ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

A bibliography is a list of books, articles, and other documents cited in proper documentation
style. An annotation, a brief (250-500 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, follows each
citation. The purpose of the annotation is to detail and critique the relevance, accuracy and
quality of the source cited. Annotations are not simply abstracts. Instead, annotations are both
descriptive and critical; they provide a summary while also exposing the author's point of view,
clarity and authority.

References or bibliography may be written using American Psychological Association (APA),

Modern Language Association (MLA), Chicago Manual of Style format, Campbell, Vancouver
and Harvard Styles. However, in health sciences, Vancouver style of references is commonly
used.

DEFINITION

A bibliography is a list of all the sources you have used (whether references or not) in the
process of researching your work.

In general a bibliography should include:

 The author's names.

 The titles of the works.
 The names and locations of the companies that published the copies and sources.
 The dates the copies were published.
 The page numbers of the sources.

PURPOSE OF AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 Gather information and learn about a topic.

 Provide a comprehensive overview of other research on the topic. Inform readers as to the
source's relevance in your research.
 Identify issues surrounding the topic and what other scholars have said about it.
 Help other scholars search for and critique potential sources for their research.
 Formulate a thesis or hypothesis for your own research.
 To survey the literature on a topic and gain an understanding of each source by concisely
summarising and evaluating it.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY-

References and Bibliography are different and are used in different contexts in each essay. artick,
or book. Bibliography is a listings of all the materials that have been consulted while writing an
article or a book whereas References on the other hand are those that have been referred to or
referenced in your article or book.

A lot of books, essays and websites have been consulted while writing something. Though we
might have referred to these materials while preparing a rough draft, the contents of these may or
may not have been included in the actual text. A list of all such materials is known as
bibliography. References are a list of those materials that are directly included in your actual
context.

Both bibliography and references appear at the end of the book or article, but if both are
available, bibliography comes after the reference list. A bibliography may contain all the items
that have appeared in the reference lists, plus some additional works.

Both bibliographies are arranged in alphabetically. But a reference list can also be arranged in
numeric style, which means arranging the reference chronologically according to the numbers in
the text.

While writing a bibliography, we should have to include the authors last name and first name .
year of publication, name of the book or journal, place of publication, and name of publishers. In
case of websites, organizations as authors, or other such sources, additional information should
be provided for the convenience of the readers. Therefore, to sum up, the differences between
bibliography and references are as follows:

 Bibliography is a listing of all the material that have been consulted while writing an article,
essay, or book. References, on the other hand, are those that have been directly referred to or
referenced in your article or book.
 Items of a bibliography are not directly included in the text. References are those that are
directly cited in your actual text.
 Both bibliography and references are arranged alphabetically, but reference list can also be
arranged in numeric or Vancouver style.

ANNOTATION FORMAT:

 Cite the source in proper documentation style (ic.-MLA, APA, Chicago).

 Write the annotation in paragraph form.
 Do not include citations or quotations within the annotation.
 Reference the author (if needed) by last name in the text of the annotation.

ANNOTATION CONTENT:

 Summarize: Create a brief summary of the source that describes the central argument, main
supporting points, research method, and conclusions.
 Assess: After composing the summary, evaluate the source. To do this, determine and discuss
the source's value, credibility, bias and reliability.
 Reflect: Once you've summarized and assessed the source, describe how it fits into your
research. Discuss how it contributes to your argument and/or how it affected your thinking
about the topic. In some instances, you may be asked to discuss how you will use the source
in your paper.

CRITERIA WHEN EVALUATING SOURCES:

 Author: The authors' credentials are important to prove their credibility. Consider
institutional affiliation, educational background, past writing and experience as it relates to
research. Consider whether or not the source is written in the authors' area of expertise.
 Date of Publication: The date of publication is important to show how current the source is.
Topic areas of continuing and rapid development, such as computer engineering and medical
science, demand current information.
 Edition or Revision: Many editions or printings may indicate that the work has become a
standard source in a given discipline and is therefore more reliable.
 Publisher: If a source is published by a university press, it is likely to be scholarly. Although
a reputable publisher does not guarantee quality, it does demonstrate that the publisher may
have a high regard for the source being published.
 Type of Journal: The distinction between scholarly and popular journals is important
because it indicates different levels of complexity in conveying ideas.
 Intended Audience: Consider the authors' intended audience and what role tone, vocabulary
and complexity have in the presentation of information.
 Objective Reasoning: Verify facts. Distinguish between clear, factual information and
sources that use emotion-arousing language and statistics.
 Coverage: Consider if the material is thorough and consistent with what is found in other
sources on the same topic. Widely divergent ideas or a lack of verifiable facts might indicate a
problem with credibility.
 Writing Style: Think about the organization and main points of the source. If a source is not
logical or organized, it may not be the most reliable or credible source.

