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Fifth Edition

Emma Be
A an Bryman
Bi Hare
 ..
Abbreviations XXVII
...
About the authors XXVI 11

About the students and supervisors xxx

..
Guided tour of textbook features XXXII
•
Guided tour of the on line resources XXXIV
•
About the book XXXVI

Acknowledgements xiii
Ed itoria I Advisory Panel xiii i

• • ONE THE RESEARCH PROCESS 1

Chapter 1 The nature and process of business research 3

Introduction 4
What is 'business research'? 4
Why do business research? 4
Business research methods in context 5
Relevance to practice 6
The process of business research 8
Literature review 8
Concepts and theories 8
Research questions 9
Sampling 11
Data collection 11
Data analysis 12
Writing up 12
The messiness of business research 13
Key points 15
Questions for review 15

Chapter 2 Business research strategies 17

Introduction: the nature of business research 18
Theory and research 19
What is theory? 19
Deductive and inductive logics of inquiry 20
Philosophical assumptions in business research 25
Ontologica I considerations 26
Objectivism 26
Construction ism 27
Epistemological considerations 29
A natural science epistemology: positivism 30
Interpretivism 30
Research paradigms 34
Detailed contents

Developing a research strategy: quantitative or qualitative? 35

Other considerations 37
Values 37
Practicalities 39
Key points 42
Questions for review 42

Chapter 3 Research designs 44

Introduction 45
Qua Iity criteria in business research 46
Reliability 46
Rep Iica bi lity 46
Validity 46
Research designs 48
Experimental design 48
Cross-sectional design 58
Longitud ina I design 61
Case study design 63
Comparative design 68
Level of analysis 71
Bringing research strategy and research design together 72
Key points 73
Questions for review 73

Chapter 4 Planning a research project and developing

research questions 75
Introduction 76
Getting to know what is expected of you by your university 76
Thinking about your research area 76
Using your supervisor 77
Managing time and resources 79
Developing suitable research questions 80
Criteria for evaluating research questions 85
Writing your research proposal 86
Checklist 87
Key points 88
Questions for review 88

Chapter 5 Getting started: reviewing the literature 89

Introduction 90
Reviewing the Iiterature and engaging with what others
have written 91
Reading critically 92
Systematic review 92
Narrative review 97
Searching databases 98
Online databases 98
Keywords and defining search parameters 100
Making progress 102
Referencing 103
The role of the bibliography 104
 Detailed contents

Avoiding plagiarism 105

Checklist 107
Key points 107
Questions for review 108

Chapter 6 Ethics in business research 109

Introduction 110
The importance of research ethics 112
Eth ica I pri nci pies 114
Avoidance of harm 114
Informed consent 118
Privacy 123
Preventing deception 123
Other ethical and legal considerations 124
Data management 124
Copyright 125
Reciprocity and trust 126
Affiliation and conflicts of interest 127
Visual methods and research ethics 129
Eth ica I considerations in on Ii ne research 130
The political context of business research 132
Checklist 135
Key points 135
Questions for review 136

Chapter 7 Writing up business research 137

Introduction 138
Writing academ ica Ily 138
Writing up your research 140
Start early 141
Be persuasive 141
Get feedback 142
Avoid discriminatory language 142
Structure your writing 143
Writing up quantitative and qua Iitative research 147
An example of quantitative research 147
Introduction 148
Role congruity theory 148
Goals of the present study 148
Methods 149
Resu lts 149
Discussion 149
Lessons 150
An example of qualitative research 152
Introduction 152
Loving to labour: identity in business schools 153
Methodology 153
Research findings 153
Discussion 153
Summary and conclusion 154
Lessons 155
Detailed contents

Reflexivity and its implications for writing 156

Writing differently 156
Checklist 157
Key points 158
Questions for review 159

• • TWO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 161

Chapter 8 The nature of quantitative research 163

Introduction 164
The main steps in quantitative research 164
Concepts and their measurement 167
What is a concept? 167
Why measure? 168
Indicators 168
Dimensions of concepts 169
Reliability of measures 172
Stability 172
Internal reliability 173
Inter-rater reliability 173
Validity of measures 174
Face validity 174
Concurrent validity 174
Predictive va Iid ity 174
Convergent validity 175
Discriminant validity 175
The connection between rel iabi Iity and val id ity 175
The main preoccupations of quantitative researchers 175
Measurement 176
Causality 177
Genera Iization 177
Replication 178
The critique of quantitative research 180
Criticisms of quantitative research 181
Is it always like this? 182
Reverse operationism 182
Reliability and validity testing 182
Sampling 183
Key points 183
Questions for review 184

Chapter 9 Sampling in quantitative research 185

Introduction 186
Introduction to sampling 187
Sampling error 189
Types of probabi Iity sample 191
Simple random sample 191
Systematic sample 191
Stratified random sampling 192
 Detailed contents

Multi-stage cluster sampling 192

The qua Iities of a probabi Iity sample 193
Sample size 195
Absolute and relative sample size 195
Time and cost 196
Non-response 196
Heterogeneity of the population 197
Types of non-probabi Iity sampling 197
Convenience sampling 197
Quota sampling 198
Lim its to generalization 201
Error in survey research 202
Sampling issues for on Ii ne surveys 202
Key points 204
Questions for review 205

Chapter 10 Structured interviewing 207

Introduction 208
The structured interview 208
Reducing error due to interviewer variability 208
Accuracy and ease of data processing 210
Other types of interview 210
Interview contexts 212
More than one interviewee 212
More than one interviewer 212
In person or by telephone? 212
Computer-assisted interviewing 214
Conducting interviews 215
Know the schedule 215
Introducing the research 215
Rapport 216
Asking questions 216
Recording answers 217
Clear instructions 217
Question order 217
Probing 219
Prompting 220
Leaving the interview 221
Training and supervision 221
Other approaches to structured interviewing 222
The critical incident method 222
Projective methods, pictorial methods, and photo-elicitation 223
The verbal protocol approach 226
Problems with structured interviewing 226
Characteristics of interviewers 226
Response sets 227
The problem of meaning 228
Key points 229
Questions for review 229
Detailed contents

Chapter 11 Self-completion questionnaires 231

Introduction 232
Different kinds of self-completion questionnaires 232
Evaluating the self-completion questionnaire in relation to
the structured interview 232
Advantages of the self-completion questionnaire over the
structured interview 233
Disadvantages of the self-completion questionnaire in
comparison to the structured interview 234
Steps to improve response rates to postal and online
questionnaires 235
Designing the self-completion questionnaire 237
Do not cramp the presentation 237
Clear presentation 237
Vertical or horizontal closed answers? 238
Identifying response sets in a Likert scale 239
Clear instructions about how to respond 239
Keep question and answers together 240
Email and online surveys 240
Email surveys 240
Web-based surveys 241
Comparing modes of survey administration 242
Diaries as a form of self-completion questionnaire 245
Advantages and disadvantages of the diary as a method
of data collection 24 7
Experience and event sampling 248
Key points 251
Questions for review 251

