőlobogtatva üdvözli uralkodóját.
– Éljen a király!… Vivat Franciscus!… Vivat Sanctissima
Majestas!
– Mein lieber Papa, amint látom, felségedet nemcsak a bécsiek,
hanem a magyarok is szeretik – mondta Ferenc császárnak az orosz
cár és hintóik átrobogtak a tündöklő diadalkapun.
A híd karfáján nyilt üveggolyóbisokban viaszgyertyák égtek,
sűrűn egymás mellett, mint hosszú gyöngysorok.
Amint a fejedelmek a hídra értek, a Dunán úszó díszes
ladikokon, kivilágított betűkben jelent meg a felírás: „Vivant pro
salute populorum suorum“.
Alig hagyták el a kocsik a híd közepét, a gyorsan másként
rendezkedő ladikokon is új felírás hirdette messzire tündöklő
betűkben: „Vivat Franciscus, vivat Alexander, vivat Fridericus
Vilhelmus“.
Ki látott ennél szebbet? Ki hitte, hogy a hosszú háborúk után jön
még egy ilyen nap is?
A várhegy oldala olyan volt, mintha tündérek ültették volna tele
tündöklő tulipántokkal, mert József nádor kertjének minden útját,
minden ágyasát lámpásokkal rakatta körül. Égő fények szegélyezték
a hegy lábához vezető lépcsőket is, úgy hogy leomló, lángoló
tüzeknek látszottak.
Ezalatt Franciska is felöltözött. Gondosan, félve húzta fel fehér
selyemharisnyáját, rózsaszínű atlasztopánkáit, bokája felett
magasan keresztezve az ezüstzsinórokat. Felvette könnyű
szoknyáját és a belehímzett rózsalevelek lágyan csillogtak a két
szegényes faggyúgyertya világában. Zöld mellénykéje szépen simult
termetére és a sötét bársony még fehérebbé tette fehér nyakát.
Utoljára kötötte fel a kis csipke köténykéjét, egy székre helyezte
a fehér selyem, pillangós lengyelkét, ő már elkészült életének nagy
ünnepére.
A templomórák kilencet ütöttek, az uralkodók beléptek a
bálterembe és Franciska a faggyúgyertyák szomorú világánál várta
Jósikát.
Ismét várt, de most utoljára várt, most már nemsokára felgördül a
jövendő függönye és megkezdődik életének tündérmeséje. Csak a
bálba vigye el a báró, mert aztán… aztán nagy dolgok fognak
történni. Ma este Jósika Franciska bárónő lesz, és ő a szép
diadalmas Jósika Franciska akart lenni.
Ez töltötte be minden gondolatát, megfeledkezett arról, ami eddig
volt és ami ezután érheti, mert most kezdődik tulajdonképen az
élete. A sok elzártan töltött esztendő után, hőstettnek érezte, hogy
most cselekedni birt. Szép ruhájának selymes ráncai
körülsímogatták, arcának pírja igéret volt, szemének fénye mint
reménység világított és nem zavarta meg fájdalmas emlékezés
örömének tiszta ragyogását.
Milyen este, milyen tüneményes este! Világos tündérpaloták, égő
utak, izzó remények és a Tabán kis piacán egy magas obeliszkus
tetején kibontott szárnyaival lebegett a békesség angyala.
VII. FEJEZET.

Az orosz cár tánca.