PREPARING AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY:

There are three main steps, which are similar to the usual steps required to complete a written
assignment:

 Finding the literature.

 Reading, understanding, and evaluating the literature.
 Writing the annotated bibliography.

Finding the literature

The following are the sources for getting the literature to a specific topic:

 The Library: Rather than reading all the sources in depth, survey them first to check if they
are relevant to your literature review topic.
 Peer reviewed journal articles.
 Edited academic books.
 Articles in professional journals.
 Statistical data from government websites.
Reading, understanding, and evaluating the literature:

 Begin to develop your understanding of the sources by skimming and scanning them.
 Once you have gained a general understanding of a source, read it closely and actively.
 Critically evaluate the literature.
 Apply critical thinking skills.
 Consider what factors you will use to evaluate or organise the source.
 Reflect on how each source relates to your topic..

Writing the annotated bibliography:

When it comes to writing an annotated bibliography first arrange the sources in alphabetical
order (by surname of lead author) under the overall heading, just like a reference list Then
followed by writing the bibliography in a standard citation styles.

STANDARD CITATION STYLES USED IN BIBLIOGRAPHY

There are various formats used in the creation of a bibliography some of which are:

 American Psychological Association(APA)

 Modern Language Association (MLA)
 Chicago Manual of Style format,
 Vancouver Style.

VANCOUVER STYLE

The Vancouver style or Uniform Requirements Style, is based on an American National

Standards institute (ANSI) standard adapted by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) for
databases, such as Medline. It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical
journals, who now meet annually as the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.

CITATION WITHIN THE TEXT

Indicating the relevant reference in the text.

A number in superscript format. Eg." or enclosed in bracket (round or square), eg (1) or [26],
placed in the text of the essay indicates the relevant references. Citations are number
consecutively in the order n which they appear in the text and each citation corresponds to a
numbered reference containing publication information about the sources in the refrence list at
the end of the publication, essay, or assignment. Once a source has been cited, the same number
is used for all subsequent references. No distinction is made between print and electronic sources
of references when citing within the text. Some of the examples are as follows:

SUPERSCRIPT FORMAT

 The largest lesion in the first study was 10com

 The theory was first put forward in 1987.
 Scholtz (2) has argued that.

BRACKET FORMAT

 The largest lesion in the first study was 10cm [13]

 The theory was first put forward in 1987(1)
 Scholtz (2) has argued.

Citing more than one reference at a time-

When citing more than one source at a time, the preferred method is to list each reference
number separately with a comm or endash (without spaces) between each reference.

SUPERSCRIPT FORMAT

 1,3,5
 1-5
 2-5, 9-13

BRACKET FORMAT

 (1,3,5)
 (1-5)
 [2-5, 9-13]
IMPORTANT ISSUES

 Numbering: List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each reference is
listed once only, since the same number is used throughout the paper.
 Authors: List each authors hast name and initials; full first names are not included as per
this reference style. List all authors of a given publication, but if the number exceeds six,
give the first six names followed by 'et al. For books with chapters written by different
authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the chapter title followed by in:, the editors
names, and the book title.
 Book and chapter titles: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title. The rest of
the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline the title; do
not use italics.
 Journal citations: Provide the abbreviated journal title, period year, semicolon, volume,
issue number in parentheses, colon, page range(elided to the minimum), and a period. For
example: Brain Res 2002:935(1-2):40-6
 Pages: For journals, the entire page range of an article or chapter is given, not the specific
on which the information was found. For books, no page numbers are given, with two
exceptions: the page number of a dictionary entry is included as well as the page range of a
chapter with in a multi author title.

