FREERTOS

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

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Here's a list of FreeRTOS interview questions along with brief solutions or explanations:

FreeRTOS Basics:

1. What is FreeRTOS, and why is it important in embedded systems?

Solution:

FreeRTOS is a real-time operating system kernel designed for embedded systems. It providestask
scheduling, resource management, and synchronization mechanisms for real-time applications.

2. How does FreeRTOS differ from a standard operating system?

Solution:

FreeRTOS is a real-time operating system that is designed for embedded systems with limited
resources. It offers a smaller footprint and lower overhead compared to general-purpose OSes.

3. What are the main components of FreeRTOS?

Solution:

FreeRTOS consists of tasks, queues, semaphores, mutexes, timers, and other synchronization and
control mechanisms.
4. Explain the key features of FreeRTOS.
Solution:

Key features include preemptive multitasking, prioritized task scheduling, support for tasks with
different priorities, and a variety of synchronization mechanisms.

5. What are the benefits of using FreeRTOS in embedded systems?

Solution:

Benefits include real-time task scheduling, efficient resource management, a small memory
footprint, and a robust set of synchronization primitives.

Task Management:

6. What is a task in FreeRTOS?

Solution:

A task is the smallest unit of execution in FreeRTOS, representing a function that can run
independently. Tasks have their own stack space and execution context.
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7. How is task scheduling managed in FreeRTOS?
Solution:

FreeRTOS uses a priority-based scheduler, where tasks with higher priorities run before lower-
priority tasks. Tasks of equal priority are scheduled in a round-robin fashion.

8. What is the purpose of a task's stack in FreeRTOS?

Solution:

A task's stack is used to store its execution context, local variables, and function call information. Each
task has its own stack.

9. How do you create a new task in FreeRTOS?

Solution:

Use the `xTaskCreate` function to create a new task by specifying the task's function, priority,
stack size, and other parameters.

10. What is a task's priority, and how is it determined?

Solution:

A task's priority is an integer value that determines its importance relative to other tasks. Higher
values indicate higher priority. You set a task's priority when creating it.

Synchronization Mechanisms:

11. Explain the concept of a semaphore in FreeRTOS.

Solution:

A semaphore is a synchronization primitive used to manage access to shared resources. It can beused
for signaling and mutual exclusion.

12. What is a mutex in FreeRTOS, and when is it used?

Solution:

A mutex (mutual exclusion semaphore) is used to protect a resource from simultaneous access
by multiple tasks. Only one task can acquire the mutex at a time.

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13. Describe the purpose of a queue in FreeRTOS.
Solution:

A queue is a data structure used for inter-task communication. Tasks can send and receive data
through a queue, allowing for safe data exchange.
14. How does FreeRTOS handle priority inversion, and what mechanisms are in place to
preventit?
Solution:
FreeRTOS implements priority inheritance and priority ceiling protocols to prevent priority
inversion. When a lower-priority task holds a resource needed by a higher-priority task, the lower-
priority task temporarily inherits the higher priority.

15. What are software timers in FreeRTOS, and when are they useful?
Solution:

Software timers are used to execute code at predefined time intervals or after a specific delay.
They are useful for implementing periodic tasks and timeouts.

Interrupts and ISR Handling:

16. Explain the role of interrupt service routines (ISRs) in FreeRTOS.

Solution:

ISRs are used to handle hardware interrupts and should be kept as short and efficient as possible.
They can use FreeRTOS APIs for synchronization and communication with tasks.

17. How can you safely communicate between an ISR and a task in FreeRTOS?
Solution:

Use FreeRTOS inter-task communication mechanisms such as queues or semaphores to send data
from an ISR to a task. Make sure to use the appropriate interrupt-safe API functions.

18. What is the Tick Interrupt in FreeRTOS, and how does it relate to task scheduling?
Solution:

The Tick Interrupt generates regular interrupts at a fixed rate. It updates the system tick count and
allows the scheduler to determine when to switch tasks based on time intervals.

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Memory Management:
19. How does FreeRTOS handle dynamic memory allocation?
Solution:

FreeRTOS provides memory management functions like `pvPortMalloc` and `vPortFree` to allocate
and deallocate memory dynamically from a heap.

