WHAT ARE THE APPROACHES FOR

DECISION-MAKING WITH A FEW

SAMPLES?

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 WHAT IS
SAMPLE?

Sample is a subset of observations

/ items drawn from a universal set
(usually referred to as the
'population'). The use of samples is
a common practice in data
validation exercises, statistics and
quantitative research.

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It is preferred to work with a
sample rather than the population
due to time and money
constraints. Every validation test
requires a certain number of
minimum observations in the
sample to be effective.

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 WHAT IS
CONTROL PLAN?

Control Plan is a written document

providing details of control
methods for product and process
characteristics. Its purpose is to
minimize variation in both product
and process characteristics. It is a
key deliverable under PPAP
requirements and in the Control
phase of the DMAIC project.

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Control plan essentially covers
the following elements:
1. Characteristics and inputs (both
product and process) to be
controlled.
2. Tolerances and trigger points
for these inputs.
3. Methods or actions required to
keep the inputs within control.
4. Escalation and response plan in
case the inputs go out of
tolerance limits.

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Apart from the cost, sometimes it
is impractical to have a high
number of samples to take a
decision. There have been many
situations where the dependency
on few samples was the only
choice to take a decision.

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Every sample will give some
information. Wherever possible,
change the measurement to
variable (continuous) data rather
than discrete (attribute). This will
enable us to see the shape and
form of data better and assess for
capability improvement or lack
thereof. When one uses
continuous data, the risk
associated with decision-making
comes down.

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Hypothesis testing with carefully
selected inputs can also help with
validation. For example, do we need
to know whether the breaking
strength of a cable has gone up by
1g/sq cm or is it good enough to see
that it has gone up by 1kg/sq cm -
the latter will need fewer samples.
Similarly, what are the values of alpha
and beta that can be used to make a
reasonable deduction - higher values
of alpha and beta need lower
samples.

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