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About The Authors
David M. Kennedy is the the American Philosophical Society and served from
Donald J. McLachlan Pro- 2002 to 2011 on the board of the Pulitzer Prizes. Mar-
fessor of History Emeritus ried and the father of two sons and a daughter, in his
and Director Emeritus of leisure time he enjoys hiking, bicycling, river-rafting,
The Bill Lane Center for flying, sea-kayaking, and fly-fishing. His most recent
the Study of the Ameri- book is The Modern American Military (2013).
can West at Stanford Uni-
versity, where he has
taught for more than four Lizabeth Cohen is the
Courtesy of David Kennedy

decades. Born and raised Howard Mumford Jones
in Seattle, he received his Professor of American
undergraduate education Studies in the history
at Stanford and did his department and the Dean
Stephanie Mitchell/Harvard Staff Photographer

graduate training at Yale of the Radcliffe Institute
in American Studies, for Advanced Study at
combining the fields of history, economics, and liter- Harvard University. In
ature. His first book, Birth Control in America: The 2007–2008 she was the
Career of Margaret Sanger (1970), was honored with Harmsworth Professor of
both the Bancroft Prize and the John Gilmary Shea American History at
Prize. His study of the World War I era, Over Here: The Oxford University. Previ-
First World War and American Society (1980; rev. ed., ously she taught at New
2005), was a Pulitzer Prize finalist. In 1999 he pub- York University (1992–
lished Freedom from Fear: The American People in 1997) and Carnegie
Depression and War, 1929–1945, which won the Pulitzer Mellon University (1986–1992). Born and raised in
Prize for History, as well as the Francis Parkman Prize, the New York metropolitan area, she received her A.B.
the English-Speaking Union’s Ambassador’s Prize, from Princeton University and her M.A. and Ph.D.
and the Commonwealth Club of California’s Gold from the University of California at Berkeley. Her first
Medal for Literature. At Stanford he has taught both book, Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chi-
undergraduate and graduate courses in American cago, 1919–1939 (1990), won the Bancroft Prize in
political, diplomatic, intellectual, and social history, American History and the Philip Taft Labor History
as well as in American literature. He has received sev- Award and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. In 2008
eral teaching awards, including the Dean’s Award for it was reissued in a second edition with a new intro-
Distinguished Teaching and the Hoagland Prize for duction, and in 2014 it appeared in Cambridge Uni-
Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching. He has been a versity Press’s Canto Classic Series. Her article
visiting professor at the University of Florence, Italy, “Encountering Mass Culture at the Grassroots: The
and in 1995–1996 served as the Harmsworth Profes- Experience of Chicago Workers in the 1920s” (1989)
sor of American History at Oxford University. He has was awarded the Constance Roarke Prize of the Amer-
also served on the Advisory Board for the PBS televi- ican Studies Association. Her next book, A Consumers’
sion series, The American Experience, and as a consul- Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar
tant to several documentary films, including The America (2003), explored how an economy and cul-
Great War, Cadillac Desert, and Woodrow Wilson. ture built around mass consumption shaped social
From 1990 to 1995 he chaired the Test Development life and politics in post–World War II America. An
Committee for the Advanced Placement United article related to this book, “From Town Center to
States History examination. He is an elected Fellow of Shopping Center: The Reconfiguration of Commu-
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of nity Marketplaces in Postwar America” (1996), was
iii
iv • About the authors
honored as the best article in urban history by the has two daughters. For leisure, she enjoys swimming
Urban History Association and received the ABC- and bicycling with her family, watching films, and
CLIO, America: History and Life Award for the journal reading fiction.
article that most advances previously unconsidered
topics. She is currently writing a book, Saving Ameri-
ca’s Cities: Ed Logue and the Struggle to Renew Urban Thomas A. Bailey (1903–1983) was the original
America in the Suburban Age, about the complexities of author of The American Pageant and saw it through its
urban renewal in American cities after World War II. first seven editions. He taught history for nearly forty
At Harvard, she has taught courses in twentieth- years at Stanford University, his alma mater. Long
century American history, with particular attention to regarded as one of the nation’s leading historians of
the intersection of social and cultural life and politics, American diplomacy, he was honored by his col-
and she now oversees the Radcliffe Institute, a major leagues in 1968 with election to the presidencies of
center for scholarly research, creative arts, and public both the Organization of American Historians and the
programs. Before attending graduate school, she Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations.
taught history at the secondary level and worked in He was the author, editor, or co-editor of some
history and art museums. She continues to help twenty books, but the work in which he took most
develop public history programs for general audiences pride was The American Pageant, through which, he
through museums and documentary films. She is mar- liked to say, he had taught American history to sev-
ried to an historian of modern France, with whom she eral million students.
BRIEF Contents
Maps xx 13 The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824–1840 248