FORMAT OF WRITING THE REFERENCE

 Books

Only the first letter of the first word in the title of a book or conference should be capitalized
except for proper nouns or acronyms. Capitalize the 'V in volume for a book title.

 Single author or editor

 Hoppert M. Microscopic techniques in biotechnology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH: 2003.
 Storey KB. editor. Functional metabolism: regulation and adaptation. Hoboken (NJ)J.
Wiley & sons; 2004.
 Two or more authors or editors
 Lawhead JB, Baker MC. Introduction to veterinary science. Clifton Park (NY):Thomson
Delmar Learning; 2005.
 Gilstrap LC. Cunningham FG, Van Dorsten JP, editors. Operative obstetrics.2nd ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill; 2002.
 No author
 The Oxford concise medical dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003.
p. 26.
 Later edition
 Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Kobyashi GS, Pfaller MA. Medical microbiology. 4th ed. St
Louis: Mosby; 2002.
 Multiple volumes
 Lee GR. Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens J W, Lukens JN, editors. Wintrobes clinical
hematology. 9th ed. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993.
 Series
 Unwin E, Codde J P. Bartu A. The impact of drugs other than alcohol and tobacco on the
health of Western Australians. Perth: Department of Health; 2004. Epidemiology
occasional papers series, No. 20.
 Corporate author (i.e. a company or organization)
 American Veterinary Medical Association. National Board Examination Committee.
North American Veterinary Licensing Examination: bulletin of information for
candidates. Bismarck (ND): The Committee; 2001.
 Conference (complete conference proceedings)
 Hamden P. Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V. Proceedings of the 5th
Germ Cell Tumour conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York: Springer, 2002.
 Government publication
 Australia. Commonwealth Department of Veterans' Affairs and Defence. Australian Gulf
War veterans' health study 2003,Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia:2003
 Australian Bureau of Statistics. Disability, ageing and carers: summary of findings.
Canberra: ABS: 1999.ABS publication 4430.0
 Scientific and technical report
 Lugg DJ. Physiological adaptation and health of an expedition in Antarctica: with
comment on behavioural adaptation. Canberra: A.G.P.S.; 1977. Australian Government
Department of Science, Antarctic Division. ANARE scientific reports. Series
B(4).Medical science No. 0126.
 Thesis or dissertation
 Borkowski MM. Infant sleep and feeding: a telephone survey of Hispanic Americans.
PhD [dissertation). Mount Pleasant (MI): Central Michigan University, 2002. Hincks CL.
The detection and characterisation of novel papillomaviruses. Biomedical Science,
Honours [thesis]. Murdoch: Murdoch University; 2001.
 Patent/Standard

Pagedas AC, inventor; Ancel Surgical R&D Inc., assignee. Flexible endoscopic grasping and
cutting device and positioning tool assembly. United States patent US 20020103498. 2002
Aug1.

2. PARTS OF A BOOK

STANDARD FORMAT: Author of a Part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor b,
editors. Title: Subtitle of Book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year. Page numbers.

 Article/Chapter in a book

Melzer PS, Kallioniemi A. Trent JM. Chromosome alterations in human solid tumors. In:
Vogelestein B. Kinzler K W, editors. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-
Hill:2002. P. 93-113.

 Conference or Seminar paper

Christensen S. Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computational effort statistic for genetic

programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J. Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic
programming, euroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic
Programming: 2002, Apr 3-5: Kinsdale, Ireland.Berlin: Springer,2002.p.182-91.
  Study guides and unit reader

 Lynch M. God's signature: DNA profiling, the new gold standard in forensic science.
Endeavour. 2003;27(2): 93-7. Reprinted In: Forensic Investigation (BJ0373) unit reader
tor forensic DNA component. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005.

3. JOURNAL ARTICLES

STANDARD FORMAT:

Author of article AA. Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title of article. Abbreviated
Title of Journal. Year: Vol(issue): page number(s).

 Drummond PD. Triggers of motion sickness in migraine sufferers. Headache. 2005:45(6).

