Caie Igcse Mathematics 0580 Theory 64e768de6e086e0f54d2c9b8 516

ZNOTES.
ORG
UPDATED TO 2023-2024 SYLLABUS
CAIE IGCSE
MATHEMATICS
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE THEORY SYLLABUS
Prepared for Elsa Hnin for personal use only.
CAIE IGCSE MATHEMATICS
1. Number
Natural numbers:
used for counting purposes
A∩B is shaded A∪B ‎is shaded
all possible rational &irrational numbers
Integer: a whole number ‎⊂‎‘is a subset of’
Prime numbers:
divisible only by itself and one
1 is not a prime number
Rational numbers: can be written as a fraction
Irrational numbers: cannot be written as a fraction e.g. π
Cube numbers: made from multiplying a rational number
ξ = {a, b, c, d, e} A’ is shaded
to itself thrice.
b∈X
Reciprocals: A number made by raising a rational number
to -1, or 1 over that number
of elements in A
1.2. HCF and LCM ∈ = …is an element of…

\n otin = …is not an element of…
Highest Common Factor and Lowest Common Multiple: A′ = complement of set A
Ø or = empty set
ξ = Universal set
A ∪ B = union of A and B
A ∩ B = intersection of A and B
A ⊆ B = A is a subset of B
HCF = product of common factors of x and y
A ⊂ B = A is a proper subset of B
LCM = product of all items in Venn diagram
A⊄B = A is not a subset of B
1.4. Indices
Standard form:
10 4 = 10000
10 3 = 1000
10 2 = 100
Prime Factorization: finding which prime numbers 10 1 = 10
multiply together to make the original number 10 0 = 1
10 −1 = 0.1
1.3. Sets 10 −2 = 0.01
10 −3 = 0.001
Definition of sets e.g. 10 −4 = 0.0001
A = { x : x is a natural number} 10 −5 = 0.00001
B = {( x , y): y = mx + c } Limits of accuracy:
C = { x : a ≤ x ≤ b}
D = { a, b, c , … } The degree of rounding of a number
E.g. 2.1 to 1 d.p 2.05 ≤ x < 2.15
Set representations: Finding limits when adding/multiplying: add/multiply
respective limits of values
Finding maximum value possible when
dividing/subtracting: max value divided by/minus min
value
Finding minimum value possible when
A∩B is shaded A∪B ‎is shaded dividing/subtracting: min value divided by/minus max
value
‎⊂‎‘is a subset of’
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Total Distance
1.5. Ratio & Proportion Average Speed =
Total Time

Ratio: used to describe a fraction Units of speed: km/hr or m/s

e.g. 3 : 1 Units of distance: km or m
Foreign exchange: money changed from one currency to
Units of time: hr or sec
another using proportion
E.g. Convert $22.50 to Dinars 5
km/hr × = m/sec
$1 : 0.30KD 18

$22.50 : 6.75KD 18
Map scales: using proportion to work out map scales m/sec × = km/hr
5

1km = 1000m
1m = 100cm
1cm = 10mm 2. Algebra & Graphs
Direct variation: y is proportional to x
y∝x 2.1. Factorisation

y = kx Common factors:
Inverse variation: y is inversely proportional to x 3x 2 + 6x

1 3x(x + 2)
y∝
x

Difference of two squares:

k
y=
25 − x 2

1.6. Percentages (5 + x)(5 − x)

Group factorization:
Percentage:
Convenient way of expressing fractions 4d + ac + ad + 4c
Percent means per 100
Percentage increase or decrease: 4 (d + c ) + a(c + d)
Actual Change (4 + a)(c + d)
P ercentage increase = × 100
Original Amount