Tables xxii
Figures xxiii 14 Forging the National Economy 1790–1860 278
Preface xxiv 15 The Ferment of Reform and
Culture 1790–1860 309
Part One
Founding the New Nation Part Three
ca. 33,000 b.c.e.–1783 c.e. Testing the New Nation
1820–1877
1 New World Beginnings 33,000 b.c.e.–1769 c.e. 4
2 The Planting of English America 1500–1733 25 16 The South and the Slavery
Controversy 1793–1860 340
3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619–1700 42
17 Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy 1841–1848 363
4 American Life in the Seventeenth
Century 1607–1692 62 18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle 1848–1854 381
5 Colonial Society on the Eve of 19 Drifting Toward Disunion 1854–1861 399

Revolution 1700–1775 78 20 Girding for War: The North and the
6 The Duel for North America 1608–1763 101 South 1861–1865 421
7 The Road to Revolution 1763–1775 117 21 The Furnace of Civil War 1861–1865 438
8 America Secedes from the Empire 1775–1783 135 22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865–1877 465
Part Two Part Four

Building the New Nation Forging an Industrial Society
1776–1860 1865–1909
9 The Confederation and the

23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded
Age 1869–1896 488
Constitution 1776–1790 160
10 Launching the New Ship of State 1789–1800 182
24 Industry Comes of Age 1865–1900 512
11 The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian

25 America Moves to the City 1865–1900 539
Republic 1800–1812 204 26 The Great West and the Agricultural
Revolution 1865–1896 574
12 The Second War for Independence and
the Upsurge of Nationalism 1812–1824 226 27 Empire and Expansion 1890–1909 607
v
vi • brief contents
Part Five Part Six

Struggling for Justice Making Modern America
at Home and Abroad 1945 to the Present
1901–1945
35 The Cold War Begins 1945–1952 820
28 Progressivism and the Republican 36 American Zenith 1952–1963 850
Roosevelt 1901–1912 638 37 The Stormy Sixties 1963–1973 884
29 Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and 38 Challenges to the Postwar Order 1973–1980 911
War 1913–1920 663
39 The Resurgence of Conservatism 1980–1992 933
30 American Life in the “Roaring 40 America Confronts the Post–Cold War
Twenties” 1920–1929 692 Era 1992–2000 957
31 The Politics of Boom and Bust 41 The American People Face a New
1920–1932 720 Century 2001–2014 979
32 The Great Depression and the New APPENDIX

Deal 1933–1939 742 Documents A1
33 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of Tables A21
War 1933–1941 769 Glossary of Key Terms A27
34 America in World War II 1941–1945 789 Index I1
Contents
Maps xx
Tables xxii
Figures xxiii
Preface xxiv
Part One
Founding the New Nation
ca. 33,000 b.c.e.–1783 c.e.
2
1 New World Beginnings 33,000 b.c.e.–1769 c.e. 4
The geology of the New World • Native Americans before Columbus •

Europeans and Africans • Columbus and the early explorers • The
ecological consequences of Columbus’s discovery • The conquest of Mexico
• Spain builds a New World empire
Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 23–24
U E xamining the E vidence Making Sense of the New World 7
U C ontending V oices Europeans and Indians 16
U M akers of A merica The Spanish Conquistadores 18
bpk, Berlin/Art Resource, NY
2 The Planting of English America 1500–1733 25
England on the eve of empire • The expansion of Elizabethan England • The

planting of Jamestown, 1607 • English settlers and Native Americans •
The growth of Virginia and Maryland • England in the Caribbean • Settling
the Carolinas and Georgia
U C ontending V oices Old World Dreams and New World Realities 27
U M akers of A merica The Iroquois 38
The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY
vii
viii • contents
3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619–1700 42
The Puritan faith • Plymouth Colony, 1620 • The Puritan commonwealth

of Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630 • Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New
Hampshire • Puritans and Indians • The Confederation and Dominion of
New England, 1686–1689 • New Netherland becomes New York •
Pennsylvania, the Quaker colony • New Jersey and Delaware
The Granger Collection, NYC — All rights reserved.