 Halpem SD. Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIV- infected patients. N
Engl J Med. 2002:347(7):284-7
 Geck MJ. Yoo S, Wang JC. Assessment of cervical ligamentous injury in trauma patients
using spinal Disord. 2001;14(5):371-7
 More than six Authors
Gillespie NC Lewis RJ, Pearn JH. Bouvke ATC, Holmes MJ, Bourke JB, et al Ciguatera
Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Med J August.
1986;145:584-90.
 Organization as author

Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and

proinsulin participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension.

2002;40(5):679-86.

 No author given

21st century heart solution a sting in the tail. BMJ.2002:325(7537):679-86

 Volume with supplement

Ghuser TA. Integrating clinical trial data into clinical practice. Neurology. 2002;58(12

suppl 7):S6-12
 Volume with part

Abend SM, Kulish N. The psychoanalytic nnethod from an epistemological Viewpoint. Int J
Psychoanal 2002;83(Pt 2):491-5

 Issue with part

Ahrar K. Nhidoff DC, Gupta S, Wallace ML Price RE, Wright KC. Development of a large
animal model for lung tumors. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2002;13(9 Pt 1):923-8.

 Issue with volume

Banit DM, Kaufer H, Hartford JM. Intraoperative frozen section analy revision total joint
arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2002;(401):230-8.

 Newspaper article

O'Leary C. Vitamin C does little to prevent winter cold. The West Australian. 2005 Jun 29:1.

4.E-BOOKS

STANDARD FORMAT: Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format]. Place: Publisher; Date
of original publication [cited year abbreviated month day]. Available from:Source. URL.

 Van Belle G, Fisher LD, Heagerty PJ, Lumley TS. Biostatistics: a methodology for the health
sciences [e-book]. 2nd ed. Somerset (NJ): Wiley InterScience: 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 301.
Available from: Wiley InterScience electronic collection.
 Sommers-Flanagan J, Sommers-Flanagan R. Clinical interviewing [e-book]. 3rd ed. New
York: John Wiley & Sons; 2003 [cited 2005 Jun 30]. Available from: NetLibrary.

 Article in an electronic reference book:

 Widdicombe J. Respiration. In: Blakemore C, Jennett S, editors. The Oxford companion to
the body [e-book]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001 [cited 2005 Jun 301. Available
from: Oxford Reference Online. http://www.oxfordreference.com.
 Lee HC, Pagliaro EM. Serology: blood identification. In: Siegel J, Kmpfer G. Saukko
editors. Encyclopedia of forensic sciences [e-book]. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000 [cited
2005 Jun 30]: 1331-8. Available from: Science Direct Reference. www.elsevier.com

5.E-JOURNALS

STANDARD FORMAT: Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal

[format] Year [cited year abbreviated month day];vol(no): page numbers.Available fromdatabase
name. URL

 Journal article from online full-text database

 Palsson G, Hardardottir KE. For whom the cell tolls: debates about biomedic ine (1 Curr
Anthropol [serial online]. 2002 [cited 2005 Jun +[about 31 pages Available from: Academic
OneFile. http://find. galegroup.com.
 Allen C, Crake D, Wilson H, Buchholz A. Polycystic ovary syndrome and a low glycemic
index diet. Can J Diet Pract Res [serial online]. 2005 [cited 2005 Jun Available from:
ProQuest. http://il.proquest.com
 Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet):

Eisen SA, Kang HK, Murphy FM, Blanchard MS, Reda DJ, Henderson al. Gul War veterans'
health: medical evaluation of a U.S. cohort? Ann intern Med [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited
2005 June 301:142(11):881+[about 12 pages]. Available from http://www.annals.org/.

 Journal article in electronic journal subscription:

Barton CA. McKenzie DP, Walters EH, et al. Interactions between psychosocial problems and
management of asthma: who is at risk of dying? J Asthma [serial on the Internet]. 2005 [cited
2005 Jun 301;42(4): 249-56. Available from: http://www.tandf.co.uk/jounals/.

 Newspaper article from online database: Dearne K. Dispensing with the chemist. The
Australian [newspaper online]. 2005 Jum 14 [cited 2005 Jun 30]:[about 8 screens]. Available
from: Factiva http://global factiva.com.
 Newspaper article from the internet:
 Diseased organs may be used to deter smokers.Sydney Morning Herald [newspaper on the
Internet]. 2005 Jun 29 [cited 2005 Jun 30]; para. 4-5. Available from: http://www.
smh.com.au/.