Chapter 12 Asking questions 252

Introduction 253
Open or closed questions? 253
Open questions 253
Closed questions 254
Types of question 256
Rules for designing questions 258
General rules of thumb 258
Specific rules when designing questions 258
Vignette questions 263
Piloting and pre-testing questions 265
Using existing questions 265
Checklist 268
Key points 269
Questions for review 270

Chapter 13 Quantitative research using naturally occurring data 272

Introduction 273
Structured observation 273
The observation schedule 275
Strategies for observing behaviour 27 5
 Detailed contents

Sampling for structured observation 276

Sampling people 276
Sampling in terms of time 276
Further sampling considerations 276
Issues of reliability and validity 278
Reliabil ity 278
Va Iid ity 278
Criticisms of structured observation 279
On the other hand ... 280
Content analysis 280
What are the research questions? 281
Selecting a sample for content analysis 282
Sampling media 282
Sampling dates 282
What is to be counted? 283
Significant actors 283
Words 283
Subjects and themes 284
Dispositions 284
Images 284
Coding in content analysis 285
Coding schedule 286
Coding manual 286
Potential pitfalls in devising coding schemes 288
Advantages of content ana lys is 290
Disadvantages of content analysis 290
Key points 291
Questions for review 292

Chapter 14 Secondary analysis and official statistics 294

Introduction 295
Other researchers' data 295
Advantages of secondary analysis 296
Limitations of secondary ana lysis 301
Accessing data archives 302
Archival proxies and meta-analysis 304
Official statistics 306
Rel iability and va lidity 308
Official statistics as a form of unobtrusive measure 308
Key points 308
Questions for review 309

Chapter 15 Quantitative data analysis 310

Introduction 311
A smal I research project 311
Missing data 313
Types of variable 316
Univariate analysis 318
Frequency tables 318
Diagrams 319
Detailed contents

Measures of central tendency 320

Measures of dispersion 320
Bivariate analysis 321
Relationships, not causality 321
Contingency tables 322
Pearson's r 323
Spearman's rho 324
Phi and Cramer's V 325
Comparing means and eta 325
Multivariate analysis 326
Could the relationsh ip be spurious? 326
Could there be an intervening variable? 326
Could a th ird variable moderate the re lationship? 326
Statistical significance 327
The chi-square test 328
Correlation and statistical significance 330
Comparing means and statistical significance 330
Key points 331
Questions for review 331

Chapter 16 Using IBM SPSS statistics 333

Introduction 334
Getting started in SPSS 335
Beginning SPSS 335
Entering data in the Data Viewer 335
Defining variables: variable names, missing va lues,
variable labels, and value labels 337
Recoding variables 338
Computing a new variab le 340
Data analysis with SPSS 341
Generating a frequency table 341
Generating a bar chart 342
Generating a pie chart 342
Generating a histogram 343
Generating the arithmetic mean, median,
standard deviation, range, and boxplots 343
Generating a contingency table, chi-square,
and Cramer's V 343
Generating Pearson's rand Spearman's rho 344
Generating scatter diagrams 345
Comparing means and eta 346
Generating a contingency table with
three variables 346
Further operations in SPSS 347
Saving your data 347
Retrieving your data 351
Printing output 351
Key points 351
Questions for review 352
 Detailed contents

353

Chapter 17 The nature of qualitative research 355

Introduction 356
The main steps in qualitative research 357
Theory and research 360
Concepts in qua Iitative research 361
Reliability and validity in qualitative research 362
Adapting reliability and validity for qualitative research 362
Alternative criteria for evaluating qualitative research 363
Overview of the issue of criteria 365
The main preoccupations of qualitative researchers 366
Seeing through the eyes of people being studied 366
Description and emphasis on context 367
Emphasis on process 368
Flexibility and limited structure 369
Concepts and theory grounded in data 369
Not just words 369
The critique of qua Iitative research 374
Qualitative research is too subjective 374
Qualitative research is difficult to replicate 374
Problems of generalization 374
Lack of transparency 375
Is it always like this? 376
Contrasts between quantitative and qualitative research 376
Similarities between quantitative and qua Iitative research 378
Researcher-participant relationships 379
Action research 379
Feminism and qualitative research 381
Postcolonial and indigenous research 384
Key points 385
Questions for review 386

Chapter 18 Sampling in qualitative research 388

Introduction 389
Levels of sampling 390
Purposive sampling 391
Theoretical sampling 391
Generic purposive sampling 394
Snowball sampling 395
Sample size 397
Not just people 399
Using more than one sampling approach 400
Key points 401
Questions for review 401

Chapter 19 Ethnography and participant observation 403

Introduction 404
Organ izationa I ethnography 405
Detailed contents

Access 407
Overt versus covert? 410
Ongoing access 411
Key informants 413
Roles for ethnographers 413
Active or passive? 414
Shadowing 415
Field notes 416
Types of field notes 417
Bringing ethnographic fieldwork to an end 418
Feminist ethnography 419
Global and multi-site ethnography 420
Vi rtua I ethnography 421
Visua l ethnography 425
Writing ethnography 426
Rea Iist tales 426
Other approaches 428
Key points 431
Questions for review 431

Chapter 20 Interviewing in qualitative research 433

Introduction 434
Differences between the structured interview and the
qualitative interview 435
Asking questions in the qualitative interview 436
Preparing an interview guide 439
Kinds of questions 441
Using an interview guide: an example 443
Recording and transcription 445
Non-face-to-face interviews 450
Telephone interviewing 451
Online interviews 451
Interviews using Skype 452
Life history and oral history interviews 454
Feminist interviewing 455
Merits and Ii m itations of qualitative interviewing 457
Advantages of qualitative interviews 457
Disadvantages of qualitative interviews 458
Checklist 459
Key points 460
Questions for review 460

Chapter 21 Focus groups 462

Introduction 463
Uses of focus groups 464
Conducting focus groups 465
Recording and transcription 465
How many groups? 466
Size of groups 468
Level of moderator involvement 468
Selecting participants 470
 Detailed contents

Asking questions 470

Beginning and finishing 471
Group interaction in focus group sessions 472
Online focus groups 473
The focus group as an emancipatory method 476
Limitations of focus groups 478
Check Iist 479
Key points 480
Questions for review 480

Chapter 22 Language in qualitative research 482

Introduction 483
Discourse analysis 483
Main features of discourse analysis 484
Interpretive repertoires and detailed procedures 486
Critical discourse analysis 488
Narrative analysis 489
Rhetorical ana lysis 491
Conversation analysis 493
Overview 496
Key points 497
Questions for review 497

Chapter 23 Documents as sources of data 499

Introduction 500
Personal documents 500
Public documents 503
Organ izationa I documents 504
Media outputs 506
Visual documents 507
Documents as 'texts' 510
Interpreting documents 511
Qualitative content analysis 511
Semiotics 512
Historical analysis 512
Checklist 514
Key points 515
Questions for review 515