U C ontending V oices Anne Hutchinson Accused and Defended 47
U E xamining the E vidence A Seventeenth-Century Valuables Cabinet 58
U V arying V iewpoints Europeanizing America or Americanizing Europe? 59
4 American Life in the Seventeenth Century 1607–1692 62
Life and labor in the Chesapeake tobacco region • Indentured servants and

Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia, 1676 • The spread of slavery • African
American culture • Southern Society • Families in New England •
Declining Puritan piety • The Salem witchcraft trials, 1692 • Daily life in
the colonies
U C ontending V oices Berkeley Versus Bacon 64
U E xamining the E vidence An Indentured Servant’s Contract, 1746 65
U T hinking G lobally The Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1860 66
The Granger Collection, NYC
5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700–1775 78
Immigration and population growth • African American culture • Colonial

social structure • Earning a living • The Atlantic economy • The role of
religion • The Great Awakening of the 1730s • Education and culture •
Politics and the press • Colonial folkways
U C ontending V oices Race and Slavery 81
U M akers of A merica From African to African American 82
U V arying V iewpoints Colonial America: Communities of Conflict
Privat Collection/The Bridgeman Art Librarye
or Consensus? 98
contents • ix
6 The Duel for North America 1608–1763 101
New France • Fur-traders and Indians • Anglo-French colonial rivalries •
Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-USZC4-5315]

Europe, America, and the first world wars • The Seven Years’ War • Pontiac’s
uprising and the Proclamation of 1763
U C ontending V oices The Proclamation of 1763 113
7 The Road to Revolution 1763–1775 117
Roots of revolution • The merits and menace of mercantilism • The Stamp

Act crisis, 1765 • The Townshend Acts, 1767 • The Boston Tea Party, 1773
• The Intolerable Acts and the Continental Congress, 1774 • Lexington,
Concord, and the gathering clouds of war, 1775 • The rebel army
Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 134
U C ontending V oices Reconciliation or Independence? 121
Fotosearch/Archive Photos/Getty Images
U T hinking G lobally Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Revolt 130
8 America Secedes from the Empire 1775–1783 135
Early skirmishes, 1775 • American “republicanism” • The Declaration of

Independence, 1776 • Patriots and Loyalists • The fighting fronts • The
French alliance, 1778 • Yorktown, 1781 • The Peace of Paris, 1783
U E xamining the E vidence A Revolution for Women? Abigail Adams Chides
Her Husband, 1776 142
The Granger Collection, New York
U M akers of A merica The Loyalists 144

U C ontending V oices Two Revolutions: French and American 154
U V arying V iewpoints Whose Revolution? 156
Part Two
Building the New Nation
1776–1860
158
9 The Confederation and the Constitution 1776–1790 160
Changing political sentiments • The new state constitutions • Economic

troubles • The Articles of Confederation, 1781–1788 • The Northwest
Ordinance, 1787 • Shays’s Rebellion, 1786 • The Constitutional
Convention, 1787 • Ratifying the Constitution, 1787–1790
Picture Research Consultants & Archives
U E xamining the E vidence Copley Family Portrait, ca. 1776–1777 162

U C ontending V oices Debating the New Constitution 177
U V arying V iewpoints The Constitution: Revolutionary or
Counterrevolutionary? 180
x • contents
10 Launching the New Ship of State 1789–1800 182
Problems of the young republic • The first presidency, 1789–1793 • The Bill

of Rights, 1791 • Hamilton’s economic policies • The emergence of political
parties • The impact of the French Revolution • Jay’s Treaty, 1794, and
Washington’s farewell, 1797 • President Adams keeps the peace • The Alien
and Sedition Acts, 1798 • Federalists versus Republicans
Image copyright © The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Image source: Art Resource, NY
U C ontending V oices Human Nature and the Nature of Government 187
U T hinking G lobally Two Revolutions 190
11
The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian
Republic 1800–1812 204
The “Revolution of 1800” • The Jefferson presidency • John Marshall and

the Supreme Court • Barbary pirates • The Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • The
Anglo-French War • The Embargo, 1807–1809 • Madison gambles with
Napoleon • Battle with the Shawnees • A Declaration of War
U E xamining the E vidence The Thomas Jefferson–Sally Hemings
Controversy 207
© Collection of the New-York Historical Society, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library
U C ontending V oices The Divisive Embargo 219
12
The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge
of Nationalism 1812–1824 226
Invasion of Canada, 1812 • The war on land and sea • The Treaty of Ghent,

1814 • The Hartford Convention, 1814–1815 • A new national identity •
“The American System” • James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings •
Westward expansion • The Missouri Compromise, 1820 • The Supreme
Court under John Marshall • Oregon and Florida • The Monroe Doctrine,
1823
U M akers of A merica Settlers of the Old Northwest 238