Trinomial:
Simple interest:
x 2 + 14x + 24
PRT
I=
100 x 2 + 12x + 2x + 24

Where, P= P rincipal, R = Rate Of I nterest, and

x (x + 12 ) + 2 (x + 12 )
T = T ime
(x + 2)(x + 12)
Compound interest:
A = P (1 +
r nt
)
2.2. Quadratic Factorisation
n
General equation:
Where, P = P rincipal, R =
Rate Of I nterest, N = number of times the ax 2 + bx + c = 0
interest is compounded per year and T =
T ime Solve quadratics by:
Trinomial factorization
Quadratic formula
1.7. Speed, Distance & Time
−b ± b2 − 4ac
Distance x=

Speed = 2a

Time

When the question says, “Give your answer to two decimal

places,” use the formula!
l
Derivation of the Quadratic Formula is the same as saying x1 = 3
“Make x the subject in ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ”

x 2 = −2

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
- Quadratic Formula
Factorize a out e.g. x 2 − x − 6 = 0
Where a = 1 , b = −1 , c = −6
a (x 2 + x) + c = 0
b

Plug the numbers in the Quadratic Formula:
a
−b ± b2 − 4ac
Complete the Square x=

2a

b 2
a ((x + ) − 2) + c = 0
b2 Therefore:
2a 4a

− (−1 ) ± (−1 )2 − 4 (1 ) (−6 )
2 x=
b2
a (x + ) −
b 2 (1 )

+c=0
2a 4a

x1 = 3
b 2

b2 − 4ac
a (x + ) = x 2 = −2
2a 4a

2 - Complete the Square

b2 − 4ac
(x + ) =
b
2a 4a2

e.g. x 2 + 10x + 5 = 0
(WARNING! Coefficient of x 2 Must be 1 for this to work)
b b2 − 4ac
x+ =± x 2 + 10x + 5 = 0
2a 4a2

b ± b2 − 4ac (x + 5 )2 − 5 2 + 5 = 0
x+ =

2a 4a2

2

(x + 5 ) − 20 = 0
Note: 4a2 is a square number
(x + 5 )2 = 20
b ± b2 − 4ac
x+ = x + 5 = ± 20

2a 2a

−b ± b2 − 4ac x = −5 ± 20
x=

2a

Answer is:
Standardized form:
y = ax2 +bx + c x 1 = −5 +
20 , x 2 = −5 −
20
Complete Square form:

2
y = (x + a) +b (Where axis of symmetry is x = 2.3. Reciprocal Graphs (Hyperbola)
−a)
To find the turning point of the quadratic equation, Standardized Form:
complete the square, then the turning point is: y = ax
(−a, b)
Ways to solve Quadratic equations: If a is Positive: If a is Negative:
Graphing Method The Line will be in the The Line will be in the
Factorizing 1st &3rd Quadrant 2nd&4th Quadrant
Quadratic Formula
Complete the Square
2.4. Cubic Equation
- Graphing Method – Graph the equation,
see where it touches the X-axis Standardized Form:
- Factorizing y =ax3 +bx2 +cx + d
e.g. x 2 − x − 6 = 0 Properties:
The highest exponent of x is 3
x2 − x − 6 = 0 Has a maximum of 2 turning points
(x − 3 ) (x + 2 ) = 0
Turning points are points after which a graph changes its

gradient’s sign, changing direction between up and down.
Using differentiation
dy
dx gives you the gradient of the the curve at any point

in terms of x
dy
When y = xn , dx = nx n−1
dy
Stationary/ turning point: dx = 0
dy ′
1st Derivative = dx = f (x )
2.5. Exponential Graphs

nd d2 y ′′
2 = f (x )
Derivative = dx 2
To determine if the stationary point is maximum or

minimum:
Use 2nd derivative
d2 y
Maximum point: dx2 <0
d2 y
Minimum point: dx2 >0
Use gradients around the point
Input x values slightly above and below the
stationary point and calculate the gradient
2.7. Simultaneous Equations

