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ebook download (eBook PDF) Empowerment Series: Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare: Empowering People 12th Edition all chapter
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To Kathy,
my wife,
who has invigorated my life!
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Brief Contents
12 Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies for Advancing Social and Economic Justice 385
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Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents
CHAPTER 1
Social Welfare: Its Business, History, and
Future 1 CHAPTER 2
Goal of Social Welfare 2 Social Work as a Profession and a
Social Welfare as an Institution and as a Discipline 2 Career 37
Social Welfare’s Relationship to Sociology and to Other A Brief History of Social Work 38
Academic Disciplines 3 A Multiskilled Profession 40
A Problem-Solving Approach 42
Social Welfare’s Relationship to Social Work 4
Generalist Social Work Practice 42
Social Welfare’s Relationship to Other Institutions 5
Micro-, Mezzo-, and Macropractice 42
Social Welfare’s Relationship to Human Services 5 Social Casework 42
Residual View versus Institutional View of Social Welfare 6 Case Management 43
Group Work 43
Liberalism versus Conservatism 6 Group Therapy 43
Developmental View of Social Welfare 8 Family Therapy 43
Community Organization 44
History of Social Welfare 10
Administration 44
Early European History 10
Other Areas of Professional Activity 45
The Elizabethan Poor Law 10
vii
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viii Contents
PART II
SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND SOCIAL
Monkey Business Images/
SERVICES
Shutterstock.com
CHAPTER 3
Generalist Social Work Practice 65
Generalist Social Work Practice Defined 66
A Variety of Roles 66
Enabler 67
Broker 67
Steve Hamblin/Alamy
Advocate 67
Activist 67
Mediator 67
Negotiator 67
Educator 68
Initiator 68
Empowerer 68 CHAPTER 4
Coordinator 68 Poverty and Public Welfare 107
Researcher 68
Group Facilitator 68 The Problem of Poverty 108
Public Speaker 68 A Brief History of Our Response to the Poor 108
Social Work with Individuals 68 The Rich and the Poor 111
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Contents ix
Defining Poverty Is a Policy Problem 114 Managed Mental Health Care 145
Who Are the Poor? 115 Managed Care and Evidence-Based Practice 146
Causes of Poverty 115 Treatment 148
Brief History 148
The Culture of Poverty 116 Current Trends 149
Functions of Poverty 117 Treatment Facilities: Community Mental Health
Social Insurance Programs 118 Centers 150
Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance Social Work and Mental Health 151
(OASDHI) 118
Medicare 119 Counseling 152
Unemployment Insurance 119 How to Counsel 153
Workers’ Compensation Insurance 119 Comprehensive and Specialized Counseling
Approaches 157
Public Assistance Programs 119
Supplemental Security Income 121 Changing Unwanted Emotions 159
General Assistance 121 Meaningful Activity 159
Medicaid 121 Changing Self-Talk 159
Supplemental Nutrition Program (SNAP) 122 Changing the Distressing Event 160
Housing Assistance 122 Destructive Ways of Dealing with Unwanted
Temporary Assistance to Needy Families 123 Emotions 161
Family Allowance Program 125 Counseling versus Therapy/Psychotherapy 161
Social Work and Public Welfare 126 Why Is Counseling/Psychotherapy Therapeutic? 164
Working with Discouraged People 126
Summary 165
Summary 127
Competency Notes 166
Competency Notes 128
Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
E Teister/Blickwinkel/Age Fotostock
CHAPTER 5
Emotional/Behavioral Problems and
Counseling 130
A Perspective on Emotional and Behavioral
CHAPTER 6
Problems 131 Family Problems and Services to
Nature and Extent of Emotional and Behavioral Families 168
Problems 131 Diverse Family Forms 169
What Is Mental Illness? 132 The American Family: Past and Present 169
Medical Model 132 The Family in Preindustrial Society 169
Interactional Model 135 The Family in Industrial Society 171
Labeling as the Cause of Chronic “Mental Illness” 141 Divorce 172
The Homeless 142 Reasons for Marital Happiness 173
Divorce Laws 175
Civil Rights 143
Empty-Shell Marriages 177
Plea of Innocent by Reason of Insanity 144 Marriage Counseling 178
Use of Psychotropic Drugs 145 Additional Marriage-Related Services 178
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x Contents
Bettmann/Corbis
iStockphoto.com/Chris Schmidt
CHAPTER 8
Drug Abuse and Drug Treatment
Programs 250
Drugs and Drug Abuse 251
CHAPTER 7 A Brief History of Our Drug-Taking Society 252
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Sociological Theories of Drug Abuse 253
and Services to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Anomie Theory 253