Chapter 24 Qualitative data analysis 517

Introduction 518
Thematic analysis 519
Grounded theory 521
Tools of grounded theory 521
Outcomes of grounded theory 522
Memos 524
Criticisms of grounded theory 525
More on coding 530
Steps and considerations in coding 531
Turning data into fragments 531
The critique of coding 533
Detailed contents

Secondary analysis of qua I itative data 534

Key points 537
Questions for review 537

Chapter 25 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis: using NVivo 538

Introduction 539
Is CAQDAS I ike quantitative data analysis software? 539
No industry leader 539
Limited acceptance of CAQDAS 539
Learning NVivo 541
Coding 542
Search ing data 550
Memos 552
Saving an NVivo project 553
Opening an existing NVivo project 553
Final thoughts 553
Key points 553
Questions for review 553

555

Chapter 26 Breaking down the quantitative/qualitative divide 557

Introduction 558
The natural science model and qualitative research 558
Quantitative research and i nterpretivism 560
Quantitative research and construction ism 561
Epistemological and ontological considerations 561
Problems with the quantitative/qualitative contrast 562
Behaviour versus meaning 562
Theory tested in research versus theory emergent from data 562
Numbers versus words 562
Artificial versus natural 563
Reciprocal analysis 564
Qua litative analysis of quantitative data 564
Quantitative analysis of qualitative data 565
Quantification in qualitative research 565
Thematic analysis 565
Quasi-quantification in qualitative research 566
Combating anecdota lism through limited quantification 566
Key points 566
Questions for review 567

Chapter 27 Mixed methods research: combining quantitative

and qualitative research 568
Introduction 569
The arguments against mixed methods research 569
The embedded methods argument 569
The paradigm argument 570
Two versions of the debate about quantitative and
qualitative research 570
 Detailed contents

The rise of mixed methods research 571

Classifying mixed methods research in terms of priority
and sequence 571
Different types of mixed methods design 573
Approaches to mixed methods research 574
The logic of triangulation 574
Qualitative research faci litates quantitative research 576
Quantitative research faci litates qualitative research 576
Filling in the gaps 576
Static and processual features 578
Research issues and participants' perspectives 579
The problem of generality 579
Interpreting the relationship between variables 579
Studying different aspects of a phenomenon 581
Solving a puzzle 583
Quality issues in mixed methods research 585
Key points 586
Questions for review 586

Glossary 589
References 599
Name index 623
Subject index 629
1.1 Key concept What is evidence-based management? 7
1.2 Key concept What are research questions? 9
1.3 Research in focus A research question about gender bias
in attitudes towards leaders 10
1.4 Thinking deeply What is big data? 13
2.1 Key concept What is empiricism? 20
2.2 Research in focus A deductive study 22
2.3 Research in focus An inductive study 23
2.4 Key concept What is abductive reasoning? 24
2.5 Key concept What is the philosophy of social science? 25
2.6 Key concept What is objectivism? 26
2.7 Key concept What is constructionism? 27
2.8 Key concept What is postmodernism? 28
2.9 Research in focus Constructionism in action 28
2.10 Key concept What is positivism? 30
2.11 Key concept What is empirical realism? 31
2.12 Key concept What is interpretivism? 31
2.13 Research in focus lnterpretivism in practice 33
2.14 Key concept What is a paradigm? 34
2.15 Research in focus Mixed methods research an example 36
2.16 Thinking deeply Factors that influence methods choice in
organizational research 38
2.17 Research in focus Influence of an author's biography on research values 39
3.1 Key concept What is a research design? 45
3.2 Key concept What is a research method? 45
3.3 Key concept What is a variable? 47
3.4 Research in focus An example of a field experiment to
investigate obesity discrimination in job applicant selection 49
3.5 Research in focus Establishing the direction of causality 53
3.6 Research in focus A laboratory experiment on voting on CEO pay 54
3.7 Research in focus The Hawthorne effect 55
3.8 Research in focus A quasi-experiment 56
3.9 Key concept What is evaluation research? 57
3.10 Research in focus An evaluation study of role redesign 57
3.11 Key concept What is a cross-sectional research design? 59
 Learning features

3.12 Key concept What is survey research? 59

3. 13 Research in focus An example of survey research: the Study of
Australian Leadership (SAL) 60
3.14 Research in focus A representative sample? 62
3 .15 Thinking deeply The case study in business research 64
3.16 Research in focus A longitudinal case study of ICI 65
3 .17 Research in focus A longitudinal panel study of older workers' pay 68
3.18 Key concept What is cross-cultural and international research? 69
3.19 Research in focus A comparative analysis panel study of female employment 71
4.1 Thinking deeply Marx's sources of research questions 81
4.2 Research in focus Developing research questions 84
5.1 Key concept What is an academic journal? 90
5.2 Thinking deeply Composing a literature review in qualitative research articles 93
5.3 Key concept What is a systematic review? 94
5.4 Research in focus A narrative review of narrative research 97
6.1 Key concept Stances on ethics 111
6.2 Research in focus A covert study of unofficial rewards 112
6.3 Research in focus Two infamous studies of obedience to authority 112
6.4 Thinking deeply Harm to non-participants? 114
6.5 Thinking deeply The assumption of anonymity 117
6.6 Research in focus An example of an ethical dilemma in fieldwork 124
6. 7 Research in focus Ethical issues in a study involving friends as respondents 127
6.8 Thinking deeply A funding controversy in a university business school 128
6.9 Research in focus Invasion of privacy in visual research 129
6.10 Research in focus Chatroom users' responses to being studied 131
7 .1 Key concept What is rhetoric? 138
7.2 Thinking deeply How to write academically 139
7.3 Thinking deeply An empiricist repertoire? 151
7 .4 Key concept What is a rhetorical strategy in quantitative research? 151
7 .5 Thinking deeply Using verbatim quotations from interviews 154
8.1 Research in focus Selecting research sites and sampling respondents:
the Quality of Work and Life in Changing Europe project 166
8.2 Key concept What is an indicator? 169
8.3 Research in focus A multiple-indicator measure of a concept 170
8.4 Research in focus Specifying dimensions of a concept: the case of
job characteristics 171
8.5 Key concept What is reliability? 172
8.6 Key concept What is Cronbach's alpha? 173
8.7 Key concept What is validity? 174
8.8 Research in focus Assessing the internal reliability and the concurrent
and predictive validity of a measure of organizational climate 176
Learning features