Can be solved either by substitution or elimination
Generally solved by substitution as follows:
Step 1: obtain an equation in one unknown and solve
this equation
Step 2: substitute the results from Step 1 into a linear
equation to find the other unknown
The solution of their simultaneous equations gives the
Standardized form: points of intersection of two graphs.
x
y = a (b )
Properties: 2.8. Inequalities
a is the y-intercept
Asymptotes are lines that a curve approaches but Solve like equations
never touches because the curve continues to infinity. Multiplying or dividing by negative ⇒ switch sign
In this case, The asymptotes are y = 0 and x = 4
y
b is the rate of growth −3 ≥ −7

When 0 < b < 1 , the graph will go downwards from y ≤ −7 × −3

left to right
y ≤ 21
2.6. Gradient of a Curve When two inequalities present, split into two
By drawing tangents x < 3x − 1 < 2x + 7

In a straight line, the gradient is constant
Curves have varying gradients throughout the graph. x < 3x − 1 3x − 1 < 2x + 7
1
To find the gradient at a point: x> 2 x<8
1. Draw the graph
2. Draw a tangent at the point in the graph, ensuring it 1
only touches the graph at that point (Use a ruler)
<x<8
2

3. Find the gradient of the tangent

2.9. Linear Programming
For strict inequalities (<, >) use broken line
For non-strict inequalities (≤, ≥) use solid line

Steps to solve:
Interpret y = mx + c
Draw straight-line graphs
Shade From O to A: Uniform increase in speed
Solve From A to B: Constant speed (acceleration = 0)
From B to C: Uniform deceleration / retardation
Area under a graph = distance travelled.

Gradient = acceleration.
If the acceleration is negative, it is called deceleration or
retardation. (moving body is slowing down.)
2.10. Sequences
2.13. Functions
Linear sequences: Find a common difference e.g., 3, then
multiply by n and work out what needs to be added Function notation:
Quadratic sequences: f : x → 2x − 1
Format: an2 + bn + c Function f such that x maps onto 2x − 1
Composite function: Given two functions f (x ) and g (x ) ,
the composite function of f and g is the function that
maps x onto f (g (x ))
Work out the values and then place them into a

f (2 )
formula to work out nth term formula Substitute x = 2 and solve for f (x )
Geometric progression: the sequence where the term has fg(x)
been multiplied by a constant to form the next term Substitute x = g (x )
−1
f (x)
nth term of G.P . = ar(n−1) Let y = f(x) and make x the subject
a = 1st term r = common ratio

3. Geometry
2.11. Distance-Time Graphs
3.1. Similarity
Similarity can be worked out by the AAA (Angle – Angle –
Angle) rule.
AAA (Angle – Angle – Angle) rule: All the corresponding
angles of the triangles must be equal.
From O to A: Uniform speed
From B to C: Uniform speed (return journey)
From A to B: Stationery (speed = 0)
3.2. Congruence
Gradient = speed SSS (Side – Side – Side) rule: All the three sides of the
triangles must be equal
2.12. Speed-Time Graphs
Rectangle:
diagonals bisect each other
RHS (Right angle – Hypotenuse – Side) rule : Parallelogram:
There must be two right-angled triangles Opposite sides parallel/equal

The length of the hypotenuses must be the same
One of the corresponding sides of each triangle must be opposite angles equal
the same
SAS (Side – Angle – Side) rule: Rhombus:
There must be an angle and a side present
A parallelogram with all sides
The angle of the adjacent sides must be equal
equal
The two sides of the triangle must be equal
opposite angles equal
Trapezium:
ASA (Angle – Side – Angle) rule: The sides adjacent to the

equal angles must be of the same length. One pair of sides parallel
Kite:
Two pairs of adjacent sides

equal
diagonals are perpendicular

3.3. Triangles to each other
3.5. Construction
Constructing triangles:
3.4. Quadrilaterals
Rectangle:
Opposite sides parallel/equal
all angles 90°
3.6. Symmetry
Line of symmetry: Divides a two-dimensional shape into
two congruent (identical) shapes
Plane of symmetry: Divides a three-dimensional shape
into two congruent solid shapes
The number of times shape fits its outline during a

complete revolution is called the order of rotational Corresponding angles are equal
symmetry
Number of Lines of Rotational Symmetry