Transgender, and Questioning (LGBTQ) Labeling Theory 253
Differential Association 254
Individuals 215
Drug Subcultures 254
Dimensions of Sexuality 216
Biological Dimension 216 Facts about, and Effects of, Commonly Used
Gender Dimension 216 Drugs 255
Sexual Orientation Dimension 216 Depressants 255
Not a Problem but the Result of a Social Problem 216 Stimulants 264
A History of Oppression 219 Hallucinogens 267
Early Western Concepts of Homosexuality 219 Tobacco 268
Freudian Theories Regarding the Nature of Marijuana 269
Homosexuality 220 Anabolic Steroids 270
The Emergence of a Homosexual Identity and Rehabilitation Programs 271
Community 221 Alcohol Treatment Programs 271
World War II 221 Other Drug Treatment Programs 279
The Gay Liberation Movement 223 Understanding and Treating Codependency 281
Intersectionality of Oppression 226 Suggestions for Curbing Drug Abuse in the
The Coming Out Process 226 Future 281
Being Out 227 Educational Programs 282
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Contents xi
Prevention of Illegal Drug Trafficking across How to Reduce Crime and Delinquency 318
Borders 283 Increasing or Decreasing Sentences 318
Employee Drug-Testing Programs 283 Reforming the Correctional System 320
Stricter Laws and Enforcement 284 Preventing Crime 322
Decriminalization of Drug Use 284
Social Work and the Criminal Justice System 323
Summary 285 Role of Social Work 323
Competency Notes 286 Factors Influencing Treatment 323
Summary 326
Competency Notes 327
AP Images/Sasa Kralj
AP Images/Kelley McCall
CHAPTER 9
Crime, Juvenile Delinquency,
CHAPTER 10
and Correctional Services 289
Nature and Extent of Crime 290 Problems in Education and School Social
What Is Crime? 290 Work 330
How Extensive Is Crime? 290 Problematic Areas in Education 331
Who Is Arrested? 291 The Question of Quality 331
How Accurate Are Official Crime Statistics? 292 Equal Access to Quality Education 331
Crime Causation Theories 293 Confusion about the Goals of Education 334
Early Theories 293 Intolerable Working Conditions for Some
Physical and Mental Trait Theories 295 Teachers 336
Psychological Theories 295 Strategies to Improve Education 339
Sociological Theories 297 Increase Incentives for Teachers 339
Usefulness of Theories 300 Improve the Curriculum 339
Types of Crime 300 Allow Parental Choice of Schools 340
Organized Crime 301 Expand Preschool Programs 344
White-Collar Crime 302 Toward Equal Educational Opportunity 344
Computer Crime 304 Reform of School Financing 345
Hate Crime 305 Compensatory Education 346
Public-Order Crimes 305 Effective Integration 347
Sex Offenses 306
Human Trafficking 306 Curbing Bullying and Cyberbullying 347
Homicide and Assault 307 School Social Workers: A Response to
Theft 307 Crisis 348
Juvenile Delinquency 309 The Nature of Behavior 349
The Criminal Justice System 311 Traditional School Social Work Roles 350
The Police 311 Summary 359
The Courts 312
Competency Notes 360
Correctional Systems 313
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xii Contents
CHAPTER 12
Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies
for Advancing Social and Economic
Justice 385
Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism 386
Race and Racism 386
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Contents xiii
CHAPTER 15
Cleo Photography/PhotoEdit
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xiv Contents
CHAPTER 17
AP Images/Glen Mayne
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
EMPOWERING PEOPLE
Empowering people is a theme of this text. Content on empowerment of self and clients is
provided in the following chapters:
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 11
Social Work as a Profession and a Career Work-Related Problems and Social Work in the
Playing a poor hand well: Empowering at-risk children. Workplace
A goal of social work: Enhance the problem-solving, Theory Y: Improving productivity and job satisfaction.
coping, and developmental capacities of people. Social work in the workplace.
A goal of social work: Enhance human well-being and Employee assistance programs.
eliminate poverty, oppression, and other forms of social
injustice. CHAPTER 12
The strengths perspective and empowerment. Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies for Advancing
Self-awareness and identity formation. Social and Economic Justice
Cochran Gardens: A grassroots organization that used a
CHAPTER 3 strengths perspective.
Generalist Social Work Practice Empowerment.
Role of generalist social worker: Empowerer. Strengths perspective: Strategies for advancing social
A therapy group that utilized a strengths perspective. and economic justice.
CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 13
Poverty and Public Welfare Sexism and Efforts for Achieving Equality
Working with discouraged people. Strategies for achieving sexual equality.