20. What is stack overflow, and how can you detect and prevent it in FreeRTOS tasks?
Solution:

Stack overflow occurs when a task's stack runs out of space. FreeRTOS provides a stack overflowdetection
mechanism that can be enabled in the configuration.

Advanced Topics:

21. Explain how FreeRTOS handles resource management and deadlock prevention.
Solution:

FreeRTOS uses synchronization primitives like semaphores and mutexes to manage access to
shared resources and employs priority inheritance and priority ceiling protocols to prevent
deadlock.

22. What is the purpose of the FreeRTOS idle task?

Solution:

The idle task is a low-priority task that runs when no other tasks are ready to execute. It's usedto
save power by putting the CPU into a low-power mode or performing system-related tasks.

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23. How can you configure FreeRTOS to handle hardware-specific requirements and tailor it
to your embedded system?
Solution:
FreeRTOS provides a configuration file (`FreeRTOSConfig.h`) where you can customize various
parameters, such as tick rate, heap size, and CPU architecture specifics.

Common Pitfalls and Best Practices:

24. What are some common pitfalls to avoid when using FreeRTOS in embedded systems?
Solution:

Common pitfalls include incorrect task priorities, insufficient stack space, incorrect use of synchronization
primitives, and not considering real-time constraints.

25. What are some best practices for designing and developing applications with FreeRTOS?
Solution:

Best practices include careful task design, accurate stack size estimation, thorough testing, and
ensuring that real-time requirements are met.

26. How can you optimize FreeRTOS application performance and minimize latency?
Solution:

Performance optimization can involve using appropriate data structures, minimizing critical
sections, reducing interrupt latency, and optimizing task priorities.

FreeRTOS Configuration and Porting:

27. What is FreeRTOS porting, and why might you need to port FreeRTOS to a new platform
ormicrocontroller?
Solution:
Porting FreeRTOS involves adapting it to run on a specific hardware platform or microcontroller.
This is necessary when using FreeRTOS on different hardware.

28. What are the key steps involved in porting FreeRTOS to a new platform or microcontroller?
Solution:

Porting steps typically include configuring hardware-specific settings, adapting the interrupt
handling, and creating a FreeRTOS port layer for the target hardware.

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29. What is the purpose of the FreeRTOS configuration file (`FreeRTOSConfig.h`), and how do
youtailor FreeRTOS to your application's needs using it?
Solution:
`FreeRTOSConfig.h` allows you to configure FreeRTOS parameters like tick rate, heap size, and
memory allocation options to match your application's requirements.

Real-Time Concepts:

30. Explain the concept of real-time operating systems (RTOS) and their significance in
embeddedsystems.
Solution:
RTOSes provide deterministic and predictable behavior in embedded systems by managing tasks,
scheduling, and resources to meet strict timing constraints.

31. What is a real-time task, and how does it differ from a regular (non-real-time) task?
Solution:

A real-time task is a task with timing constraints that must be met. It differs from a regular task in that
it must complete its execution within a specified time frame.

Portability and Compatibility:

32. How can you ensure that your FreeRTOS code is portable and compatible with
differentplatforms and microcontrollers?
Solution:
Write platform-independent code by using FreeRTOS APIs and avoiding hardware-specific
dependencies whenever possible.
33. What are the common challenges in maintaining portability when using FreeRTOS
acrossdifferent platforms?
Solution:
Challenges include handling variations in hardware features, interrupt controllers, clock
configurations, and memory management.

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RTOS Selection:
34. What factors would you consider when choosing between FreeRTOS and other real-
timeoperating systems (RTOS) for an embedded project?
Solution:
Consider factors like resource constraints, real-time requirements, community support, and
licensing when choosing an RTOS.

35. Compare FreeRTOS with another real-time operating system like ThreadX or Micrium.
Solution:

Compare their features, licensing, memory requirements, and community support to make an
informed choice based on the project's requirements.

Concurrency and Parallelism:

36. Explain the difference between concurrency and parallelism in the context of FreeRTOS.
Solution:

Concurrency refers to tasks appearing to execute simultaneously, while parallelism involves tasks
executing simultaneously on multiple CPU cores or hardware threads.

RTOS Integration:
37. How can you integrate FreeRTOS with other software components and libraries in
anembedded system?
Solution:
Integrate FreeRTOS by ensuring that tasks interact correctly with external libraries and
components, such as device drivers and communication stacks.