U C ontending V oices Sizing Up the Monroe Doctrine 245
contents • xi
13 The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824–1840 248
The “corrupt bargain” of 1824 • President John Quincy Adams, 1825–1829 •

The triumph of Andrew Jackson, 1828 • The spoils system • The “Tariff of
Gift of Mrs.Samuel T. Carson photograph @ 1991 The Detroit Institute of Arts (detail). Bridgeman Art Library Ltd.
Abominations,” 1828 • The South Carolina nullification crisis, 1832–1833 •

The removal of the Indians from the Southeast • Jackson’s war on the Bank
of the United States • The emergence of the Whig party, 1836 • Martin Van
Buren in the White House, 1837–1841 • Revolution in Texas • William
Henry Harrison’s “log cabin” campaign, 1840 • Mass democracy and the
two-party system
U C ontending V oices Taking the Measure of Andrew Jackson 252
U T hinking G lobally Alexis de Tocqueville on Democracy in America and
Europe 254
U E xamining E vidence Satiric Bank Note, 1837 265
the
U M akers of A merica Mexican or Texican? 270

U V arying V iewpoints What Was Jacksonian Democracy? 275
14 Forging the National Economy 1790–1860 278
The westward movement • European immigration • The Irish and the

Germans • Nativism and assimilation • The coming of the factory system •
Industrial workers • Women and the economy • The ripening of
commercial agriculture • The transportation revolution • A continental
economy
Bettmann/CORBIS
U M akers of A merica The Irish 284

U C ontending V oices Immigration, Pro and Con 287
U M akers of A merica The Germans 288
U E xamining the E vidence The Invention of the Sewing Machine 294
15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790–1860 309
Religious revivals • The Mormons • Educational advances • The roots of

reform • Temperance • Women’s roles and women’s rights • Utopian
experiments • Scientific progress • Artistic expressions • A national
© Collection of the New-York Historical Society, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library
literature • Transcendentalism • Poets, novelists, and historians

U E xamining the E vidence Dress as Reform 321
U C ontending V oices The Role of Women 322
U M akers of A merica The Oneida Community 324
U V arying V iewpoints Reform: Who? What? How? and Why? 335
xii • contents
Part Three
Testing the New Nation
1820–1877
338
16 The South and the Slavery Controversy 1793–1860 340
The economy of the Cotton Kingdom • Southern social structure • Poor

whites and free blacks • The plantation system • Life under slavery • The
abolitionist crusade • The white Southern response • Abolition and the
Northern conscience
U C ontending V oices Perspectives on Race and Slavery 351
U E xamining the E vidence Bellegrove Plantation, Donaldsville, Louisiana, Built
Private Collection/Picture Research Consultants & Archives
1857 354
U T hinking G lobally The Struggle to Abolish Slavery 356
U V arying V iewpoints What Was the True Nature of Slavery? 359
17 Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy 1841–1848 363
“Tyler Too” becomes president, 1841 • Fixing the Maine boundary, 1842 •

The annexation of Texas, 1845 • Oregon Fever • James K. Polk, the “dark
horse” of 1844 • War with Mexico, 1846–1848
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC/Art Resource, NY

U C ontending V oices Warring over the Mexican War 375
U M akers of A merica The Californios 378
18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle 1848–1854 381
“Popular sovereignty” • Zachary Taylor and California statehood • The

underground railroad • The Compromise of 1850 • The Fugitive Slave Law
• President Pierce and expansion, 1853–1857 • Senator Douglas and the
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
U C ontending V oices The Compromise of 1850 390
The Granger Collection, NYC
contents • xiii
19 Drifting Toward Disunion 1854–1861 399
Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the spread of abolitionist sentiment in the North •
The contest for Kansas • The election of James Buchanan, 1856 • The Dred
Scott case, 1857 • The financial panic of 1857 • The Lincoln-Douglas
debates, 1858 • John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, 1859 • Lincoln and
Republican victory, 1860 • Secession
U E xamining the E vidence Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin 401
The Granger Collection, New York
U C ontending V oices Judging John Brown 411
U V arying V iewpoints The Civil War: Repressible or Irrepressible? 419
20 Girding for War: The North and the South 1861–1865 421
The attack on Fort Sumter, April 1861 • The crucial border states • The

balance of forces • The threat of European intervention • The importance
of diplomacy • Lincoln and civil liberties • Men in uniform • Financing
the Blue and the Gray • The economic impact of the war • Women and the
war • The fate of the South