8.9 Research in focus Testing validity through replication: the case of burnout 179
8.10 Key concept What is factor analysis? 183
9.1 Key concept Basic terms and concepts in sampling 188
9.2 Research in focus A cluster sample survey of Australian workplaces
and employees 193
9.3 Key concept What is a response rate? 197
9 .4 Research in focus Convenience sampling in a study of discrimination in hiring 199
10.1 Key concept What is a structured interview? 209
10.2 Key concept Major types of interview 211
10.3 Research in focus A telephone survey of dignity at work 213
10.4 Research in focus A question sequence 219
10.5 Research in focus An example of the critical incident method 223
10.6 Research in focus Using projective methods in consumer research 224
10.7 Research in focus Using pictorial exercises in a study of business
school identity 225
10.8 Key concept What is photo-elicitation? 225
10.9 Research in focus Using photo-elicitation to study tourist behaviour 225
10.10 Research in focus A study using the verbal protocol method 226
10.11 Research in focus A study of the effects of social desirability bias 228
11.1 Research in focus Combining the use of structured interviews with
self-completion questionnaires 233
11.2 Research in focus Administering a survey in China 235
11.3 Key concept What is a research diary? 246
11.4 Research in focus A diary study of managers and their jobs 247
11.5 Research in focus A diary study of text messaging 248
11.6 Research in focus A diary study of emotional labour in a call centre 249
11.7 Research in focus Using diaries to study a sensitive topic: work-related gossip 249
12.1 Research in focus Coding a very open question 254
12.2 Research in focus Using vignette questions in a tracking study
of ethical behaviour 264
12.3 Research in focus Using scales developed by other researchers in a study
of high performance work systems 266
13.1 Key concept What is structured observation? 274
13.2 Research in focus Mintzberg's categories of basic activities involved
in managerial work 274
13.3 Research in focus Structured observation with a sample of one 277
13.4 Key concept What is Cohen's kappa? 278
13.5 Key concept What is content analysis? 281
13.6 Research in focus A content analysis of courage and managerial
decision-making 283
13. 7 Research in focus A computer-aided content analysis of microlending
to entrepreneurs 284
 Learning features

13.8 Research in focus Issues of inter-coder reliability in a study of text messaging 289
13.9 Research in focus A content analysis of Swedish job advertisements
1960- 2010 291
14.1 Key concept What is secondary analysis? 295
14.2 Research in focus Exploring corporate reputation in three
Scandinavian countries 296
14.3 Research in focus Combining primary and secondary data in a single study
of the implications of marriage structure for men's attitudes to women in
the workplace 297
14.4 Research in focus Cross-national comparison of work orientations:
an example of a secondary dataset 299
14.5 Research in focus Workplace gender diversity and union density:
an example of secondary analysis using the WERS data 299
14.6 Research in focus Age and work-related health: methodological issues
involved in secondary analysis using the Labour Force Survey 300
14.7 Research in focus The use of archival proxies in the field of
strategic management 304
14.8 Key concept What is meta-analysis? 305
14.9 Research in focus A meta-analysis of research on corporate social
responsibility and performance in East Asia 305
14.10 Key concept What is the ecological fallacy? 306
14.11 Key concept What are unobtrusive measures? 307
15.1 Key concept What is a test of statistical significance? 328
15.2 Key concept What is the level of statistical significance? 329
17 .1 Thinking deeply Research questions in qualitative research 359
17 .2 Research in focus The emergence of a concept in qualitative research:
'emotional labour' 361
17 .3 Key concept What is respondent validation? 363
17 .4 Key concept What is triangulation? 364
17 .5 Research in focus Seeing practice-based learning from the perspective
of train dispatchers 367
17 .6 Research in focus Studying process and change in the Carlsberg group 368
17.7 Research in focus An example of dialogical visual research 370
17 .8 Research in focus An example of practice visual research 372
17 .9 Thinking deeply A quantitative review of qualitative research
in management and business 375
17 .10 Research in focus Using visual methods in participatory
action research study of a Ghanaian cocoa value chain 380
17 .11 Thinking deeply Feminist research in business 383
17 .12 Research in focus A feminist analysis of embodied identity at work 384
17 .13 Research in focus Indigenous ways of understanding leadership 385
18.1 Key concept What is purposive sampling? 389
18.2 Key concept Some purposive sampling approaches 390
Learning features