6. INTERNET DOCUMENTS

STANDARD FORMAT: Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage name [format].

Source/production information; Date of internet publication [cited year month day]. Available
from: URL.

 Lavelle P. mental state of the nation. Health matters [document on the internet]. ABC
online:2005May19[cited2005Jul
 1]. Available fromchyyp://abc.net.au/health/features/mentalstate/.

7. WRITING REFERENCE FOR NON-BOOK FORMATS

STANDARD FORMAT: Person AA, Responsibility .Title: subtitle. Special credits. Place of
publication: Publisher, Year.

 Podcast

Brown W, Brodie K, & George P. From Lake Bajk %J to the halfway mark. Yekaterinburg
Peking to Paris: Episode 3 [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC Television: 7)07 June 4 [cited
Feb 41. Available from http://www.abc.net.au/tv/pckingtoparß/ podcast/ pekingte: paris.xml.

Gary, S. Black hole death ray Star Stuff [podcast on the Internet]. Sydney: ABC News Radio:
2007 Dec 23 [cited 2008 Feb 4]. Available from http://abc.net.au/new'sradio/ podcast/
SIARSTUFF.xml.

 Microform

Terry KW, Hewse:n GS, Rowe MB. Characterization of inhaled dusts at mine sites [microfiche).
Perth: Minerals and Energy Research Institute of Western Australia; 1998.

 Video recording
Hillel J, writer. Out of sight out of mind: indigenous people's health in Australia [Video
recording], Bendigo: Video Education Australasia; 2003.

 Television programme
 Cohen J, reporter. Messing with heads. Four comers [television broadcast]. Austral?'
broadcasting Corporation; 2005 Mar 21.

8. PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

 Conversation

In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Population Health (Jameson LI 2002, oral
communication. 7th August).

 Letter

As stated in a letter from B.J. Samuck, MD. in July 2002.

 Email

Smith P New/ research projects in gastroenterology [online]. E-mail to Matthew

Hart(mh@hospital.wa.gov.au) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar 171.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE OF

REFERENCES 1.BOOKS

 Single-author book and part of a book

Alverez, A. (1970). The savage god:A study of suicide. New York:Random House.

 Book with two or more authors

 Natarajan, R., & Chaturvecli, R. Geo/ogt/ of the (Ocean L'/oor, J Hartford. CT: Merganser
University Press.
 Ligon. Nt.. Carpenter Is's. Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (1982.). Computers in the world of
business communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.
 Edition other than first (Republished book)

Creech. I. J. (2004). Radiolost/ and 1/11' of 1//(! absurd. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. (Original
work published 1975)

 An edited volume (Anthology or reference book)

Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The female autograph: Theory and practice of
autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press.

 Book without author or editor listed

Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). Springfiekl. MA: G. & C. Merriam

 Multivolume work

Nadeau, B. M. & Darling, J. M. (Eds.). (1994-2003). Studies in the history of cutlery (Vols. 4-6).
Utica, NY: Mohican Valley-River Press.

2. SECONDARY RESOURCES

O'Connor, C. O. & De Loatch, K. L. (2003). Whatever happened to the humanities? In 1.

Rubenzahl (Ed.). Studies in Byzantine Intrigue (pp. 235- 278). Hartford, CT: Merganser
University Press.

3. DICTIONARY

 Shorter Oxford English dictionary (5th ed.). (2002). New York: Oxford University Press.

4. DISSERTATION OR DISSERTATION ABSTRACT

 Darling. C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44-8794)
 Darling. C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
5. SCHOLARLY JOURNAL

 Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquezs Faulknerian

 Chronicle Of Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13, 21-29.
 Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquezs Faulknerian Chronicle Of a
Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, 13(3), 21-29.

6. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES, EDITORIALS, LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). JAI V pnvention pill goes beyond 'moming after'. "The Hartford
Courant", pp.F1,F6.

7. NON-PRINT RESOURCES

 Film

Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary people [Film]. Hollywood: Paramount. The source is
identified in brackets after the title.

 Film with limited circulation

Hokit, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002). River at High Summer: The St. Lawrence
[Film]. (Available from Merganser Films, Inc.. 61 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT 06105)

 Cassette

Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and organizational decision making [Cassette].