U C ontending V oices War Aims: Emancipation or Union? 424
U M akers of A merica Billy Yank and Johnny Reb 426
21 The Furnace of Civil War 1861–1865 438
Bull Run ends the “ninety-day war” • The Peninsula Campaign • The

Union wages total war • The war at sea • Antietam, 1862 • The
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 • Black soldiers • Confederate high tide
at Gettysburg • The war in the West • Sherman marches through Georgia •
Politics in wartime • Appomattox, 1865 • The assassination of Lincoln,
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
April 1865 • The legacy of war

U C ontending V oices The Controversy over Emancipation 445
U E xamining the E vidence Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address 450
U T hinking G lobally The Era of Nationalism 460
U V arying V iewpoints What Were the Consequences of the Civil War? 463
22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865–1877 465
The defeated South • The freed slaves • President Andrew Johnson’s

Reconstruction policies • The Black Codes • Congressional Reconstruction
policies • Johnson clashes with Congress • Military Reconstruction, 1867–
1877 • Freed people enter politics • “Black Reconstruction” and the Ku Klux
Klan • The impeachment of Andrew Johnson • The legacy of Reconstruction
Dallas Historical Society, Texas, USA /The Bridgeman Art Library
U E xamining the E vidence Letter from a Freedman to His Old

Master, 1865 468
U C ontending V oices Radical Republicans and Southern Democrats 473
U V arying V iewpoints How Radical Was Reconstruction? 483
xiv • contents
Part Four
Forging an Industrial Society
1865–1909
486
23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age 1869–1896 488
Ulysses S. Grant, soldier-president • Corruption and reform in the post-Civil

War era • The depression of the 1870s • Political parties and partisans •
The Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction • The emergence of
Jim Crow • Class conflict and ethnic clashes • Grover Cleveland and the
tariff • Benjamin Harrison and the “Billion Dollar Congress” • The

Homestead Strike • The Populists • Depression and Dissent
U C ontending V oices The Spoils System 499
U M akers of A merica The Chinese 500
U V arying V iewpoints The Populists: Radicals or Reactionaries? 509
24 Industry Comes of Age 1865–1900 512
The railroad boom • Speculators and financiers • Early efforts at government

regulation • The Rise of Mass Production • Lords of industry • The gospel
of wealth • Reining in the Trusts • Industry in the South • The laboring
classes • The rise of trade unions
Underwood Archives/Getty Images
U C ontending V oices Class and the Gilded Age 525
U E xamining the E vidence The Photography of Lewis W. Hine 531
U M akers of A merica The Knights of Labor 534
U V arying V iewpoints Industrialization: Boon or Blight? 537
25 America Moves to the City 1865–1900 539
The rise of the city • The “New Immigrants” • Settlement houses and social

workers • Nativists and immigration restriction • Churches in the city •
Evolution and education • Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois •
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-pga-00755]
The growth of higher education • The reading public • The “New Woman”

and the new morality • Realism reshapes American literature, art, and
architecture • The commercialization of popular entertainment
U M akers of A merica The Italians 544
U E xamining the E vidence Manuscript Census Data, 1900 548
U C ontending V oices The New Immigration 551
U M akers of A merica Pioneering Pragmatists 560
contents • xv
26 The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution

1865–1896 574
The conquest of the Indians • The mining and cattle frontiers • Free lands

and fraud • The fading frontier • The industrialization of agriculture •
Farmers protest • The People’s party • Workers in revolt • Bryan versus
McKinley, 1896
U C ontending V oices The Ghost Dance and the Wounded Knee Massacre 580
U M akers of A merica The Plains Indians 582
Bettmann/Corbis U E xamining the E vidence Robert Louis Stevenson’s Transcontinental Journey,
1879 590
U T hinking G lobally The Great Frontier
592
U V arying V iewpoints Was the West Really “Won”? 604
27 Empire and Expansion 1890–1909 607
The sources of American expansionism • The Hawaii question • The

Spanish-American War, 1898 • The invasion of Cuba • Acquiring Puerto
Rico (1898) and the Philippines (1899) • Crushing the Filipino insurrection
• The Open Door in China • Theodore Roosevelt becomes president, 1901 •
The Panama Canal • Roosevelt on the world stage
Bettmann/Corbis
U C ontending V oices Debating Imperialism 617