18.3 Key concept What is theoretical sampling? 392

18.4 Key concept What is theoretical saturation? 394
18.5 Research in focus An example of theoretical sampling 394
18.6 Research in focus A snowball sample 396
18. 7 Thinking deeply Saturation and sample size 399
19.1 Key concept Differences and similarities between ethnography
and participant observation 404
19.2 Research in focus An example of an organizational ethnography
lasting nine years 405
19.3 Research in focus Finding a working role in the organization 408
19.4 Research in focus A complete participant? 410
19.5 Research in focus An example of the difficulties of covert observation:
the case of field notes in the lavatory 411
19.6 Key concept What is 'going native'? 414
19.7 Research in focus Using field note extracts in data analysis and writing 417
19.8 Research in focus An ethnography of work from a woman's perspective 419
19.9 Research in focus 'Not one of the guys': ethnography
in a male-dominated setting 420
19.10 Research in focus A multi-site ethnography of diversity management 421
19.11 Research in focus Netnography 422
19.12 Research in focus Using blogs in a study of word-of-mouth marketing 423
19.13 Research in focus Ethical issues in a virtual ethnography
of change in the NHS 424
19.14 Key concept What is visual ethnography? 425
19 .15 Key concept Three forms of ethnographic writing 426
19 .16 Research in focus Realism in organizational ethnography 427
19 .17 Key concept What is the linguistic turn? 429
19.18 Key concept What is auto-ethnography? 429
19 .19 Research in focus Identity and ethnographic writing 430
20.1 Research in focus An example of unstructured interviewing 437
20.2 Research in focus Flexibility in semi-structured interviewing 437
20.3 Research in focus Using photographs as prompts in a study
of consumer behaviour 439
20.4 Research in focus Part of the transcript of a semi-structured interview 444
20.5 Research in focus Getting it recorded and transcribed: an illustration
of two problems 446
20.6 Research in focus Constructionism in a life history study
of occupational careers 455
21.1 Key concept What is the focus group method? 463
21 .2 Research in focus Using focus groups to study
trade union representation of disabled employees 467
21.3 Research in focus Moderator involvement in a focus group discussion 469
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 CHAPTER V.
The Two Klamaths.
Two hours after the Indians’ departure from the cave wherein the
Union shell had augmented the ranks of death, a figure let itself
down through the hole in the roof, and alighted near the now dying
fire.
It was the figure of an Indian, dressed in semi-barbaric garb, and he
darted a look of mingled surprise and disappointment about the
cavern. When his eyes fell upon the shell-stricken Modocs, six in
number, he bounded to the spot, and soon six scalps hung at his
leathern belt, faced with the well-known U. S. escutcheon.
He held a torch near the dead faces as though he looked for a
particular one, which he did not find. For he shook his head, much
chagrined at something, and abruptly turned away.
Then, holding the torch above his head, he advanced to the corridor
where Kit South had fallen, and stooped over the figure that lay near
the mouth.
The position of the scout had remained unchanged for two hours,
and the Indian gently raised the head and put his ear to his lips.
But no signs of life seemed to reward him, until he tore the dark-gray
hunting-jacket open, and placed his tawny hand over the heart.
Then a smile and a low ejaculation of joy parted his lips, and he rose
quickly to his feet.
Lava-Bed Kit was not dead!
As the Indian dropped the head, a long black curl disengaged itself
and fell to the ground.
This proclaimed the path of Baltimore Bob’s bullet, and the furrow
plowed along the temple was rank with hardened gore.
The savage soon left the cave, but after an absence of several
minutes, returned with water in his pouch.
Then he knelt over the scout and set to work to restore him to
consciousness, which, after awhile, he succeeded in doing. Kit
opened his eyes upon a swarthy face revealed by the torch.
“So you’ve got me yet,” were his first words, and then, putting forth
his arms, he uttered a cry of horror.
“Say!” and he almost started to his feet. “Indian, I had ’Reesa in my
arms when I made you stand aside! Tell me where the gal is now; tell
me what you’ve done with ’Reesa, you red-livered—”
He paused suddenly, for he had recognized the Indian.
“Cohoon, is it you?”
The Indian smiled.
“Yes, Cohoon is with Kit,” he said.
“Where’s my gal?”
The Indian mournfully shook his head.
“Why, you saw me start from the cave,” said Kit.
“Cohoon did; he saw Baltimore Bob shoot Kit—”
“Stop!” cried the scout, putting forth his hand to strengthen the
interruption. “Did Baltimore Bob shoot me?”
“Yes, Kit.”
The scout gritted his teeth till they cracked.
“Now look hyar, Indian. I’m going to kill that brute. Don’t you tech a
hair of his head; if you do I’ll—there’s no telling what I might do to
you. I swear that he’s my meat, and nobody has a better right to his
life than old Kit South. Do you hear me?”
The Indian nodded.
“Then go on.”
“When Kit fell, a big shell come into cave,” continued Cohoon, “and it
make big noise. Kill heap Modocs, and put fire out. Cohoon see
Artena fall, and he jump down into cave, pick her up and run. He
tried to pull ’Reesa from Kit, but him hold too fast, and Cohoon had
to run on.”
“Then you don’t know any thing ’bout ’Reesa!” said the scout, with a
sigh.
Cohoon shook his head.
“Mebbe she’s dead and mebbe she isn’t. Where are the Indians
now?”
“They go down black hole there, and now stand in big cave near the
hidden river. They ’fraid of shells here. Blue-coats not shelling now.
Donald withdraw his braves while shells fly.”
“I know he was to report this midnight,” said Kit. “Cohoon, shall we
go to camp?”
“Not till we find ’Reesa.”
“That’s so, boy; give me your hand. I don’t see General Gillem again
until I know what’s become of my gal, and kill Baltimore Bob. I swear
it, by hokey! I do.”
The scout soon discovered that he could walk, and when the Warm
Spring Indian pointed out the effects of the shell, he suddenly turned
to him:
“Look hyar, Cohoon. Let us turn ourselves into Modocs,” he said.
“Hyar’s the trinkets to do it with, and plenty of paint.”
But the Warm Springer shook his head.
“Captain Jack got just fifty-six men,” he said, “and he know just who
have been killed. Kit and Cohoon can’t become Modocs, but they
might make good Klamaths.”
“But where’s the material?”
“There!” and as the Indian spoke he pointed to the dead Modocs.
“But, Cohoon, this isn’t the Klamaths’ war.”
“Jack looking every way for Klamath braves. Arrow-Head promise to
help Modocs; but the old chief ’fraid of blue-coats’ big guns. Cohoon
lived with the Klamath Lake Indians off and on for long time, and he
can paint just like ’em.”
“And hevn’t I hunted and fished with the dirty greasers, too?” cried
the scout. “You just ought to hear me bladge Klamath jargon once.
Why, I kin out-talk old Arrow-Head himself. Yes, we’ll turn into
Klamaths right off, and we’ll tell Jack the biggest pack of lies that
ever fell upon his ears.”
In less than no time the mutilated Indians were stripped, and the
twain bore the garments, with the warriors’ paint-pouches to the
brink of a small stream that flowed through the lavaed fissures,
perhaps forty feet below the fused surface.
A lone torch enabled them to accomplish the weird metamorphosis,
and after the lapse of an hour they rose to their feet, veritable
Klamath Indians.
“My name’s Coquil, or the Dog that Bites,” said the painted scout,
with a broad grin of humor. “What’s your handle, Cohoon?”
The savage thought a moment, then answered:
“Wiaquil.”
“The Dog that Sleeps—that’s good,” answered Kit. “Now let’s be off
like a pot-leg. I’m uncommon anxious to see what kind of a Klamath I
make.”
The garments which the twain had cast aside were deposited on a
shelf above the bank, perhaps for future use, while those which
belonged to the Modocs, and not used in the transformation, were
thrown into the stream.