 Television programme

Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Torture at Abu Ghraib [Television broadcast]. Hartford: WFSB.

 Musical recording

Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On Barber [CD]. New York: EMI Records L

8 . PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

 Interview
Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the chains of religiosity made by contemporaries.
(personal letter, March 28, 1977)

 Phone conversation

According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel Sugar Cane were largely
autobiographical (personal phone conversation, July 22, 2003).

9. CLASSROOM LECTURE

In an Introduction to Literature lecture at Capital Community College on April 14. 2004,

Professor Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams' poem as a barnyard snapshot
(C.W Darling. ENG 102 lecture, April 14, 2004).

10.GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS

 Report from the Government Printing Office, corporate author

 National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Tekoision and behavior: Ten years of scientific
progress (DHHS Publication No. A 82-1195). Washington, DC: US, Government Printing
Office.

11.ELECTRONIC AND ONLINE RESOURCES

 Online article:

Central Vein Occlusion Study Group. (1993. October 2). Central vein occlusion study of
photocoagulation: Manual of operations [675 paragraphs]. Online Journal of Current Clinical
Trials [On-line serial]. Available: Doc No. 92

 Online abstract:

You can cite an entire Website within your text, but do not include it in your list of references,
For instance, you could say something incredibly profound you learned from this eb page, and
cite the URL at the end of the paragraph (http://www.ccc.commnet+duapa). If a lire break is
necessary when you cite a URL, make the break immediately after a slash mark and carefully
avoid the insertion of a hyphen where none is appropriate.
 Electronic database:

College and public libraries subscribe to electronic databases, such as EBSCO, LexisNexis
OCLC, Wilson Web, SIRS, etc. There are also online databases, such as ERIC, Psych INFO),
and Public Affairs Information Service (PATS). These databases contain full-text articles and
article abstracts.

MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA) FORMAT

Formatting Your Paper

Margins: One-inch on the top, bottom, and sides of each page.

Page Numbering: Use your word processor to create a header that includes your list name and
the page number in the upper right hand corner of the page, one half inch from the top of the
page. Every page has this header.

Title Page: MLA style does not require a title page; instead, the first page of the paper shoukl
begin with four lines, double spaced, indicating: your name, name of the course instructor, name
of the course, and the date.

Spacing: Double-space every line (including long quotes and the citations on the Works Cited
page).
Indenting: Indent the first line of every paragraph five spaces or one tab. Indent long quotations

ten spaces or two tabs.

Font and Typeface: Use a 12 point font in Times New Roman.

Sarah Trude Trude 1

Jason Zevenbergen
English 120
6 May 2013

Censorship as an Act of Freedom

On September 22, 1995, within the same year that the film titled The Indian in the Cupboard
debuted in the United States, Lynne Reid Banks' award-winning book of the same title was
banned from the Bemidji, Minnesota school district. I first discovered this case of book banning
on a web page that also describes other cases. The viewer is invited to click on a buried pumpkin
and harvest" books that have been banned.

Creating the Works Cited Page

 Continue the page numbering sequence from the main body of your paper.
 Center the words "Works Cited" one inch from the top of the page.
 Continue double-spacing
 If the citation takes up more than one line of the page, indent the remaining line(s) one-half
inch from the left margin.
 Reverse the name of the author: list the author's last name followed by a comma and the
author's first name.
 Alphabetize the works you cite by the last name of the author. If there is no known
alphabetize by the first word in the title of the work other than A. An, or The.
An MLA-style works cited page looks like this:

Johnson 12
Sample Works Cited Page Entries Works Cited
"Americans Without Work." Editorial New York Times. New York Times, 22 Dec. 2009.
 An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Web. 23 Dec. 2009.
Didion, Name.
Author's Joan. "On
"TitleGoing
of theHome."
Article."The Beacon
Name of theBook of volume
Journal Essays number.
by Contemporary American.
issue number (year):
Women.
page Ed. Wendy
numbers. Martin.
Medium Boston: Beacon, 1996. 3-5. Print.
of publication.
Gould, Elizabeth. "Women Working in Music Education: The War Machine." Philosophy of
 A Book by a Single Author
Music Education Review 17.2 (2009): 126-143. Project Muse. Web. 23 Dec. 2009. Gregory,
Phillipa.Name.
Author's The Other
TitleBoleyn Girl: ACity
of the Book. Novel New York: Simon,
of Publication: Name of2001. Print. Han,year.
the Publisher, Phil.Medium
"Jailbreak
of
Fugitive Updates Facebook Page." CNN.com Cable News Network, 23 Dec. 2009. Web. 23
publication.
Dec. 2009.
Gregory, Phillipa. The Other Boleyn Girl: A Novel. New York: Simon, 2001. Print.
Stewart, Maria W. "Two Texts on Children and Christian Education." PMLA 123.1
(2008): 156-165. Print.
 An Anthology or a Compilation