The feminist perspective on therapy.
CHAPTER 5 Assertiveness training.
Emotional/Behavioral Problems and Counseling
Counseling. CHAPTER 14
Aging and Gerontological Services
CHAPTER 6 Social work and older adults.
Family Problems and Services to Families Development of social roles for older adults.
Treatment of incest. Preparation for later adulthood.
CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 15
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Services Health Problems and Medical Social Services
to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Understanding and reducing stress.
Questioning (LGBTQ) Individuals Medical social work.
Counseling the terminally ill.
Social work with LGBT individuals.
Sex counseling and sex therapy.
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 9 Physical and Mental Disabilities and Rehabilitation
Crime, Juvenile Delinquency, and Correctional Services Roles of social workers.
Empowering consumers of services.
The treatment approach.
Reforming the correctional system.
CHAPTER 17
CHAPTER 10 Overpopulation, Misuse of the Environment, and Family
Problems in Education and School Social Work Planning
Becoming a creative, critical thinker is the essence of Confronting environmental problems.
education. Social work and family planning.
Expand preschool programs.
xv
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
VALUES AND ETHICS
Content on social work values and ethics is infused throughout the text. Our society is increasingly
becoming aware that values and ethics are key determinants of human behavior. Content on social
work values and ethics provided in the following chapters:
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 10
Social Welfare: Its Business, History, and Future Problems in Education and School Social Work
Institutional view of social welfare. Equal access to quality education.
Developmental view of social welfare. Traditional school social work roles.
Newer social work roles.
CHAPTER 2
Social Work as a Profession and a Career CHAPTER 11
The strengths perspective and empowerment. Work-Related Problems and Social Work in the
Workplace
CHAPTER 3 Social work in the workplace.
Generalist Social Work Practice
CHAPTER 12
bureaucracies. Racism, Ethnocentrism, and Strategies for Advancing
Knowledge, skills, and values for social work practice. Social and Economic Justice
Respect for the dignity and uniqueness of the individual. Institutional racism and institutional discrimination.
Client’s right to self-determination. Strategies for advancing social and economic justice.
Ethnic-sensitive social work practice.
Advocacy and social action for the oppressed. Strengths perspective.
Accountability. Culturally competent practice.
The institutional orientation.
Respect for the spiritual and religious beliefs of others. CHAPTER 13
Promoting social and economic justice, and safeguarding Sexism and Efforts for Achieving Equality
human rights. Sexism and social work.
The feminist perspective on therapy.
CHAPTER 4
Poverty and Public Welfare CHAPTER 14
Social work and public welfare: Social work’s Aging and Gerontological Services
commitment to the needs and empowerment of people Ethical issue: Should assisted suicide be legalized?
who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. Social work and older adults.
Development of social roles for older adults.
CHAPTER 5
Emotional/Behavioral Problems and Counseling CHAPTER 15
Ethical dilemmas of social workers in regards to Health Problems and Medical Social Services
managed mental health care. Unequal access to health services.
Low-quality health care for older adults.
CHAPTER 6 Establishing a national health insurance program in the
Family Problems and Services to Families United States.
Rights of children versus rights of parents.
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 7 Physical and Mental Disabilities and Rehabilitation
Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Services Roles of social workers.
to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Questioning Empowering consumers of services.
(LGBTQ) Individuals
Does conversion therapy for gays and lesbians work? CHAPTER 17
Social work with LGBT individuals. Overpopulation, Misuse of the Environment,
and Family Planning
CHAPTER 9 The abortion controversy.
Crime, Juvenile Delinquency, and Correctional Services Providing family planning services.
Social work and family planning.
xvi
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Preface
In social work, empowering people is the process of welfare. I believe developing the student’s criti-
helping individuals, families, groups, organizations, cal thinking capacities is much more important
and communities increase their personal, interper- than teaching unimportant facts to be recited on
sonal, socioeconomic, and political strength and exams.
influence through improving their circumstances. ■ Convey material on social work intervention ap-
Social workers seek to develop the capacity of cli- proaches that the reader can use in working with
ents to understand their environment, make choices, people to facilitate positive changes.
take responsibility for their choices, and influence ■ Present material on both sides of major social is-
their life situations through organizations and advo- sues confronting our society that the reader can
cacy. Social workers also seek to gain a more equi- use in arriving at informed positions.
table distribution of resources and power among ■ Provide case examples of the functions, roles, re-
different groups in society. This focus on equity sponsibilities, gratifications, and frustrations of
and social justice has been a hallmark of the social social workers that will help the student who is
work profession. In recent years, social work educa- considering a social work major to make an in-
tion has had an increased emphasis on the concept formed career decision.