Shape
Symmetry Order
Square 4 4
Rectangle 2 2
Parallelogram 0 2
Alternate angles
Rhombus 2 2
Trapezium 0 1
Kite 1 1
Equilateral
3 3
triangle
Regular
6 6
hexagon
Properties of circles:
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through
the centre
Tangents from an external point are equal in length
Co-interior angles add up to 180°

3.7. Polygons
Sum of angles at a point = 360 ∘
Angles on a straight line = 180 ∘
Sum of angles in a triangle = 180 ∘
For regular polygon
∘
External angles = 360n
∘
Internal angles = 180 ∘ − 360
n
For irregular polygon:

Sum of exterior angles = 360 ∘
Sum of interior angles= 180(n − 2)
Vertically opposite angles are equal
1
Trapezium= 2 (a + b) h
Circle= πr 2
Sector= πr 2 × θ
360
4.2. Volume and Surface Area

Cuboid
Surface Area = 2(lw + hw + hl)
Volume = hlw
Cylinder
Curved surface area = 2πrh
Volume = πr 2 h
Cone
Curved surface area = πrl
Exterior angle=sum of interior opposite ∠ Volume = 13 (πr 2 h)

Sphere
Surface Area = 4πr 2
Volume = 43 πr 3
Hemisphere
Surface area = 3πr 2
Volume = 23 πr 3
Kite
pq
Surface area = 2
4.3. Units
3.8. Circle Theorem
Volume:
Angle at center = twice

Angle subtended by same arc at
angle on circumference
circumference are equal
Angles in semicircle are

90° Opposite angles in a cyclic
quadrilateral = 180°
Mass:
Tangents from one point

are equal. ‎∠‎between
tangent and radius is 90° Alternate segment theorem
4. Mensuration
4.1. Area
Parallelogram = b × h or AB sin θ
Triangle= 12 b × h

Capacity:
f(x) = 1‎ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓( 𝑥) = 𝑥2
Connecting volume and capacity: f(x) = x3‎ f(x) = 1/x f(x) = 1/x2
1ml = 1cm3
1kl = 1m3
Mass
Density = Volume
6. Trigonometry
5. Coordinate Geometry 6.1. Bearings

The bearing of a point B from another point A is:
5.1. Graphs An angle measured from the north at A.
In a clockwise direction.
Gradient of a Straight Line: Written as three-figure number (i.e. from 000° to 360°)
e.g. The bearing of B from A is 050°
y2 − y1
Gradient =

x2 − x1

Equation of Line:
y = mx + c
Find the gradient, m 6.2. Pythagoras Theorem
Find the y -intercept, c
To find hypotenuse
a2 + b2 = c 2
Midpoint of Graph:
x 1 + x 2 y1 + y2
( , )

2 2

Length between two points:
2 2
(x 2 − x 1 ) + (y2 − y1 )

To find one of the shorter sides

a2 = c 2 − b2
5.2. Sketching Graphs b2 = c 2 − a2
Angle of elevation:
Angle above the horizontal line
Angle of depression:
Angle below the horizontal line.
∘
cos (x ) = cos (360 − x)
1
Area of a triangle: 2 ab sin c
6.3. Ratios
Right angled triangles:
opposite
sin x = hypotenuse → SOH

adjacent
cos x = hypotenuse → CAH
tan x = opposite
adjacent → TOA

Sine and cosine shifted by 90°

Sine has x-intercepts at multiples 180°, and cosine at (90°
+ multiples of 180°)
∘
tan (x) = tan (180 + x)
6.4. Graphs of Simple Trigonometric

Functions
∘ Goes to infinity at 90°, 270°, 450°, …
sin (x) = sin (180 − x) Has x-intercepts at multiples of 180°
6.5. Sine & Cosine Rules

Sine rule:
A B C
= =
sin a sin b sin c

Cosine rule
To find the angle given 3 sides
b2 + c 2 − a2
cos a =
2bc

To find side given angle and two sides Translation (T):
a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos a
7. Vectors & Transformations