As the Modocs dress similar to the Klamath Lake tribes, Cohoon
experienced no difficulty in finding good disguises, and they deemed
themselves well hidden when they stuck their revolvers in their belts,
and left the spot.
For several moments Kit and his red ally paused in the cave on their
way to the trail of Jack and his band, and regaled themselves on a
bit of food which Cohoon supplied from his pouch.
They conversed but little, and that in the Klamath tongue, which both
spoke quite readily, and presently resumed the march.
As they entered the mouth of the corridor, which led to the Modocs’
new stronghold, a veritable giant dropped into the cavern through the
same opening which had previously admitted the two spies to
scenes of danger and death.
I say the new arrival was a giant.
He was six feet tall, and massively built. His skin betokened him a
half-breed, and he was clad in the garments of the Western scout
and Indian-fighter.
In brief, this man was Donald McKay, the head chief of the Warm
Spring Indians, and an oft-repeated description of him in the daily
journals have acquainted the reader with his personale, long ere this.
He saw nothing but the retreating forms of the spies, and as he
struck the ground, he drew a cocked revolver from his belt.
“So the accursed Klamaths are mixing in the war, eh?” he muttered,
with rising indignation, starting toward our friends. “By heavens!
Captain Jack shall never hear what old Arrow-Head’s emissaries
have to tell him. Two Klamaths shall never cross the California line
again—not if my revolver is true to my eye.”
The fire still revealed the two spies, and the half-breed’s weapon
shot upward to the level of his stern, black eye.
And the dark-brown finger was pressing the trigger that would speed
the deadly lead to Kit South’s brain, when the sharp twang of a
bowstring sounded behind the chief, and he staggered against the
wall, with an arrow sticking in his side.
But he recovered in a moment, and started toward the Indian, who
was rushing forward to complete his victory.
“I’m not dead yet!” hissed the Lava-Bed Ranger, and his voice and
action caused the Indian to execute an abrupt halt.
He tried to fit another arrow to his bow; but the scout was too near,
so he wheeled, with a cry of regret, and darted toward the
underground river.
The next instant Donald McKay covered him with the revolver; but
the shot took no effect, for the savage was zig-zaging at a terrible
rate through the demi-darkness.
Hoping for another chance, the half-breed scout ran on, only to see a
dark form leap from the bank, and to hear a dull plash in the water.
“Curse the arrow!” grated the Warm Spring chief, turning chagrined
from his ill success. “Indeed it baffled a choice shot of mine. But I’ll
catch the Klamath ambassadors yet. If I can prevent it, they shall
never revive Jack’s hopes by promises of succor. I’m on the trail of
Klamath beasts now; but I may fail. I don’t know. The best of hunters
miss sometimes.”
A moment later the cavern was tenantless. Donald McKay was
seeking the scalps of his two trusty scouts, for his sharp eyes had
failed to penetrate their disguise.
 CHAPTER VI.
THE PISTOL AND THE KNIFE.
When Baltimore Bob discovered that Mouseh, or Captain Jack, was
ready for the conflict to which he had been dared, a nervous
twitching came to his lips, and he exhibited signs of shirking the duel.
The Modoc chieftain noticed these ill-concealed symptoms of
cowardice, and hastily glanced at his chiefs, with a faint smile, for be
it known that, since the day when the notorious Ben Wright
massacred his forefathers, twenty years prior to the date of our
romance, a laugh had never rippled over his lips.
“Mouseh,” said Bob, “tell me why you threw my foe a pistol. He gave
me a bullet once. I carry it yet among my ribs, and I owe him an
ounce or so of lead.”
The big, insulting voice had dwindled into one of milder tone.
Baltimore, when confronted by such a man as Captain Jack—whose
course in this affair was just—was a coward, as all bullies are.
“I will not see a white man shot down like a dog,” was the reply. “He
is your prisoner. I gave him to you in the other cave, because you
have spied well for me, and I knew not how else to reward you than
by giving you the life of the man you hate. But he shall not die like
the helpless cur. I threw him the pistol he holds that he might have
an equal chance with you.”
The ochered renegade was silent for a minute.
“But you hate me for something else, Mouseh. I know it. You have let
your hate crop out more times than one in the last five years.”
Slowly the Modoc chief unbuttoned the stolen coat that covered his
brawny breast, and drew from the inner pocket a dirty, dingy paper.
He stepped nearer the white Modoc as he unfolded the sheet, and at
last held the document before his eyes.
The printing on the sheet read thus:
“FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS REWARD.
“Head-quarters; Fort Crook, Lassen Co., Cal.,
“May 21st, 1868.
“By command of the General commanding this military
district, I offer five hundred dollars reward for the living
body of Rafer Todd, fourth corporal Company K, —th
regiment U. S. Cavalry, who, after basely shooting
Sergeant Grosvenor, deserted the service during the night
of the 3d inst. He is suspected of having joined the
troublesome Modocs, near Klamath Lake. One-half of the
above reward will be paid for his dead body.”
The hand-bill bore the signature of the officer in command at Fort
Crook, and, on the whole, was a document sufficient to pale the
cheeks of the murderer and deserter.
“I hate you because you treacherously slew your brother blue-coat,
and ran away from the flag of your country,” said Captain Jack, when
he was satisfied that Rafe Todd had mastered the “reward.” “You
owe Mouseh your life. You did me a service when you came from the
big fork—a service which I never forgot, and when a scout put this
paper in my hands and begged that I would tell my braves of your
crime, I hid it in my bosom and kept my mouth shut. Ah, if they had
known that gold could be had for your scalp, you would not be
standing here to-day. During this war, you have done much for me—I
acknowledge it, while I hate you from the bottom of my heart. Here
your life is safe. My chiefs shall not touch you. Do you want to fight
Mouseh now?”
The question, so abruptly put, startled the deserter.
“No,” he said. “I would live to repay you for saving me.”
“Then we drop our pistols,” and the Modoc returned his weapon to
his belt.
“Your hand, Mouseh,” said Rafe Todd, stepping forward. “If we were
never friends, let us be such now.”
But Captain Jack, drawing himself to his full hight, shrunk from the
proffered hand.
“Did Mouseh ever take that hand?” he asked.
“No,” said the deserter, abashed.
“’Tis well; he said he would never touch it. He never will.”
The painted white bit his nether lip till it bled, and with the fire of
anger consuming his heart, wheeled suddenly upon Evan Harris.
“Now you know who Baltimore Bob is!” he cried. “Presently you shall
see what he can do.”
“Presently?” echoed the young ranger. “I would see now.”
“Curse you, you shall!”
“You’ll fight me, then?”
“Yes!”
“I’m heartily glad of it. I don’t know how you escaped death that night
—enough that I behold you alive. If I held no enmity against you, I
would call you to account for the brutality you have just flung upon
yon fair girl.”
“Ha! ha! ’Van Harris,” laughed Rafe Todd. “So you still appear ’Reesa
South’s champion.”
“I do. Had I possessed a weapon when you flung her against the
wall, your life would have paid the penalty of that act.”
“No more!” cried the deserter. “If you open your lips again, I’ll shoot
you before you have time to shut them. I’m going to give you a show
for life. Now drop your arm, as I have dropped mine. Hooker Jim will
count three, and when he has uttered the third numeral, we fire.”
With the revolver griped firmly at his side, Rafe Todd retreated three
paces and paused.
“Begin,” he commanded, glancing at the savage, whose name he
had just mentioned.
In his guttural, the chief began:
“One—two—th—”
The last numeral was but forming on the red lips when the