U M akers of A merica The Puerto Ricans 618
U M akers of A merica The Filipinos 624
U T hinking G lobally The Age of Empire 630
U V arying V iewpoints Why Did America Become a World Power? 633
Part Five
Struggling for Justice at Home and Abroad
1901–1945
636
28 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt 1901–1912 638
Campaigning against social injustice • The muckrakers • The politics of

progressivism • Women battle for reforms and against the saloon •
Roosevelt, labor, and the trusts • Consumer protection • Conservation •
Roosevelt’s legacy • The troubled presidency of William Howard Taft •
Museum of the City of New York. The Jacob A. Riis Collection
Taft’s “dollar diplomacy” • Roosevelt breaks with Taft • The election of

1912: The New Freedom versus the New Nationalism
U C ontending V oices Debating the Muckrakers 640
U T hinking G lobally “Why Is There No Socialism in the United States?” 642
U E xamining the E vidence Muller v. Oregon, 1908 648
U M akers of A merica The Environmentalists 652
U V arying V iewpoints Who Were the Progressives? 661
xvi • contents
29 Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War 1913–1920 663
Wilson the idealist • Tackling the tariff, the banks, and the trusts • Wilson’s
diplomacy in the Western Hemisphere • War in Europe and American
neutrality • The reelection of Wilson, 1916 • America goes to war, 1917 •
Wilsonian idealism and the Fourteen Points • Propaganda and civil liberties •
Workers, blacks, and women on the home front • The United States fights in
France • Peacemaking at Paris and the League of Nations • The Senate rejects
the Versailles Treaty
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-DIG-ppmsca-13492]

U C ontending V oices Battle of the Ballot 679
U E xamining the E vidence “Mademoiselle from Armentières” 683
U V arying V iewpoints Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist? 689
30 American Life in the “Roaring Twenties” 1920–1929 692
The “red scare” • The KKK returns • Immigration restriction, 1921–1924 •

Prohibition and gangsterism • The Scopes trial • A mass-consumption
economy • The automobile age • Radio and the movies • Modernism
molds Jazz Age literature and culture • Economic boom and bust
Frank Driggs Collection/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

U M akers of A merica The Poles 698
U E xamining the E vidence The Jazz Singer, 1927 709
U C ontending V oices All That Jazz 710
U T hinking G lobally Modernism 714
31 The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932 720
The Republicans return to power, 1921 • Disarmament and isolation • The

Harding scandals • Calvin Coolidge’s foreign policies • The international
debt snarl • Herbert Hoover, cautious progressive • The great crash, 1929 •
Hoover and the Great Depression • Aggression in Asia • “Good Neighbors”
in Latin America
U C ontending V oices Depression and Protection 732
Bettmann/Corbis
U E xamining the E vidence Lampooning Hoover, 1932 737
32 The Great Depression and the New Deal 1933–1939 742
Franklin D. Roosevelt as president • The Hundred Days Congress, 1933 •

Relief, recovery, and reform • Depression demagogues • Women in public
life • The National Recovery Administration • Aid for agriculture • The
dust bowl and the Tennessee Valley Authority • Housing and Social Security
• A new deal for labor • The election of 1936 • The Supreme Court fight,
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [USF34-018227]
1937 • The New Deal assessed

U C ontending V oices The New Deal at High Tide 761
U V arying V iewpoints How Radical Was the New Deal? 766
contents • xvii
33 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War 1933–1941 769
Roosevelt’s early foreign policies • German, Japanese, and Italian aggression

• The Neutrality Acts • The Spanish Civil War • Isolation and appeasement
• The horrors of the Holocaust • France falls and Britain totters • FDR’s
historic third term • The Lend-Lease Act and the Atlantic Charter, 1941 •
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
U C ontending V oices To Intervene or Not to Intervene 777
U E xamining the E vidence Public-Opinion Polling in the 1930s 778
34 America in World War II 1941–1945 789
The shock of war • The internment of Japanese Americans • Mobilizing the

economy • Women in wartime • The war’s effect on African Americans,
Native Americans, and Mexican Americans • The economic impact of war •
Turning the Japanese tide in the Pacific • Campaigns in North Africa (1942)
and Italy (1943) • “D-Day” in Normandy (France), June 6, 1944 • Germany
surrenders, May 1945 • The atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
August 1945 • V-J Day, August 15, 1945
Library of Congress

U M akers of A merica The Japanese 792
U C ontending V oices War and the Color Line 797
U E xamining the E vidence Franklin Roosevelt at Tehran, 1943 808
U T hinking G lobally America and the World in Depression and War: A Study
in Contrasts 812
U V arying V iewpoints The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified? 815
Part Six
Making Modern America
1945 to the Present
818
35 The Cold War Begins 1945–1952 820
Harry S. Truman as president • Origins of the Cold War • The United