7.1. Vectors
When describing a translation, it is necessary to give
Vector quantity has both magnitude and direction the translation vector
E.g. Vectors a and b represented by the line segments, Enlargement (E):
can be added using ‘parallelogram rule’ or ‘nose-to-tail To describe an enlargement, state the scale factor, K
and the centre of enlargement
length of image
Scale factor =
length of object

Area of image = K 2 × area of object

If K > 0, both object and image lie on same side of the
centre of enlargement
method’ If K < 0, object and image lie on opposite side of the centre
Multiplication by a scalar: of enlargement
Scalar quantity: has a magnitude but no direction
The negative sign reverses the direction of the vector
Column vector:
8. Probability
Probability is the study of chance or the likelihood of an
event happening
number of favourable outcomes

P (event) =
total number of outcomes

If probability = 0, the event is impossible

If probability =1, the event is certain to happen
All probabilities lie between 0 and 1
Top number = horizontal component
Bottom number = vertical component
8.2. Events
Parallel vectors:
Vectors are parallel if they have the same direction Exclusive events:
In general, the vector k ( ab ) is parallel to ( ab )
Two events are exclusive if they cannot occur at the same

Modulus of a vector:
time
In general, if x = (m
n ) , ∣x ∣ =
(m2 + n2
7.2. Transformation
Reflection (M):
When describing a reflection, the position of the
mirror line is essential
Rotation (R):
The centre, angle and direction of rotation are needed
to describe a rotation
A clockwise rotation is negative, and an anticlockwise
rotation is positive
The OR Rule:
For exclusive events A and B
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) Take the required number from the table and divide
by the sum of all values in the row/column of the
Independent events: condition provided.
Remember: P(A|B) and P(B|A) are not the same
Two events are independent if occurrence of one is
unaffected by occurrence of other
The AND Rule:
P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B)
9. Statistics
8.3. Conditional Probability 9.1. Histograms
Probability of an event (A), given that another (B) has

already occurred
Symbol : P (A∣B)
Histogram: Displays frequency of continuous or grouped

discrete data in the form of bars
Bars are joined together and may be of varying width
Frequency of the data is represented by the area of the
bar and not the height
When class intervals are different, area of the bar
represents the frequency, not the height
Frequency density plotted on y-axis, not frequency
Class width = Interval
Frequency density = Height
F requency = Class width × F requency density
Calculate using Venn diagram:

9.2. Averages
Construct the Venn diagram, using sample space of both
events Mean
P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B) Sum of values
number of values

Calculate using tree diagrams:

Median:
The middle value - when the data has been written in
ascending or descending order
5+1
Odd no. of values 2 = 3rd value
Even no. of values 6+1

2 = 3.5th value
(add two values divide by 2)

Construct tree diagram. Mode:
Write the outcomes of the first event Most frequently occurring value
Connect both the second and first events outcome Range:
Write probability on top of each event’s line Difference between highest and lowest values
Multiply probabilities on the lines to the required outcome Estimated mean of grouped data:
Note: The probabilities reduce with each step if objects Work out midpoints of each group and multiply by
are not replaced frequency
Divide by number of values
Calculate using two-way tables:
Column and row headers are the sample space of the
two events 9.3. Cumulative Frequency
Fill in each cell with the correct number of outcomes
Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a given Number of an item ∘

θ= × 360
point Total number of items

Inter-quartile range = upper quartile −

lower quartile
9.4. Box-and-whisker plots

Construction
Find median and two quartiles Sum of angles in a pie chart is 360
∘
Draw three lines of equal width along these values