38. What are the considerations when integrating FreeRTOS with low-level hardware
drivers and peripheral libraries?
Solution:
Ensure that hardware drivers are compatible with FreeRTOS and use appropriate synchronization
mechanisms to access hardware resources safely.

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RTOS Debugging and Testing:

39. What debugging and testing tools and techniques can you use when developing
FreeRTOSapplications?
Solution:
Use debugging tools like JTAG, IDEs, and simulators. Employ techniques like unit testing,
integration testing, and analyzing system logs.
RTOS Certification:

40. Explain the importance of RTOS certification, such as DO-178C, for safety-critical systems.
Solution:

RTOS certification ensures that the operating system meets stringent safety and reliability
standards, making it suitable for use in safety-critical applications.

41. What is the DO-178C standard, and how does it relate to FreeRTOS?
Solution:

DO-178C is a safety certification standard for airborne systems. When using FreeRTOS in such
systems, it must be integrated and verified in compliance with DO-178C requirements.

RTOS Performance Analysis:

42. How can you analyze the performance of a FreeRTOS-based system to ensure that it meets
real-time requirements?
Solution:
Use profiling tools, real-time tracing, and performance counters to measure and analyze task
execution times, resource utilization, and scheduling behavior.

RTOS Security:
43. What security considerations should you take into account when using FreeRTOS in
anembedded system?
Solution:
Consider securing communication channels, protecting data, and implementing authentication
and access control mechanisms to prevent security breaches.

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RTOS Updates and Maintenance:

44. How can you keep FreeRTOS up to date with the latest releases and security updates?
Solution: Regularly check the FreeRTOS website or repository for updates, and follow best
practices for version control and dependency management.

RTOS Community and Support:

45. How can you benefit from the FreeRTOS community and online resources when working
withFreeRTOS?
Solution:
Participate in forums, mailing lists, and online communities to ask questions, share knowledge,
and find solutions to common problems.

46. Where can you find official documentation and resources for FreeRTOS?
Solution:

Official documentation and resources are available on the FreeRTOS website, including user
manuals, API reference guides, and example code.

RTOS Deployment and Maintenance:

47. What considerations are important when deploying FreeRTOS in a production

environment,and how can you ensure system stability?
Solution:
Perform thorough testing, monitor system behavior, and have a robust maintenance plan in place
to address issues and ensure system reliability.

RTOS Licensing:

48. What is the licensing model for FreeRTOS, and how can you use it in commercial products?
Solution:

FreeRTOS uses the MIT license, which allows you to use it in commercial products without
disclosing your source code. Be sure to review the license terms and comply with them.

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RTOS Integration with IDEs:

49. How can you integrate FreeRTOS with popular integrated development environments
(IDEs)and toolchains?
Solution:

Most IDEs offer plugins or extensions to facilitate the integration of FreeRTOS into the
development workflow. Install and configure these plugins for seamless development.

RTOS Best Practices for IoT:

50. What are some best practices for using FreeRTOS in IoT (Internet of Things) applications?
Solution:

Optimize power consumption, secure communication, and consider the constrained resources of IoT
devices when using FreeRTOS.

51. Explain how FreeRTOS can help manage power consumption in battery-operated IoT devices.
Solution:

FreeRTOS can control when tasks run, allowing the CPU to enter low-power modes during idle
times, thus conserving battery power.

RTOS and Multicore Processing:

52. How can FreeRTOS be used in multicore processors or microcontrollers to leverage

multiplecores efficiently?
Solution:
FreeRTOS can be configured to run on multiple cores, with each core running its own set of tasks.
Proper task allocation and synchronization are key to efficient multicore usage.

RTOS Safety-Critical Applications:

53. What considerations should you keep in mind when using FreeRTOS in safety-
criticalapplications, such as medical devices or automotive systems?
Solution:
Ensure compliance with industry-specific safety standards and perform rigorous testing and
verification to demonstrate safety and reliability.

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54. Explain how FreeRTOS can be used in automotive safety systems (ISO 26262).
Solution: When used in automotive safety-critical systems, FreeRTOS must be integrated and
verified to meet the requirements of ISO 26262, which outlines safety standards for road
vehicles.
RTOS Troubleshooting:
55. What steps would you take to troubleshoot a system running FreeRTOS if it's
experiencingissues such as crashes or poor performance?
Solution:
Start by reviewing system logs, examining task priorities and stack sizes, checking hardware
configurations, and using debugging tools to isolate and address issues.

