Class : 10th Chemistry

Chapter-1: Chemical Reactions & Equations

by adding use air tight

antioxidants containers

Colour Simplest way to write

chemical equation

Prevent state
Corrosion
e.g. Magnesium +
rancidity Oxygen →
when fats oxidised temperature Magnesium oxide

change in form-​equation
Oxidation Reduction

heat
Reactions formulae of elements
released

Effects
heat
Chemical
Reactions & e.g Mg + O2 → MgO
absorbed exothermic
Equations

Types of Chemical unbalanced equation

endothermic
reactoins Balanced Skeletal equation
Equation

Combinatoin follows law of

physical state of
conservation of
elements written as
mass
addition of two
element or
Compounds to
Reactants & products
synthesis new gas (g), Liquid (l) and
both balanced
compounds. solid (s)

Decomposition no. of atoms

remains same
Double
energy absorbed
displacement
endothermic

Thermoch
Displacement Oxidation emical
Reduction decomposes to from two changes
or more than two
exchange compounds.
of ions or
reactants
displaces a less
elements with energy
active metal
maximum atoms released
from its salt Addition of H2 Addition of O2 f
balanced first exothermic
solution Removal of O2 Removal of H2
 Class : 10th Chemistry
Chapter-2 : Acid Base and Salt

Sour in taste Bitter in taste Turns red litmus

blue

Turns blue litmus red

Give OH- ions in
aqueous
Give H+ ions aqueous Solution
soultion

Does not con duct

Aqueous solution electricity
Physical Properties Physical Properties
of Acids of base
Reacts with metals to
liberate hydrogen.
Acid+Metal → Alkali reacts with metals to
Salt+Hydrogen Gas Chemical Acid Base liberate hydrogen. Acid+Metal
Properties of and Salt → Salt+Hydrogen Gas
Acids

Salts

Chemical Properties
of Bases
Reacts with certain metal oxides
to form salt and water.
Metal oxide + Acid → Salt + Water When acid and base are
combined under the
given condition, Salt is Bases reacts with acidic oxides to
obtained form salts.

Types Of Salts

pH scale: It is the H+ ion

Concentration of the solutions,
denoted by pH

Classification of Acid, Base and Neutral

solutions based on pH scale
 Class : 10th Chemistry
CHAPTER : 3 metals and non-​metals

Good conductor of heat and

Non-​malleable and non-​ductile

Poor conductor of heat and

Can be solids, liquids or
High M. P. and B.P.
Malleable and
electricity

Low M.P and B.P

They are solids
Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen

Metal oxide + water Metal → hydroxide

electricity
High density
ductile

gases

Brittle
gas

Chemical Physical
Properties Properties Physical Properties

Chemical
Properties
Non-​metal + acid →
No reaction
Metals Non-​Metals

Metals and Formation of

Corrosion
Non-​Metals ionic compound

When metals react with non-​metals,

A process in which metal
electrons are transferred from the
reacts with substance
metal atoms to the non-​metal atoms,
present in the atmosphere Reactivity series of Extraction of forming ionic compounds. g.
to form surface metals metals Formation of Sodium Chloride
compounds, called rust

Ore

The series of metals in Concentration of

decreasing order of Ore
reactivity.
K>Na>Ca>Mg>Al>Zn>Fe>Sn
> Pb>H>Cu>Hg>Ag>Au>Pt. Metals with Medium
reactivity

Metals with Low

Metals with high reactivity
Carbonate ore Sulphide Ores
reactivity
Calcination Roasting

Refining

Oxides of metals

Electrolysis Metal
Sulphide Ores
of molten
ore Pure
Purification of metals
metal

Roasting
 Class : 10th Chemistry
CHAPTER : 4 Carbon and its Compounds

Aldehyde (–CHO),

Alcohol (–OH)

Halogen (–X)
Haloalkane
Catenation

Alkanol

Ester (–COOR) Alkyl

Ketone (>C=O)
Electronegative

Alkana
It is a reaction when ester reacts with

Alkanone
Tetravalency

alkanoate
an inorganic base to produce alcohol
and soap
Ester+Base → Alcohol + Soap