Complete the boxes
Draw ‘whiskers’ extending from the box to the
9.6. Stem and Leaf diagrams
maximum and minimum values.
Stem-and-Leaf diagram is a quick way of summarizing a
Draw two more lines at the ends
range of data.
There is a column known as the stem, contains which
contains unique elements of data formed by removing
last digits of the data.
Keys are used in this diagram
Interpretation:
Median, quartiles and extreme values can be found by
reading on the scale of y-axis
Short boxes mean low IQR and vice versa (2), (3)
Long whiskers mean a lot of extreme values and vice
versa (1) 9.7. Pictograms
Difference in position of boxes represents if data in
one set is overall higher or lower than another data Data is represented in pictures
set. (3) and (4) A key is given to represent the value of a picture.
Variation in lengths of different sections and position
of median show how evenly the data is spread,
compared to other data sets (1) E.g. = 5 people
9.5. Pie Charts Favorite Fast Food of 100 Children
Sectors represent data, and these sectors form a circle.

9.8. Scatter Diagrams
Angle of a sector:
b f
Displays the correlation between two sets of data

May have positive, negative or no correlation
Line of best fit drawn through points that has an equal

number of points on each side to show the trend
CAIE IGCSE
Mathematics
© ZNotes Education Ltd. & ZNotes Foundation 2024. All rights reserved.
This version was created by Elsa Hnin on 22/04/24 for strictly personal use only.
These notes have been created by Disha Garg, Mohammad Aslam & Sagnik Pal for the 2023-2024 syllabus
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ZNOTES.

UPDATED TO 2023-2024 SYLLABUS

1.2. HCF and LCM ∈ = …is an element of…

Ratio: used to describe a fraction Units of speed: km/hr or m/s

y∝x 2.1. Factorisation

Inverse variation: y is inversely proportional to x 3x 2 + 6x

Difference of two squares:

1.6. Percentages (5 + x)(5 − x)

Where, P= P rincipal, R = Rate Of I nterest, and

When the question says, “Give your answer to two decimal

Derivation of the Quadratic Formula is the same as saying x1 = 3​

“Make x the subject in ax 2 + bx + c = 0 ”

− (−1 ) ± (−1 )2 − 4 (1 ) (−6 ) ​

2 - Complete the Square

Complete Square form:

Turning points are points after which a graph changes its

To determine if the stationary point is maximum or

2.7. Simultaneous Equations

When 0 < b < 1 , the graph will go downwards from y ≤ −7 × −3

By drawing tangents x < 3x − 1 < 2x + 7

3. Find the gradient of the tangent

For non-strict inequalities (≤, ≥) use solid line

Area under a graph = distance travelled.

Work out the values and then place them into a

a = 1st term r = common ratio

diagonals bisect each other

RHS (Right angle – Hypotenuse – Side) rule : Parallelogram:

There must be two right-angled triangles Opposite sides parallel/equal

opposite angles equal

diagonals bisect each other

ASA (Angle – Side – Angle) rule: The sides adjacent to the

Two pairs of adjacent sides

diagonals are perpendicular

The number of times shape fits its outline during a

Number of Lines of Rotational Symmetry

Co-interior angles add up to 180°

For irregular polygon:

4.2. Volume and Surface Area

Angle at center = twice

Angles in semicircle are

Tangents from one point

5. Coordinate Geometry 6.1. Bearings

Length between two points:

To find one of the shorter sides

Sine and cosine shifted by 90°

6.4. Graphs of Simple Trigonometric

6.5. Sine & Cosine Rules

To find side given angle and two sides Translation (T):

7. Vectors & Transformations

Area of image = K 2 × area of object

number of favourable outcomes

If probability = 0, the event is impossible

8.3. Conditional Probability 9.1. Histograms

Probability of an event (A), given that another (B) has

Histogram: Displays frequency of continuous or grouped

F requency = Class width × F requency density

Calculate using Venn diagram:

Calculate using tree diagrams:

Even no. of values 6+1

(add two values divide by 2)

Cumulative frequency is the total frequency up to a given Number of an item ∘

Inter-quartile range = upper quartile −

9.4. Box-and-whisker plots

Draw three lines of equal width along these values

Derivation of the Quadratic Formula is the same as saying x1 = 3

− (−1 ) ± (−1 )2 − 4 (1 ) (−6 )