56. How can you diagnose and resolve deadlocks in a FreeRTOS

-based system?
Solution:

Deadlocks can occur due to improper use of synchronization primitives. Carefully review your
code for potential issues and ensure tasks release resources when finished.

RTOS for Embedded Systems Development:

57. Explain how FreeRTOS can simplify embedded systems development compared to bare-
metalprogramming.
Solution:
FreeRTOS provides a structured framework for managing tasks and resources, making it easier to
develop complex embedded systems while meeting real-time requirements.

58. What are the advantages of using an RTOS like FreeRTOS over a simple super-loop
(bare-metal) approach in embedded systems?
Solution:
An RTOS like FreeRTOS offers better task isolation, improved resource management, and the
ability to meet strict timing constraints compared to a super-loop approach.

RTOS Communication Mechanisms:

59. Discuss the pros and cons of using queues for inter-task communication in FreeRTOS.
Solution:

Queues provide a simple and efficient way to exchange data between tasks. However, they have
limited capacity and may block if full.
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60. When would you choose to use semaphores over queues for synchronization in FreeRTOS?
Solution:

Semaphores are better suited for signaling events and managing access to shared resources,while
queues are primarily for data exchange. Choose semaphores when you need simple signaling.

RTOS and Memory Management:

61. How can you estimate the stack size required for a FreeRTOS task, and why is accurate
estimation important?
Solution:
Accurate stack size estimation involves considering function call depth and local variables.
Incorrect estimations can lead to stack overflows and system crashes.

62. Explain how FreeRTOS manages heap memory allocation and deallocation.
Solution:

FreeRTOS provides heap management functions (`pvPortMalloc` and `vPortFree`) to allocate and
deallocate dynamic memory from a configured heap area.

RTOS Real-Time Constraints:

63. What are the typical characteristics of real-time systems, and how does FreeRTOS help
meetthese constraints?
Solution:
Real-time systems have strict timing requirements, and FreeRTOS provides tools for task
scheduling, prioritization, and synchronization to meet these constraints.

RTOS Resource Utilization:

64. How can you optimize resource utilization in a FreeRTOS-based system, particularly
inresource-constrained environments?
Solution:
Optimize by carefully selecting task priorities, minimizing idle times, reducing context switches,
and using efficient synchronization primitives.

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RTOS and Network Communication:

65. Can FreeRTOS be used for network communication in embedded systems, and how
wouldyou integrate it with networking stacks?
Solution:
Yes, FreeRTOS can be integrated with networking stacks like lwIP or FreeRTOS+TCP to enable
network communication in embedded systems.

RTOS and Real-Time Guarantees:

66. What steps can you take to ensure that FreeRTOS provides real-time guarantees in
yourembedded application?

Solution:
Determine worst-case execution times, set task priorities accordingly, minimize interrupt
latencies, and use proper synchronization mechanisms to meet real-time requirements.

RTOS and Task Design:

67. Explain the principles of good task design when working with FreeRTOS.
Solution:

Good task design involves defining tasks with clear objectives, minimizing task dependencies,
avoiding busy-waiting, and designing for modularity and reusability.

RTOS and System Initialization:

68. What are the critical steps in initializing a FreeRTOS-based system, and why are
theyimportant?
Solution:
Critical steps include configuring the system tick, creating tasks and queues, initializing hardware, and
starting the scheduler. Proper initialization ensures a stable system.

RTOS and Interrupt Priorities:

69. How does FreeRTOS handle interrupt priorities, and how can you configure
interruptpriorities to work effectively with FreeRTOS?
Solution:
FreeRTOS provides a mechanism for setting interrupt priorities, and you should ensure that theydon't
interfere with the real-time tasks' priorities.
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RTOS for Bare-Metal Systems:

70. Can FreeRTOS be used in bare-metal systems without an underlying operating system? If
so,how would you configure it for such applications?

Solution:
Yes, FreeRTOS can be used in bare-metal systems. You configure it by selecting the "no operating
system" option in the FreeRTOS configuration and setting up the required hardware abstraction layer.

RTOS and Asynchronous Events:

71. How can you handle asynchronous events and callbacks in FreeRTOS-based applications?
Solution:

Use FreeRTOS task notifications or semaphores to signal tasks from asynchronous events or
callbacks, allowing tasks to react to these events efficiently.