Properties of Carboxylic Acid

Carbon Functional Groups: (–COOH) Alkanoic
Saponification IUPAC acid
(International Union of
Pure and Applied
Chemistry ) names
Esterification Substitution
Carbon and
When an organic acid reacts with alcohol its Chemical Properties of
in the presence of acid catalyst, Compounds Carbon
it produces fruity smell, called ester, this Oxidation
is called Esterification
Isomerism

Combustion

Types of
Saturated Acyclic or Open
Organic
Hydrocarbon Compounds
Presence of single
bond

The compound which

possess same molecular
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon formula but has different
structural formula with
Cyclic or closed different chemical
Homologous series of properties are called
alkanes Alk+ane isomers
Homologous Alkenes and phenomenon is called
series of Alkenes (Presence of Double bonds) isomerism.
Alk+ene

Alkynes (Triple Bonds)

Homologous series of
Alkynes Alk+yne
 Class : 10th Biology
Chapter-5 life processes

Parts of Human Respiratory

System - Autotrophic nutrition in plants.
- Alveoli ​ ​ ​ ​ ​- Lungs - Process Invilved is
- Bronchioles ​ ​ - Bronchi Photosynthesis
- Trachea ​ ​ ​ ​- Nostrils Various steps included in
Heterotrophic nutrition in
animals
- Ingestion
- Digestion
Mechenism of Breathing - Absorption
- Expiration - Assimilation
- Gaseous exchange - Egestion
- Inspiration

Respiration in Animal Nutrition

(Human Beings)

Alimentary canal and their

secretions
- Mouth (saliva)
Life - Pharynx
Processes - Oesophagus
- Stomach (HCl, Gastric Juice)
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestin
Double Circulation in - Anus
Excretion
Human

Transportation in In Plants:
Plants Process involved
Circulatory system
- Phleom (Transport of is Transpiration
in Human
water) In Human: Kidney helps in
- Blood
- Xylem (Transport of formation of urine
- Heart
food)
- Vlood Vessels

In Human, basic unit of kidney-​Nephron

Parts of Nephron
- Bowman’s Capsule
- Glomerulus
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule
- Loop of Henle
- Distal Comvoluted Tubule
 Class : 10th Biology
Chapter-6 control and co-​ordination

Parathyroid
Plants Pituitary Gland Parathyroid Hormon
Hormones Growth Hormone, Tropic Hormone,
(Growth Prolactin, Vasopressin, Oxytocin
Hormones) Thymus
• Auxin Thymosin
• Gibberellin
Thyroid Gland
• Cytokinin
Thyroxine Hormone Adrenal Gland
• Abscisic acid
• Ethylene Adrenalin, cortisol

Endocrine Glands (Ductless)

Phototropism
(Response to light)
Pancreas
Exocrine Glands (With Duct) Shoots show
Insulin, Glucagon
Hormones Secreted by positive
Glands phototropism
Types by Glands
Hydrotropism
(Response to water)
Neuron: Unit of Nervous
system control and
co-​ Geotropism
ordination (Response to
Plant Movements
gravity)
(Tropic movements)
Roots show positive
Parts of Neuron
geotropism
• Cell body
• Dendrites Nervous system in
• Axon Humans
Cranial Nerves(arises
from brain)
12 pairs Chemotropism
(Response to
Autonomic Nervous Central Nervous chemicals)
System system Growth of Pollen tube
towards a chemical
Autonomic Nervous
produced by Ovule
System
Peripheral •Sympathetic
• Sympathetic • •Parasympathetic
Nervous
Parasympathetic
Brain System
Reflex action
•Involuntary
•Sudden actions

Spinal cord

Spinal Nerves (arises from

spinal cord)
31 pairs

Hind brain
Fore brain (Thinking part Mid brain (Controls • Cerebellum: Controls
of brain) involuntary actions, posture and balance Reflex arc
• Cerebrum Change in pupil size, • Pons: Controls involuntary Receptors→Sensory
• Thalamus Reflex actions) actions Neuron→Spinal
• Hypothalamus • Medulla Oblongata: Control Cord→Motor
involuntary actions Neuron→Effectors
 Class : 10th Biology
Chapter-7 How do Organisms Reproduce