Editor's Name, ed. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the Publisher, year. Medium
of publication.

Martin, Wendy, ed. The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American Women. Boston:
Beacon, 1996. Print.

 A Book by Two or More Authors

If the book has two or more authors, list their names in the same order they appear on the title
page of the book. Reverse only the name of the first author.

Author's Name, and Author's Name. Title of the Book. City of Publication: Name of the
Publisher, year. Medium of publication. Witte, Stephen P., and Lester Faigley. Evaluating
College Writing Programs. Carb Southern Illinois UP. Print.

 A Work in an Anthology
 Author's Name. "Title of the Article." Name of the Journal volume number. issue number
(year): page numbers. Medium of publication.
 Stewart, Maria W. "Two Texts on Children and Christian Education." PMLA 123.1
(2008): 156-165. Print.

"Americans Without Work." Editorial New York Times. New York Times, 22 Dec. 2009. Web.
23 Dec. 2009.

Didion, Joan. "On Going Home." The Beacon Book of Essays by Contemporary American.
Women. Ed. Wendy Martin. Boston: Beacon, 1996. 3-5. Print.

Gould, Elizabeth. "Women Working in Music Education: The War Machine." Philosophy of
Music Education Review 17.2 (2009): 126-143. Project Muse. Web. 23 Dec. 2009. Gregory,
Phillipa. The Other Boleyn Girl: A Novel New York: Simon, 2001. Print. Han, Phil. "Jailbreak
Fugitive Updates Facebook Page." CNN.com Cable News Network, 23 Dec. 2009. Web. 23 Dec.
2009. Stewart, Maria W. "Two Texts on Children and Christian Education." PMLA 123.1
(2008): 156-165. Print. Sample Works Cited Page Entries
If a source has two authors, use both last names in the parenthetical reference.

In the end of The Gold Rush, the main character George was able to find his wife even though
she was swept away by the current (Benson and Mumford 26). If a source has three authors, use
the last name of each person listed.

(Murphy, Stay, and Rafoth 22)

If a source has more than three authors, you may cite all authors or use the last name of the first
author followed by "et al." (Huang et al. 10)

If a source has no identified author, give the title of the work in your parenthetical reference.
You may use a shortened version of the title as long as it directs the reader to the correct entry in
the works cited page. This example cites information from The Longman Guide to the Web:
(Longman Guide 137)

CHICAGO MANNUAL OF STYLES FORMAT

The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic documentation systems, the notes- bibliography
style and the author-date style. Because Chicago style is so complex, there are numerous ways of
adapting it to specific uses.

The Two Styles: The notes-bibliography style is preferred by many in literature, history, and the
arts. This style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography. The more
concise author-date style has long been used by those in the physical, natural, and social
sciences. In this style, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author's last
name and date of publication. The short citations are amplified in a list of references, where full
bibliographic information is provided.

Below are some common examples of materials cited in both styles. Each example is given first
in notes-bibliography style and then in author-date style.
Journal article (Print)

Notes-Bibliography style:

Note: footnote number. First name Last name, "Article Title," Journal Volume (Year of
Publication): Page Ex: 8. John Maynard Smith, "The Origin of Altruism," Nature 393 (1998):
639.

Bibliography: Last name, First name. "Article Title." Ex: Smith, John Maynard. "The Origin of
Altruism." Nature 393 (1998): 639-40.

Author-Date Style

In-Text Citation: (Last name Year of Publication, Page) Ex: (Smith 1998, 639)

Reference List: Last name, First name. Year of Publication. Title of article. Journal Volume:
Pages.