renegade’s weapon shot up, and was discharged!
With a wild cry, Evan Harris reeled, and then fell heavily to the
ground.
If he was dead—and as motionless as a corpse he lay—it was the
foulest of murders.
“Bob take quick aim,” said Jack, audibly, with his eyes riveted upon
the young ranger.
“Mebbe you think I took advantage? He was slow in raising, that is
all, and the result is his fault.”
Hooker Jim now said that Rafe Todd did not fire until he had
distinctly pronounced the last numeral, and, as the victim was one of
their enemies, the chiefs who knew that he lied, did not dispute his
asseverations.
“This score settled, now what do we do?” said the duelist, turning to
Jack. “Must I take the secret trail that leads to the white tents? I am
ready to do Mouseh any service he requests.”
“We stay here to-night,” said the chief, “and you will stay with us.
Take care of your motherless fawn,” and he glanced at ’Reesa
South, who began to show signs of returning consciousness.
The renegade turned and raised her from the ground.
“I know you,” she said, feebly. “You are Rafe Todd.”
“A name which, in your eyes, is a synonym for Satan,” he said, with
a smile. “Girl, I am not merciless; I love you truly—”
“This is no place to talk of love, Rafe Todd,” she interrupted him.
“And besides, you know I would never listen to such words from your
lips. I hate the deserter and detest the renegade.”
The words seemed to pierce his heart.
“Then you love ’Van Harris?”
“I do.”
“Then go and tell him so.”
As he spoke, he pointed to the prostrate rival, and the smile on his
lips was the incarnation of deviltry.
She followed his hand, and, with a shriek started from his arms.
“Go and tell him that you love him,” repeated the villain, pleased with
the pain he was causing the pure heart before him. “He won’t blush
to hear the sweet confession now.”
For a moment she stood like a statue before the deserter, and then
started toward the man who loved her truly.
But, midway, she suddenly paused.
“This is your work, Rafe Todd,” she cried. “I know you shot him, and
so certain as my name is Theresa, I’ll pay you for this deed, if he’s
dead.”
He laughed derisively in her face, and, still laughing, looked at the
Indians, whose faces were stern, for they had watched the scene,
with their sympathies on the side of the girl.
’Reesa dropped beside her lover, and had just lifted one of the
hands, when, with one accord, the savages sprung toward the mouth
of the corridor, from which several hours before they had emerged
into the cave.
The cause of their sudden action and the ejaculations of delight
which filled the cavern, was revealed by two Klamath Indians, who
had suddenly made their appearance.
“Back!” shouted Captain Jack, when he had hastily pressed the new-
comers’ hands. “Give the runners breathing-space! We will hear the
better what Arrow-Head has said.”
The Indians, eager to hear the message which the two runners
seemed anxious to deliver, drew back, and paused between ’Reesa
and the fire, thus effectually screening her from the eyes of the new
arrivals.
“Who does Arrow-Head send to Mouseh, and what does he say?”
asked Jack, breaking the silence that followed the forming of the red
ranks.
“He sends Coquil and Wiaquil,” answered one of the Klamaths, in his
native language, which is almost as intelligible to the Modoc as his
own. “He says that he can not send his braves to Mouseh until the
moon puts on a new dress of silver.”
Without a smile, but with delight in his eyes, the Modoc glanced at
his warriors and chiefs.
“The moon shoots her silver arrows upon the earth after two sleeps.
Arrow-Head’s braves will be here soon.”
A low murmur of satisfaction pervaded the red listeners’ ranks.
As he finished, Captain Jack turned to the runners again; but ere he
could address them, an athletic young Indian, not yet seventeen,
leaped over the heads of the warriors who stood behind their chief,
and confronted the twain, with a cry of triumph!
The savages, knowing that something remarkable was about to
occur, crowded forward, and Jack commanded them to halt.
The boy had not yet spoken; he was waiting for breath, for his leap
had, for the moment, deprived him of that necessary of life.
Alas! for him, he never regained it!
For the spokesman of the Klamath runners suddenly darted upon
him and clutched his fair-skinned throat.
Then, with ease, he lifted the youth from the ground, and, in full view
of the Modoc nation, drove a hunting-knife to his heart!
 CHAPTER VII.
IN THE LION’S DEN.
For once in his life, at least, Donald McKay was disappointed.
He was tolerably confident of intercepting the two Klamaths, and with
this end in view, turned into a corridor which he thought would
eventually lead him to the passage which the twain traversed. He
had spent many hours in the lava-caves, and deemed himself
thoroughly acquainted with the tortuous, subterranean passages. But
the best of hunters err at times, and McKay was not an exception.
He walked a long time before he halted, and then it was against a
wall, whose smooth surface, feeling like glass, proclaimed its scoriac
composition.
The corridor’s end had been reached.
For several minutes the chief stood in the gloom without speaking.
He felt the walls of the narrow chamber into which he had stalked,
and then gave himself up to reflection.
He cursed himself for allowing the Klamaths to escape. He could not
prevent them from reaching Jack now, nor could he see how he had
been led to the spot where he stood.
When a hunter gets lost in a place perfectly familiar to him, it galls
his very heart, and generally throws him into a fit of anger.
This was the effect it produced upon Donald McKay, at no time a
very impassionate man, and in audible tones he upbraided himself
for a lack of caution.
But suddenly, between breaths, he paused, for a suspicious noise
had saluted his practiced ear. The sound, whatever it might be, was
not repeated, and this fact fastened itself upon the mind of the
ranger.
“I’ll find out what it means!” he murmured, with determination. “If it’s
an Indian, I’ll fix him. I’ve got to stay here till another night, for you
don’t catch Don McKay crawling from these beds during the day.”
He moved slowly toward the entrance to the chamber, and then
paused again. Then, after a minute, he moved down the dark
corridor, feeling the wall on either side, until he discovered an
opening on the left.
Here he stopped and crouched, and a moment later a heavy body
leaped upon him.
He went to the ground at full length beneath the assaulter, and a
brief struggle followed—a struggle in which the chief turned the
tables and bore his antagonist back.
His left hand griped a slender throat, when a sudden writhing of his
foe threw a sleeve across his face.
With a cry of surprise he partly released the grip, and bent forward.
“Artena,” he cried.
The other gasped a moment for breath, and then faintly uttered his
name.
“Heavens! girl, how near you have been to the dark river,” he said. “It
makes me shudder to think of it, and I fancy that Cohoon would not
spare his chief if his hand were to send Artena to the hunting-lands
of her people.”
The mention of the Indian’s name startled the girl.
“Did Donald cross Cohoon’s trail?” she asked.
“No.”
“Where has he been?”
“I came from the cave where the shell burst.”
“And not meet Cohoon? curious,” mused Artena, in an audible tone.
“Cohoon brought Artena to the little cave by the hidden river, and told
her to wait till he come back. He go after Kit and his girl.”
It was Donald McKay’s turn to start now.
“Kit dead?” he said.
“Yes.”
“Girl, you’re mad. Old Kit South is not dead. I feel it in my bones.”
“Baltimore Bob shoot him, and shell kill ’Reesa.”
The girl’s confident tone threw a spell of silence about the half-breed.
“Artena heard you come; she think you Cohoon, so she crawl from
cave, but find you Donald. Come back to cave. We talk; Cohoon
come back by’m by.”
So the Squaw Spy guided the chief to a small cavern which she had
lit up with a delicate fire of sage-brush.
One of those many streams that flow beneath the fused surface of
the Lava-Beds bordered one side of the cave, and Donald McKay