Budding
• Bulb like projection comes out of the
cells Fragmentation
• Reproduction through buds • Breaking into two or more fragments
Reproduction through • eg. Yeast, Hydra •Eg. Spirogyra
vegetative parts of Plants
• ThroughLeaves- Bryophyllum
• Through Eyes P-​aotato Spore formation
• Through stem-​Rose • Convered by hard protective
• Through Roots coat to withstand condition
• Fungus
• Spore germinates
Sexual reproduction

Male Reproductive System Part of Sperm

• Sperm duct • Head
How do • Testis (Release Sperm) • Middle piece
organisms • Penis • Tail
Sexual reproduction in
reproduce
animals (Human Beings)

Female Reproductive System

• Ovaries
• Oviduct
• Ova (egg)
Sexual reproduction in Plants • Uterus

• Fertilization: Ova (from ovaries) fuses

with sperm (from testis) to from zygote
Through Seeds Through Flowers • Implantation of embryo in uterus
• develops into baby

Fertilization Pollination
Self Pollination
Pollen grains on stigma of same
flower
• contains Embryo
•Ovary forms fruit
and Ovules from Fusion of male and female
seeds gametes develops into embryo
Cross Pollination
Pollen grains on stigma of another
flower

Seed dispersal
• By Wind
• By Water
• By Animal
 Class : 10th Biology
Chapter - 8 Heredity

Geographical Reproductive
isolation isolation
Natural Somatic Variation Gamete Variation
Selection

Speciation

Genetic Asexual Variation

drift

Determinat variations
Monony hybrid ion human
All red Cross beings
Sexual Variation

Law of Vestigial
Self Pollination Organs present but no
Segregation
Phenotype Heredity function

Darwin's Paleontologica Study of

F1 generation Gregor John theory of Fossils
Genotype Mendel Evidence
Heredity
Micro-​
Auatomical
evolution
Genotype

Six in Morphological
Low of Analogous
Independents Organs
Hybrid
Assortnent

Female
Dihybrid Cross Male Homologous
Organs
F2 Generation Cross
Pollination 22 + xx
F1 generation 22 + XY
Genotype

Self
Pollination
Hybrid RRYY Phenotype 22 autosomes 22 autosomes
XY sex XX sex
chromosome chromosome
Phenotype Genotype

(XX) Daughter
F2 generation
All round Yellow

1RR:2Rr:1rr

(XY) Son
3 red:1 White Phenotype
Genotype
Cross Pollination

(XY) Son
Round yellow
Wrinkled Yellow (XX) Daughter
Round Green
1:2:2:4:2:2:
Wrinkled Green
1:1:1:1
 Class : 10th Physics
Chapter-9 : Light—​Reflection and Refraction

Eye
Glasses
and
Reflector for
contact
Projector Lmaps
lanes
At Infinity Solar Devices
Flood Lights Security
Cameras

Found in doors and

Bewteen Torches and
out on vechicles
Infinity and Headlights
C Peepholes
Can produce virtual as
well as real mi ages

Uses
At C Position Of Objects

Camera
Concave Plan Mirror Flashlights
Spectometer
Between F
produces Virtual
and C
Images

AT F Uses Telescope

Mirrors
Between Pole Convex produces
and F Virtual Images Simple

Uses
Concave lens Microscope
Diverging

Light—​
Reflection of Concave lens
Reflection
light Laws Lenses converging
and
Refraction

Spectrometer
Image at F2

Camera
position of
object
The incident ray, At Infinity
The incident ray, the normal and
At 2F1
the normal to the refracted ray
the surface at at the point of Refraction of
Light Laws Beyond 2F1
the point of incidence all lies
incidence and in the same At F1
the reflected ray, plane for the two
all lies in the given Between F1
same plane transparent Between F 1
and F2
medium and O

Image beyond
2F2
The incident ray,
the normal and
Image at
the refracted ray
The ratio of the infinity
at the point of
sin of angle of
incidence all lies in
incidence to the
the same plane for
sin of angle of
the two given
refraction is
transparent
always constant Image on the
medium Image
same side of Compound
Image at 2F2 between F2
the lens as the Microscope
and2F2
object
 Class : 10th Physics
Chapter-10 : Human Eye and Colourful World