RTOS and Software Architecture:

72. Discuss the importance of software architecture in FreeRTOS-based embedded systems.
Solution:

Good software architecture is essential for modularity, maintainability, and scalability inFreeRTOS
applications, allowing for easier development and future changes.

RTOS for Real-Time Data Processing:

73. Explain how FreeRTOS can be used for real-time data processing and sensor interfacing
in embedded systems.
Solution:
FreeRTOS can manage tasks that read data from sensors, process it, and make decisions in real-
time, ensuring that deadlines are met.

RTOS and Memory Protection:

74. Does FreeRTOS provide memory protection mechanisms between tasks? If not, how can
youimplement memory protection in FreeRTOS-based systems?
Solution:
FreeRTOS does not inherently provide memory protection between tasks. You can implement
memory protection by using hardware features (if available) or custom memory management.
RTOS and Latency Analysis:
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75. How can you analyze and reduce latency in a FreeRTOS-based system to ensure timely
taskexecution?
Solution:
Use real-time tracing tools, profiling, and latency analysis to identify bottlenecks and optimize
your system for reduced latency.

RTOS and Energy Efficiency:

76. What strategies can you employ to optimize energy efficiency in FreeRTOS-based
systems,particularly in battery-powered devices?
Solution:
Optimize task scheduling to minimize CPU wake-ups, use low-power modes, and manage
peripherals efficiently to conserve energy.

RTOS and Communication Protocols:

77. How can you implement communication protocols (e.g., UART, SPI, I2C) in FreeRTOS-
basedembedded systems?
Solution:
Use tasks to manage communication interfaces, and synchronize access to shared resources and
buffers using semaphores or queues.

RTOS and Real-Time Clocks:

78. Explain how FreeRTOS can use real-time clocks (RTC) or timers to manage real-time
eventsand deadlines.
Solution:
FreeRTOS can utilize RTC hardware or software timers to schedule tasks and manage real-time
events by setting periodic alarms or timeouts.
RTOS and Deterministic Behavior:

79. Why is deterministic behavior crucial in real-time systems, and how can FreeRTOS
help achieve it?
Solution:
Deterministic behavior ensures that tasks meet their deadlines consistently. FreeRTOS achieves
this through task scheduling and prioritization.

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RTOS and Task Synchronization:

80. How can you implement synchronization between tasks with different priorities in
FreeRTOSto ensure that high-priority tasks are not blocked by lower-priority ones?
Solution:
Use task notifications, semaphores, or other synchronization primitives to allow high-prioritytasks
to preempt lower-priority ones when necessary.
RTOS and State Machines:

81. Explain how you can implement state machines in FreeRTOS-based systems, particularly
forcomplex control logic.
Solution:
Implement state machines as tasks with well-defined states and transitions. Use queues or
semaphores to communicate between the state machine and other tasks.

RTOS and Middleware Integration:

82. How can you integrate middleware components (e.g., USB stacks, file systems) with
FreeRTOSin embedded systems?

Solution:
Middleware components often come with FreeRTOS-specific adaptors or examples. Integrate
them by following provided guidelines and ensuring proper synchronization.

RTOS and Code Reusability:

83. Discuss the benefits of designing FreeRTOS-based applications with code reusability in mind.
Solution:

Code reusability simplifies development, reduces errors, and allows you to build a library of
reusable tasks and components for future projects.

RTOS and Real-Time Debugging:

84. What tools and techniques can you use for real-time debugging of FreeRTOS-based systems?
Solution:

Use real-time debuggers, real-time trace tools, and runtime analysis tools to monitor and debug
FreeRTOS-based applications in real-time.

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RTOS and Safety-Critical Certification:

85. What are the steps involved in certifying a FreeRTOS-based application for safety-
criticalstandards like DO-178C or ISO 26262?
Solution:
Certification involves rigorous testing, verification, documentation, and adherence to safety
standards. It may require third-party evaluation.

RTOS and Firmware Updates:

86. How can you safely update firmware in FreeRTOS-based embedded systems, and
whatconsiderations should you keep in mind?