stooped and drank of the cold water before he spoke.
Then he returned to the girl, who was carefully replenishing the fire,
and for an hour she enchained his attention by a narrative of her
adventures since they had met—adventures well known to the
reader.
“You have bad news for the Rangers, Artena,” said Donald. “Kit
dead, Cohoon missing, and Evan Harris’ fate wrapped in mystery.
The Modocs seem to be getting the best of me. But,” and he sprung
to his feet somewhat excited and quite angry, “but we’ll outwit them
yet. Girl, you’ve got to go with me.”
“No; I must wait for Cohoon.”
“He will not, can not hunt you; you must hunt him.”
The next moment she stood before him, and her hand touched his
arm.
“Do you really think so?” she asked, in a doubtful tone.
“I do. Cohoon should have been here long ere this. Circumstances
keep him away. I want you with me. We go to the Bloody Cave. Jack
is there.”
“Ah!”
“Yes, and the Klamaths are with him—curse their meddlesome
hearts. If it hadn’t been for an arrow in the side, two hours ago, I
would have defeated one red embassy. My revolver covered the
head of one Klamath, and before he could have touched the ground,
his comrade would have tumbled against him. But, Artena, we waste
time here. I know where I am now. I was lost—utterly lost—when I
heard the slight noise you made; but all is right now, I say. I’ve slept
in this very cave more than once. We chased four horse-stealing
Shoshones hither long ago, and caught them as they were launching
a boat on that black river.”
“Ha! if we but possessed a canoe now,” ejaculated Artena. “This
water runs past the Bloody Cave.”
“I know it,” said McKay. “Let me look a moment. I hid the boat after
we had killed the red thieves.”
The Indian spy watched the half-breed with bated breath while he
searched for the boat, and when she saw him emerge from the
gloom with a long canoe in his arms, she uttered an exclamation of
joy.
“It’s hardly seaworthy, as the sailors would say,” said the chief,
bearing the boat into the fire-light. “Time has warped the back and
frame, but as we’re going down-stream, and that terribly fast, it may
do.”
“It will do,” cried Artena, and then they fell to mending the large rents
in the canoe.
Half an hour was spent in this labor, and amid expressions of
satisfaction, the barque was borne to the stream.
The situation of the Bloody Cave was well known to the chief of the
intrepid rangers. It was near three miles below the spot they now
occupied, and the hidden river’s bed was devoid of dangerous rocks.
But sharp crags projected from the banks, and it would take an
experienced navigator of dark rivers to keep a canoe clear of them.
But Donald McKay knew the dangers, and wisely kept in the middle
of the stream. He clutched the paddle firmly, and kept it in the water,
but made no noise.
Artena sat silent in the bow of the boat, a revolver in her right hand,
and with ears on the alert.
Eyes were not needed in that cimmerian gloom.
It was not the first time that the current had swept Donald McKay to
the cave now tenanted by Captain Jack and his band, and, as he
turned his head to tell Artena that the most dangerous places were
passed, the faint report of a pistol reached their ears.
It was the shot that dropped Evan Harris before the deserter!
“Slowly now!” whispered Artena, bending forward, and touching
Donald’s arm. “That means something.”
He did not speak; but drove his paddle down till it struck the river
bed, when the boat began to move slowly.
Presently a faint gleam of light fell upon the water not far ahead of
the voyagers, and at its edge the scout turned the boat ashore.
They soon discovered that the light on the water was caused by the
reflection of the burnished roof of a corridor above the bank, and
ascending to it, they looked through a brief passage upon an exciting
scene in Bloody Cave.
Their position enabled them to look over the heads of the Indians,
and they found that they had reached the spot in time to behold a
thrilling tableau.
The tallest of the two Klamaths—Coquil by name—had just slain the
Modoc boy, and was holding the body out to Captain Jack, who
shrunk from receiving it, with horror depicted upon every lineament
of his swarthy face.
The clicking of carbine and revolver locks were distinctly heard by
the watchers on the bank, and the Indians looked at Mouseh,
expecting him to order a massacre of the murderer.
But the Modoc had no intention of obliging his chiefs; for he stepped
forward and addressed the Klamath.
“Coquil has killed a Modoc,” he said, sternly. “Let him tell why he did
this?”
“Coquil will speak. He and Wiaquil were devouring some venison in
the deep cave, when the boy came, and we gave him food. We told
him that we were from Arrow-Head, and after awhile he went to get
his gun which he had hidden beside the river. All at once he shot at
his Klamath brethren—basely shot at them from behind a rock, and
then fled like the deer. The ball crossed Wiaquil’s eyes, and made
him blind for a while. So, Mouseh, when he came here, Coquil’s
blood became as hot as boiling water, and when he thought of the
base shot he could not bridle his knife arm.”
Captain Jack glanced at his chiefs when the Klamath finished, and
saw the vengeful expression leave their faces.
They pardoned Coquil when they heard the cause for the death-blow
he had just delivered.
“Coquil and his brother are still Mouseh’s friends. Sequesta was a
wild boy at the best,” and the chieftain glanced at the corpse which
the Klamath had lowered to the ground.
“We will stay and fight with Mouseh till Arrow-Head comes,” said
Wiaquil, speaking for the first time, and when his voice reached the
listeners on the cliff, Artena suddenly caught Donald’s arm. Then her
lips touched his ears.
“Wiaquil is not a Klamath,” she whispered. “He is Cohoon!”
The words astounded the ranger and he shot her a look of
incredulity.
“His voice can’t deceive Artena,” she returned.
Then McKay gazed intently at Wiaquil.
“Yes,” he said, at length. “It is Cohoon; but who is the other?”
“Whom but Kit?”
Another brief, but thorough scrutiny.
“Kit South it is, by my soul! Well, they’ve stalked into the lion’s den,
and we stand on the threshold of the same dread place.”
“But look! look!” cried Artena. “Behold the pale girl and her lover.”
Donald McKay looked, and beheld ’Reesa South bending over Evan
Harris.
The last scene had escaped his notice until that moment.
“I fear for my brave boys,” he said, returning to the self-styled
Klamaths, no doubt recognized by the reader upon their appearance.
“If the red fiends do not suspect, all may yet be well.”
 CHAPTER VIII.
THE RANGER’S SHOT.
The intrepid chief of the Warm Spring Indians saw that he had
missed the disguised scouts by losing his way among the Lava-
Beds, and now he blessed the darkness that led him astray, for had
he gained the objective point uppermost in his mind, he would, in all
probability, have driven the knife or bullet into the hearts of the spies.
He and Artena trembled for the safety of their friends after the
recognition, and concluded to remain where they were and await
events.
Donald could hardly resist the temptation to drop Captain Jack, the
head and heart of the bloody Modoc war, and twice Artena
preserved that red worthy’s life by touching the ranger’s arm as it
unconsciously raised the weapon of death.
“Don’t, Donald,” she whispered, the last time. “Remember our friends
are in peril.”
Then his thoughts would recur to the peril of his friends, and the
hammer would drop lightly upon the cartridge again.
After Wiaquil—or Cohoon—assured Jack that he and his friend
would remain, a general hand-shaking took place.
Captain Jack was profuse in his marks of good-will, and his chiefs
appeared pleased with the messengers and their message.
The last savage to take the runner’s hands was that worthy called by
his brethren, Baltimore Bob, but known to the reader under his true
name of Rafe Todd.
During the pledging of friendship he had stood aloof, with his dark
eyes fastened with suspicious glare upon the twain, and when he did
move forward it was by some sudden impulse.