(i) Excessive (i) Causes Use of

Use of
(i) Focal length Curvature of Gradual Convex
Concave
of the eye lens eye lens weakening of lens on
lens of
becomes too (ii) Elongation ciliary muscles bifocal lens
appropria
long (ii) Eye of eyeball (ii) Diminishing Provide the focused real
te power
ball becomes flexibility of eye and inverted image of
too small lens the object on the retina
Correction
Causes Myopia

Control the size of the

Iris pupil
Presbyopic
Correction
Causes
Pupil
It regulates and controls
Near cornea the amount of light
Hypermetropi provides
Sightedness entering the eye
refraction
of light Retina
Eye
Defects
Correction Far Delicate membrane
Sightedness having Delicate
Lens membrane having
Eye Structur
Use of Defects e of Eye
Concave lens
of appropriate Tyndall Effect
power
Dispersion
Human Eye Dispersed
of Light
Phase
Atmospheric and Colourful
Refraction World
Colloids
Refraction of light by Properties of
the earth's Colloids
atmosphere Scattering
of Light
Dispersed
Refraction of Medium
Refraction of light Light through
by the earth's Prism
atmosphere
(i) They are heterogeneous
mixture
(ii) Beam of light becomes
visible
Refraction of
Twinkling of (iii) Cannot be separated by
light by the Angle of deviation Angle of emergence
stars sedimentation
earth's
atmosphere

Angle of incidence
+
Angle of emergence
= Reddishness of the
Blue color of
Angle of prism sun at sunrise and
the sky
+ sunset
Angle of deviation
 Class : 10th Physics
Chapter-11 : Electricity

If temperature
around the
conducting
ends is same

Dry cell
Wire
Parallel
Switch
V = IR Series
Resistance in
Series
Symbol Bulb
R = V/I and
Ohm's Law

Types of Electrical
Circuit Shock
Resistance in Resistance
Parallel

P = I2R Precautions Danger of

Electricity
Rate at which mishandling
electrical Power electrical
energy is appliances
dissipated Watt

Circuit Fire
Variable
Diagram
Resistance
Cell Joule's
Law
Resistor
Resistivity
Switch
Wire Wire
crossing Joint

Bum

Area cross section

Electrocution
 Class : 10th Physics
Chapter-12 : Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

Safety measure
to Take care of
leakage

Electric current Supply

is produced due electricity to
to rotation of circuits within
coil inside the home
field Earth Wire
Converts mechanical into
electrical energy Neutral Wlre

Live Eire

Converts electrical
into mechanical Domestic Electric
energy Circuit

Electric Generators

Electromagnetic
Electric Motor Induction
Changes in the magnetic
field in duces curve

Magnetic
Effect of
Forms of current
Carrying conductor
Electric Fuse Protects the
to magnetic field Current appliances from short
circuiting
As As current (overloading)
passed through
the coil in
magnetic field Surrounding
force dating in Field due to current region Electrical
the coil turns Carrying Conductor where force Shock
Field Lines of magnet
can be
Direction of detected
Force
Fleming‘s
Electrical Shock
left hand
rule
Solenoid

Circular Loop

Conductor
Straight

Field Lines North to

South Pole

Field strength depends

on the decreases of the
field lines
 Class : 10th Biology
Chapter-13: Our Environment

Crop
Grassland Forest

Field
Terrestrial

Second Herbivores
Garden
Aquatic Natural Artificial trophic level
Primary
Consumer
Soil
Aquarium
Pond Types
Third
Water trophic
Food Chain level
Abiotic
Second
Air
Ecosystem Trophic Consumer
Components Representat Levels
io
Light Fourth
trophic Small
level Carnivore
Food Web
Temperature Boitci Tertiary s
Consumer
First
trophic
level
Large
Plant Animals Producer
Carnivore
s
Micro-​
organism
Our
Environment

Land Fills

Recycling

Wastes
Biodegradable
Wastes
Sewage Treatment
Types of Waste
Wastes Management

Non-​ Effects of
biodegradable Wastes
Wastes
Incineration

Ozone Depletion
Pollution

Use of Disposable

Problem of
waste
Disposable
Paper Cups