Tíz óra felé távozott Ferenc császár a bálból, de Sándor cár még
ott maradt. Szenvedélyesen szerette a táncot és a nőket, a sok
szép, idegen, sohasem látott asszonyt, leányt, kiket kedve szerint
ölelhetett magához zeneszóra.
Nagyszerű hangulatban volt, az országház termeiben pompásan
lehetett keringőzni és a karzatokon a sok ember mind abban
gyönyörködött, hogy ő mint mulat.
– Mi még maradunk – mondta adjutánsának, Wolkonskinak, úgy
hogy mindenki hallhatta. – Európának összes nemzeteit ismerem, de
a magyarhoz egy sem hasonlítható.
Mintha simogató tavaszi szél vinné, úgy járt szájról-szájra a
merész kijelentés, Sándor cár meghódított magának minden szívet.
– Jaj de szép ember. Soha ilyen deli alkatú férfit még nem láttam.
Nézd azt a gyönyörű, göndör, szőke haját. Milyen piros az arca.
Hogy fénylik a szeme. De boldog lehet, aki vele táncol.
Orczy bárónővel táncolt a cár, átfonta derekát szorosan és
merészen udvarolva suttogott ezer szépet az asszony égő fülébe.
Legjobban tetszett neki ma este ez a telt, fehérnyakú, gyémántos,
hermelines, kényes cica. Kicsit le kellett hajolnia a pici bárónőhöz,
magas termetéhez nem igen illett az apró táncosnő, de őt annál
inkább meghódította. Csupa mosoly volt a cár, szépen formált, piros
ajka közül szinte vakítón villogtak elő feltünően erős, fehér fogai,
csak mélyen fekvő, szúrós, kék szemében fénylett valami vizsgálódó
keménység, az uralkodó gyanakodó tartózkodása. Szép ember volt,
de tompa, kalmük orra kicsit ázsiai jelleget adott arcának.
A táncoló párt egy sötét magyarruhás alak követte, közelférkőzve
hozzájuk és lesve minden szót a cár ajkáról. A titkos rendőrség
megbizottja volt, Majláth Miklós gróf, kitől fontos jelentéseket várt
Bécsben báró Hager Ferenc, a rendőrfőnök. Nagy viták folynak épen
a kongresszuson, vigyázni kell az uralkodók minden mosolyára.
A cár elengedte táncosnőjét, meghajolt előtte mélyen, aztán
franciául mondta:
– Nagyon sajnálom, Madame, hogy ez alkalommal nem
terhelhettük meg lelkiismeretünket, de remélem, még kipótoljuk, ha
legközelebb Bécsbe jön.
Majláth gróf mögöttük állt, arca derűs lett, milyen öröm, hogy ezt
meghallotta, a Geheimpolizei feje az ilyeneknek is örül, mert ezekkel
mulattatja a császárt, aki a finom, pikáns történeteket szereti.
– Na lássa, Franciska, ez a bál – mondta Jósika és a dobogó
szívű leánnyal belépett a terembe.
Színes ábránd volt az egész este, az eljövetel a Pfisterer-házból
és most ez a fényes terem, a keringőző párok, a sok-sok gyertya, a
gyémántok fényétől, illatszertől, virágillattól mámoros levegő.
Omló selymek, átlátszó fátyolszövetek, halavány csipkék, nehéz
bársonyok. A hölgyek ragyogó nyaka kivirágzott színes ruháikból és
szemük fénye ékszereiknek kék, sárga, piros, zöld, violaszín
ragyogásával egyetlen hatalmas égő virágcsokorba olvadt össze.
– Oh be gyönyörű – sóhajtotta Franciska és érezte, hogy most
életének minden pillanata egy-egy valóra vált álom, vagy talán
örökre eltűnő illuzió.
– Gyere, táncoljunk mi is, szép szívem.
Jósika átfonta a leány derekát. A kis kapitány jól táncolt, vitte,
repítette aranyhajú szerelmét és Franciska nem látott, nem hallott
semmit, elkábulva suhant, repült tova, behúnyt szemmel, boldogan.
– Na jó, na szép? – kérdezte a báró.
Erre felébredt Franciska és tágranyitotta szemét. Egy pillanatig
átadta volt magát a beteljesedés boldog mámorának, most már új
küzdelemre hívta az élet. Ez a budai bál nem jelenti vágyai végcélját,
neki még minden erejével, minden szenvedélyével kell alkudnia a
mai éjszakával… Hirtelen megállt és szétnézett:
– Ki az a szőke fiatalember? – kérdezte és a cárra mutatott, aki a
délszaki növényekkel díszített, bíborszőnyeges emelvény előtt állt.
– Sándor, az orosz császár őfelsége, biztosan boldog, hogy
kegyed figyelmére méltatja, gyönyörű angyalom – felelte Jósika.
– Az orosz cár, igazán? – Franciska izgatott lett. – Hiszen azt
mondta volt, hogy az udvar már eltávozott a bálról?
– A mi felséges urunk el is ment, a porosz király is, de ő, úgy
látszik, itt maradt. Beszélik, hogy Pétervárt is mindig reggelig táncol
a bálokon, Bécsben pedig inkognitóban elmegy a polgári
mulatságokra is. De mit bánjuk mi azt? Jöjjön Franciskám,
táncoljunk tovább. Az élet olyan szép, itt tarthatom a karomban, a
zene csak nekünk szól, az egész bál a mienk. Jöjjön, szívvirágom.
Franciska nem mozdult, a cárt nézte, rajta felejtette égő, sötét
tekintetét.
– Pillantson már rám is, angyalom – hízelgett Jósika, aztán
megragadta a leányt, hogy tovakeringőzzék vele, de a zene hirtelen
elhallgatott és Cziráki Antal Mózes gróf, Ludovika császárné híres
kedvence, a cár mellől az emelvényre lépett.
Moraj zúgott végig a közönségen. Mi lesz most? Az erkélyekről
kíváncsi arcok hajoltak előre, a hölgyek szíve dobogott, csend lett a
teremben és a nagy némaságban messzire csengtek a gróf szavai:
– Sándor cár őfelsége a nemzeti táncot szeretné látni.
A szomszéd teremből előjött a mostanáig mellőzött cigánybanda,
zsinóros, dolmányos, barnaarcú, legények foglalták el a cseh
muzsikusok helyét és húzni kezdték a híres Bihari egyik nótáját.
Keveset táncoltak akkoriban magyar táncot. No most ki járja el
úgy, hogy a cárnak tessék? Hol a fiatalság? Cziráki szétnézett a
teremben, ott volt körülötte a magyar mágnások, nemesség szine-
java, sorra intett nekik:
– Esterházy rajta! Siess Vince, táncosnét neked gyorsan!
Esterházy egy pillanatig keresett csak a hölgyek között, aztán
már ott táncolt a gyönyörű Rádai Ninával.
Az ifjúság kedvet kapott, a magyar zenére megmozdultak az alvó
szívek, mint valami régi, szép emlék, gyermekkori merész ábránd
magával ragadott mindenkit. Öt pár táncolt már a cár előtt és a terem
örvendve nézte őket. Más volt, lágyabb volt, mint a keringő,
tüzesebb a francia táncoknál, jobban illett a huszárruhás,
díszmagyaros ifjaknak. A leányok hajában libegtek a pártaszalagok,
kipirult az arcuk, mintha egyszerre kényesebbek lennének,
tüzesebbek, szebbek.
Jósika kézenfogta Franciskát:
– Jöjjön, Franciska, menjünk mi is. Minek nézzük, amint más
táncol? Én erdélyi fiú vagyok, jobban értem mindenkinél.
– De én? – kérdezte ijedten a leány.
– Te a legszebb vagy ma itt! – felelte nyugodtan Jósika és mintha
ez mindenre jogot adna, odavezette Franciskát a cár elé.
– Ni, ni, a kis Jósika – mondta Cziráki.
– Ki ez a fiatal hölgy? – kérdezte a cár.
– Az ifjú, felség, kivel táncol, báró Jósika Miklós. Fiatal gyerek, de
már kapitány, többször kitüntette magát a franciák elleni
hadjáratokban.

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