Solution:
Implement firmware update mechanisms, ensure data integrity during updates, and account for
potential rollback strategies.
RTOS and Task Migration:
87. Explain the concept of task migration in FreeRTOS, and when might you need to migrate
atask from one core to another in a multicore system?
Solution:
Task migration involves moving a task from one core to another. It may be necessary to balance workloads
or utilize cores with better performance.
RTOS and Tickless Mode:
88. What is tickless mode in FreeRTOS, and how can it be used to reduce power consumption
inbattery-powered devices?
Solution:
Tickless mode allows the CPU to enter low-power states during idle periods, conserving power in
battery-powered devices.
RTOS and Real-Time Operating System Schedulers:
89. Compare and contrast the various scheduling algorithms available in FreeRTOS, such
aspreemptive, cooperative, and time-slicing.
Solution:
Preemptive scheduling allows higher-priority tasks to preempt lower-priority ones, cooperative scheduling
requires tasks to yield, and time-slicing ensures fair CPU time allocation.

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RTOS and Microkernel Architectures:
90. What is a microkernel architecture, and how does it differ from a monolithic kernel in
real-time operating systems like FreeRTOS?

Solution:
A microkernel architecture separates core functions into small, modular components, while a
monolithic kernel integrates these functions into a single, large kernel.

RTOS and Embedded Linux:

91. Explain how FreeRTOS can be used alongside embedded Linux in a hybrid system, and
whatconsiderations should be taken into account.
Solution:
FreeRTOS can manage real-time tasks, while Linux handles higher-level functions. Careful communication
and resource management are essential in hybrid systems.

RTOS and Safety-Critical Certification Bodies:

92. What are some prominent safety-critical certification bodies, and how do they
evaluateFreeRTOS for use in safety-critical applications?
Solution:
Certification bodies like DO-178C, ISO 26262, and IEC 61508 have specific guidelines and
processes for evaluating FreeRTOS-based applications.
RTOS and Complex Algorithms:

93. How can FreeRTOS be used to implement complex algorithms, such as signal processing
or machine learning, in real-time systems?
Solution:

Implement complex algorithms as tasks, and use inter-task communication and synchronization
mechanisms to coordinate their execution.
RTOS and System Health Monitoring:
94. Discuss the importance of system health monitoring in FreeRTOS-based applications,
andhow can you implement it effectively?
Solution:
System health monitoring ensures the system is operating within expected parameters.
Implement it through task supervision, watchdog timers, and error handling.
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RTOS and Predictable Latency:

95. Explain why predictable latency is critical in real-time systems and how FreeRTOS
helpsachieve it.
Solution:
Predictable latency ensures that tasks meet their deadlines consistently. FreeRTOS providestools
for prioritization and synchronization to achieve predictable behavior.

RTOS and IoT Device Management:

96. How can FreeRTOS be used to implement device management and remote configuration
inIoT devices?
Solution:
Implement device management tasks and use secure communication protocols to enable remote
configuration and management of IoT devices.
RTOS and Deterministic Networking:

97. Discuss the challenges and solutions for achieving deterministic networking in
FreeRTOS-based applications, particularly in industrial automation.
Solution:

Challenges include network jitter and packet delays. Solutions involve QoS mechanisms, traffic
shaping, and real-time Ethernet protocols.
RTOS and Automotive Infotainment:
98. Explain how FreeRTOS can be used in automotive infotainment systems, and what role
itplays in providing real-time services to the user.

Solution:
FreeRTOS can manage real-time tasks related to user interfaces, audio processing, and vehicle
communication, ensuring a responsive user experience.

RTOS and Aerospace Systems:

99. What are the specific challenges and requirements for using FreeRTOS in aerospace
systems,and how can they be addressed?
Solution:
Aerospace systems require safety certification and rigorous testing. Address these requirements
by following industry-specific standards and best practices.
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RTOS and Digital Signal Processing (DSP):

100. How can FreeRTOS be utilized to perform digital signal processing (DSP) tasks in
embeddedsystems, and what considerations are important for DSP applications?

Solution:
Use FreeRTOS tasks for DSP functions, and ensure that the tasks are prioritized to meet real-time
requirements. Optimize DSP algorithms for efficiency.

These are FreeRTOS interview questions and solutions cover a wide range of topics related to real-
time operating systems, embedded systems development, and best practices for working with
FreeRTOS. Depending on the specific role and requirements, interviewers may ask questions from
various areas of this list.

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