of human rights—which will be discussed in this ■ Provide a brief historical review of the develop-
edition. ment of social welfare, social work, and various
This book is designed to stimulate student inter- social services.
est in social work and to provide an experiential “fla- ■ Facilitate the reader in acquiring an international
vor” of what the fields of social welfare and social perspective by presenting, in practically every
work are really like. Using a social problems ap- chapter, information on social problems and
proach, the book describes how people are affected social services not only in the United States but
by poverty, child abuse, emotional difficulties, sexism, also in other countries.
alcoholism, crime, AIDS, physical and mental disabil- ■ Inform the reader of the Council on Social Work
ities, racism, overpopulation, sexual assault, and other Education’s (CSWE) conceptualization of social
problems. Information on the nature, extent, and work education at the baccalaureate and master’s
causes of such problems is also presented. In teaching levels as delineated in CSWE’s Educational Policy
introductory courses in social work, a number of my and Accreditation Standards (EPAS).
colleagues and I have found that students tend to be ■ Help the reader “sort out” his or her value struc-
more interested when they come face to face with the ture in relation to welfare recipients, single par-
tragic social conditions that people experience. This ents, ex-convicts, the mentally ill, the divorced,
book also includes case examples through which the persons with AIDS, abusive parents, minority
reader is able to identify with people in need of help. groups, those who are prejudiced, and so on.
In addition, Introduction to Social Work and Social The aim is not to sell any particular set of values
Welfare: Empowering People is designed to: but to help the reader arrive at a value system
that she or he will be comfortable with and find
■ Provoke the reader’s thinking about some of
functional in interacting with others.
the controversial contemporary issues in social
xvii
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xviii Preface
Plan of the Book standards for baccalaureate and master’s degree pro-
Part I introduces the student to the fields of social grams in social work educational programs in the
welfare, social work, and human services. These United States, known as the Educational Policy and
terms are defined, and their relationships to sociol- Accreditation Standards (EPAS). A major thrust of
ogy, psychology, and other disciplines are described. Introduction to Social Work and Social Welfare is to
A brief history of social welfare and social work is present material that is consistent with 2015 EPAS.
provided, and the future is examined. A discussion Three additional themes around which content is
of social work as a career and as a profession is organized in this text are vignettes of a “day in the
included, and this gives the reader a basis for deciding life” of social workers, generalist practice, and ecologi-
whether to pursue a career in social work. cal perspectives.
This part also describes generalist social work The book is intended for use in introductory
practice with systems of all sizes, including indivi- social work and social welfare courses. It introduces
duals, groups, families, organizations, and communi- prospective social work majors to the field of social
ties. This conceptualization introduces readers to the welfare and will help them arrive at career decisions
knowledge, skills, and values needed for effective and prepare for future social work courses. For non-
social work practice. majors, the book provides information about current
Part II focuses on the most common social pro- social problems and social services; the text also gives
blems served by the field of social welfare. This part a framework for analyzing policy issues and for mak-
constitutes the main emphasis of the text and describes: ing citizenship decisions on social issues.
Readers will note that there are a number of case
■ Contemporary social problems in our society. examples, and also case exhibits, in the text. What
■ Current social services for meeting these is the difference between a case example and a case
problems. exhibit? Case examples are illustrations of client/
■ Gaps in current services. persons who are impacted by social work–related ex-
■ Controversial issues in each service area. periences; an illustration is Case Example 5.3, “Using
■ Proposed new programs to meet current gaps in Rational Therapy: Coping with a Sexual Affair,” in
services. Chapter 5, in which Cindy, a 21-year-old woman, uses
Numerous case examples provide the reader with a rational therapy to cope with a sexual affair that her
“feeling” awareness of how the problems affect people boyfriend had.
and convey what it is really like to be a social worker. A case exhibit, in contrast, focuses on largely so-
This 12th edition updates the information in cial work/social welfare topics; an illustration is Case
every chapter. New topics include major mental disor- Exhibit 4.3, “Temporary Assistance to Needy Families
ders in DSM-5; mindfulness; Supplemental Nutrition (TANF),” in Chapter 4, which describes the TANF pro-
Program (SNAP); asset-based community develop- gram and summarizes the merits and shortcomings
ment; learning objectives for students in each chapter; of this program.
gender identity; practice considerations and services A major focus of this edition is to provide text
for LGBTQ persons; dimensions of sexuality (biologi- content and skill-building exercises that focus on stu-
cal, gender, and sexual orientation); suggestions for dents acquiring the nine competencies and 31 beha-
social work students to work against oppression of viors of the 2015 EPAS (Educational Policy and
LGBTQ persons; movement toward legalizing the pos- Accreditation Standards) of the Council on Social
session and use of marijuana in some states; elder Work Education (CSWE).