Ex: Smith, John Maynard. 1998. The origin of altruism. Nature 393: 639-40

Book (One author)

Notes-Bibliography Style: Note: footnote number. First name Last name, Title of boo of
publication: Publisher. Year of publication). page number.

Ex: 1. Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999),
65. Bibliography: Last name, First name. Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of
publication.

Ex: Doniger, Wendy. Splitting the Difference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Author-Date Style:

In-Text Citation: (Last name year of publication, page) Ex: (Doniger 1999, 65)

Reference List: Last name, First name. Year of Publication. Title. Place of Publication:
Publisher. Ex: Doniger, Wendy. 1999. Splitting the difference. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Journal article (Online)

** If an access date is required by your professor, include it parenthetically at the end of the
citation, as in the fourth example below.

Notes-Bibliogr…

Ex: Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. "Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000-
2010: A Decade of Outreach." Evanston Public Library. http://www.epLorg/library/strategic-
pkin00.html (accessed June 1, 2005).

Author-Date Style:

In-Text Citation: (Title of Web Page)

Ex: (Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees)

Reference List: (Title of Web site. Title of Article. Author. URL) Ex: Evanston Public Library
Board of Trustees. Evanston Public Library strategic plan, 2000-2010: A decade of outreach.
Evanston Public Library. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html

Chicago Rules Governing the Examples:

General. List the elements that clearly identify the work's author and title, its publisher, and date
of publication. For online publications, add elements stating where you retrieved the document
and the date accessed, if required.

Punctuation. Periods are generally used between elements in references in bibliographies and
reference lists. A colon separates titles from subtitles, the place of publication from the publisher
name, and volume information from page numbers for journal articles. Quotation marks are used
around article and chapter titles.

Capitalization. In bibliographies and notes, capitalize the first letter of all significant words in
titles and subtitles of works and parts of works such as articles chapters. In reference lists.
capitalize the first letter of all significant words only in titles of periodicals, and capitalize only
the first letter of the first word (and any proper nouns) of titles and subtitles of articles, books,
and chapters, and corporate authors.
Font-Italicize titles of periodicals and books. Abbreviations. Use ed. or trans, for "editor" or
"edited by" or "translator" or "translated by." "University" may be abbreviated to Univ. Months
may be abbreviated. Be consistent throughout your paper with whatever conventions you adopt.
Footnotes and endnotes-Number notes consecutively throughout your paper, beginning with
one. Format is the same for endnotes and footnotes.

Endnotes should follow the body of the paper and recede any appendices and the bibliography.

Authors' names. In bibliographies and reference lists, only the first author's last name is
inverted (last name first). First names should usually be provided when available. List all
authors' names in a bibliography or reference list. In in-text parenthetical references, list the last
names of one to three authors; if more than three, list the first followed by "et af: Corporate
names as authors are written out.

Publication place. If more than one place is given, the first is generally sufficient. Do not
abbreviate place names. Give the city and stat or country if the city is not well known for
publishing or is ambiguous. Publisher. Provide the exact publisher name. Common names may
be shortened (e.g, Scribner, Macmillan).

Publication date. In notes and bibliographies, the date of publication for books and most
published works follows the publisher name. For articles, it is part of the and issue number
statement. In reference lists, the year of publication in 21/23 follows the name(s) of the author(s).
For works with no author or editor, put the title first and follow it by the year of publication. If
there is no date available, state "n.d." Volume and Issue Numbers. For periodicals with
continuous pagination throughout a volume, provide only the volume number and year. If issue
begins with page 1, follow the volume number with the issue number identified be "no." or its
name.

Manuscript Format

Below are formatted examples of the "Notes," "Reference List," and "Bibliography" pages in
Chicago Style. Use the page that corresponds with your citation selection, not all three.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Sharma KS. Nursing Research and Statistics. 2nd edition. New Delhi: Elsevier; 2014. P.342-
354

 Polit FD, Beck TC. Nursing Research. 10th edition, Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2012. P. 684

Net reference:

 https://www.unh.edu/writing/sites/default/files/documents/chicago manual of style_full

1.pdf

 https://und.edu/academics/writing-center/files/docs/mk-format-and-documentation.pdf
www.scribd.com