abuse; the Affordable Care Act; the increase in terror- Note that “helping hands” icons of hands are
ism in recent years; the Common Core Standards in located next to content throughout the book. Accre-
education; counseling versus therapy/psychotherapy; dited social work programs must dem-
and the key therapeutic change agent in counseling onstrate that they’re teaching students
of positive and rational thinking. to be proficient in nine competencies
The Council on Social Work Education is the that are operationalized by the 31 beha-
national organization that accredits baccalaureate viors designated by the Council on Social
and master’s degree programs in social work educa- Work Education (CSWE) Educational Policy and
tion in the United States. In 2015 CSWE revised its Accreditation Standards (EPAS). Students require
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface xix
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
1 Social Welfare: Its Business,
History, and Future
CHAPTER OUTLINE
■ Goal of Social Welfare
■ Social Welfare as an Institution and as a Discipline
■ Social Welfare’s Relationship to Sociology and to Other Academic Disciplines
■ Social Welfare’s Relationship to Social Work
■ Social Welfare’s Relationship to Other Institutions
■ Social Welfare’s Relationship to Human Services
■ Residual View versus Institutional View of Social Welfare
■ Liberalism versus Conservatism
■ Developmental View of Social Welfare
■ History of Social Welfare
■ The Future
■ Dramatic Changes Foreseen in the American Family
In our industrialized, complex, and rapidly changing society, social welfare activities have
become important functions in terms of the money spent, the human misery treated, and
the number of people served.1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This chapter will help prepare students to:
LO1 Define social welfare and describe its goal.
LO2 Describe the relationship between social welfare and the following
disciplines: sociology, psychology, social work, and human services.
EP 5a LO3 Understand a history of social welfare.
LO4 Describe how the future of social welfare will be affected by technological
advances.
LO5 Understand that the future of social welfare will also be partially affected by
changes in the American family system.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Le télégraphiste lut l’adresse à haute voix, avec une expression
de satisfaction sur son visage.
— Duc de Rossmore ! Mâtin ! Vous le connaissez ?
— Oui.
— Vraiment ? Et il vous connaît ?
— Mais oui.
— Diable ! Et il vous répondra ?
— Je le crois.
— Êtes-vous sûr ? Où vous enverrai-je sa réponse ?
— Oh ! nulle part ; je passerai la prendre. Quand pensez-vous
que je doive revenir ?
— Oh ! je n’en sais rien ; je vous l’enverrai, mais où ? laissez-moi
votre adresse pour que je vous l’envoie dès que je l’aurai.
Mais Tracy ne voulut pas de cet arrangement : il venait de gagner
le respect et l’admiration de ce jeune homme, et il ne voulait pas, en
lui donnant l’adresse de sa pension, perdre en un instant sa
considération ; il répéta donc qu’il reviendrait prendre sa dépêche et
partit.
Il flâna tout en réfléchissant.
— Après tout, pensait-il, la considération vous fait toujours
plaisir ; j’ai conquis le respect d’Allen et de quelques autres en
infligeant une brossée au premier. Quoique ce sentiment caresse
l’amour-propre, le respect dû à une ombre, à un vestige, paraît plus
agréable encore. Il n’y a certes aucun mérite à correspondre avec un
duc, et cependant l’attitude de ce jeune homme m’inspire de ce chef
une certaine fierté.
Le télégramme était parti ! Cette idée seule le combla de joie ; il
marchait allègrement, le cœur content. Il mit de côté tout respect
humain et s’avoua à lui-même qu’il éprouvait une grande satisfaction
à renoncer à son expérience et à retourner chez lui. L’attente de la
réponse de son père le rendait très nerveux. Il se promena une
heure, en faisant les cent pas pour tuer le temps, sans s’intéresser à
ce qu’il voyait autour de lui, puis il retourna au télégraphe, demander
si la réponse était arrivée.
— Oh ! non, lui répondit l’employé en regardant la pendule, « et je
ne crois pas que vous la receviez aujourd’hui ».
— Pourquoi pas ?
— Mais… parce qu’il est déjà tard. On ne sait pas toujours où
trouver les gens à l’autre bout du câble, et vous voyez d’après
l’heure d’ici l’heure qu’il est là-bas.
— Oui, c’est vrai, dit Tracy, je n’y avais pas pensé.
— Six heures ici ; il doit être dix heures et demie ou onze heures
là-bas. Oh ! sûrement vous n’aurez pas la réponse ce soir.
CHAPITRE XIV