Nations and the postwar world • Communism and containment • The
Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO • Domestic anti-
communism and the menace of McCarthyism • The Korean War, 1950–1953
The Michael Barson Collection/Picture Research Consultants & Archives
• Domestic policy in the Truman years • Postwar prosperity • The

“Sunbelt” and the suburbs • The postwar baby boom
U C ontending V oices Debating the Cold War 827
U M akers of A merica Scientists and Engineers 832
U M akers of A merica The Suburbanites 844
U V arying V iewpoints Who Was to Blame for the Cold War? 847
xviii • contents
36 American Zenith 1952–1963 850
Affluent America • Working women and feminism • Consumer culture in the

1950s • The election of Dwight D. Eisenhower • Desegregation and the civil
rights revolution • Eisenhower Republicanism • Cold War crises • The
space race and the arms race • The election of John F. Kennedy, 1960
• Postwar writers, painters, and architects • Kennedy’s New Frontier •
“Flexible response” and the Vietnam quagmire • Bay of Pigs invasion and
the Cuban missile crisis • The struggle for civil rights • Kennedy
assassinated, November 22, 1963
Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn 882–883
U E xamining the E vidence Advertising Prosperity, 1956 852
U M akers of A merica The Great African American Migration 860
Bettmann/CORBIS
U C ontending V oices The “Kitchen Debate” 867

U E xamining the E vidence The Shopping Mall as New Town Square, 1960 869
U M akers of A merica The Beat Generation 872
37 The Stormy Sixties 1963–1973 884
Lyndon Baines Johnson takes charge • Johnson versus Goldwater, 1964 •

The Great Society • The civil rights revolution explodes • The Vietnam
disaster • The election of Richard Nixon, 1968 • The cultural upheavals of
the 1960s • Nixon and the Vietnam War • New policies toward China and
the Soviet Union • Nixon on the home front • Nixon trounces McGovern,
1972 • Israelis, Arabs, and oil
MPI/Archive Photos/Getty Images
U C ontending V oices Differing Visions of Black Freedom 890

U T hinking G lobally The Global 1960s 896
U V arying V iewpoints The Sixties: Constructive or Destructive? 908
38 Challenges to the Postwar Order 1973–1980 911
The Watergate scandal and Nixon’s resignation • The politics of stagflation

• Gerald Ford’s foreign policy • Feminism • Desegregation and affirmative
action • The election of Jimmy Carter, 1976 • The energy crisis and inflation
• The political turn toward the market • The Iranian hostage humiliation
U E xamining the E vidence The “Smoking Gun” Tape, June 23, 1972,
10:04–11:39 a.m. 913
U T hinking G lobally The Era of Globalization 916
U M akers of A merica The Vietnamese 920
U M akers of A merica The Feminists 922
U C ontending V oices The Political Mobilization of Business 929
Henri Bureau/Sygma/Corbis
contents • xix
39 The Resurgence of Conservatism 1980–1992 933
The “New Right” and Reagan’s election, 1980 • Budget battles and tax cuts •
Reagan and the Soviets • Mikhail Gorbachev, Ronald Reagan, and the thawing
of the Cold War • The Iran-Contra scandal • Reagan’s economic legacy •
The religious right • Conservatism and the courts • The election of George
Bush, 1988 • The end of the Cold War • The Persian Gulf War, 1991 •
Bush’s battles at home
U C ontending V oices Who Ended the Cold War? 950
U V arying V iewpoints Where Did Modern Conservatism Come From? 954
AP Photo
40 America Confronts the Post–Cold War Era 1992–2000 957
The election of Bill Clinton, 1992 • A false start for reform • The Republican
congressional takeover, 1994 • Clinton’s comeback, 1996 • Racial progress
and perils • Trade, technology, and the 1990s boom • The feminist
revolution • Post-Cold War foreign policy • The Clinton impeachment trial
• The controversial 2000 election • Postmodern culture at the turn of the
© Wally McNamee/Sygma/Corbis
century
U M akers of A merica The Latinos 962
U C ontending V oices Welfare Reform Divides the Democrats 964
41 The American People Face a New Century 2001–2014 979
George W. Bush as president • The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 •

Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan • Bush’s bruising second term • Grappling
with the Great Recession • The election of Barack Obama, 2008 • Reform
and backlash • New directions in foreign policy • The politics of inequality
• A polarized republic • Surveillance and privacy in the Internet age • The
American prospect
John Zich/zrImages/Corbis
U E xamining the E vidence The National Security Strategy, 2002 983
U T hinking G lobally America Through Foreign Eyes: Hyperpower or Hapless
Power? 990
U C ontending V oices Populist Politics in a Polarized Age 997
A ppendix
Documents A1
Declaration of Independence • Constitution of the United States of America
Tables A21
Presidential Elections • Presidents and Vice Presidents • Admission of States
• Estimates of Total Costs and Number of Battle Deaths of Major U.S. Wars
Glossary of Key Terms A27
Index I1
Another random document with
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“I want to ride, Phil-ipp, and I don’t know how. I think I shall learn.
Come with me and order a habit, although at a really economical
shop, because I’m not earning no money and I’ve broken all my
contracts and this is going to be a dreadful Expense.”
Philip was delighted and praised her pluck; but, in strict
confidence, young ladies of Newnham and Girton, she didn’t exactly
overflow with that valuable commodity when she made her début a
week later at the school. Her second and third appearances were
hardly more inspiring; indeed, she had never felt so uncomfortable,
so nervous, so hopelessly incompetent in the whole course of a life
which had been a brilliant success so far. But she stuck to her
resolve with the whole-hearted determination that goes with her type
of countenance; and ere long virtue began to reap its reward.
It was a very proud moment when, after several weeks of travail,
she ventured forth into the Row with her Philip, about a quarter-past
eight of a summer’s morning. Philip felt awfully proud of her, for,
making due allowance for a little inward trepidation which was
uncommonly well concealed, she really did very well indeed. She
vowed, moreover, though in no spirit of vainglory, that she meant
soon to do much better.
Friends of the Family had shaken their heads, and were shaking
them still, over the Unfortunate Occurrence, but at present the
glamour had shown no signs of wearing thin. Mary had definitely
retired from the theater, except for the promised appearance at Harry
Merino’s benefit, which had yet to take place, but in the most whole-
hearted way she was devoting herself to Philip and his interests. It
was her ambition “to be a pal in everything.” The sitting of a horse
was only one instance of her determination to live up to her ideal.
An Ex-Ambassador had asked her to call in Mount Street. No
time was lost in taking him at his word. Moreover, she chose a day
and hour when the old diplomatist was accessible. And her recent
study of the art of equitation came in uncommonly useful, inasmuch
that without much difficulty she contrived “to keep him up to the bit.”
That is to say, about ten days after her visit Philip received an
invitation to lunch at the Helicon, to meet a chief wire-puller of the
party to which the Ex-Ambassador did not belong. It is not every
young married woman of limited social experience who would have
been able to manage it.
To be quite candid, Sir Joseph Huffham, Bart., M. P., was not
exactly overpowered by the sense of Mr. Philip’s ability. To that
shrewd and stern judge of mankind, the son and heir of that old fool
Shelmerdine was very much what one would have expected him to
be. Except that he was not pompous. On the contrary, there was a
most agreeable modesty about the young chap. It was evidently
sincere, and as such was entitled to respect. As far as promise was
concerned, though there was doubtless a good deal of it—a worldly-
wise man had said so—whatever he might attain to in the way of
performance would be in the distant future.
What had Warlock in his mind? was really the question of
questions for Sir Joseph Huffham, Bart., M. P. What Machiavellian
subtlety lurked in the bringing forward of this very dark horse for the
purpose of helping a party in which Warlock was not interested?
What private axe had he to grind? To be sure, there was that little
business of the vacant Thistle, which all the world and his wife had
smiled over. Then there was also the fact that this not particularly
bright young man had disappointed the expectations of two families.
What game was the old Jesuit playing? was the question that Sir
Joseph felt constrained to ask.
Sir Joseph found the question by no means easy to answer, and
we must confess that we share his difficulty. It would be idle, my
lords and gentlemen, for us to pretend to illuminate the official
prescience. But candidly, we feel that the question might have been
addressed to young Mrs. Philip without impropriety, although, of
course, Sir Joseph could not be expected to know that, and he would
have thought it ridiculous had anyone ventured to make the
suggestion. Things don’t happen in that way, he would have said.
Maybe, Sir Joseph; yet perchance in that case you would have
affirmed but half a truth. It takes a pretty bold man these days to say
exactly how things do happen, Monsieur Bergson seems to think.
Still, Sir Joseph certainly thought it was piquant that the son of S.
of P. should desire to help the Party. His qualifications for public life
appeared to be rather obscure, but being the eldest son of his father
he was not without a face value for the enemy.
“And so, Mr. Shelmerdine,” said the illustrious man, smiling over
the club claret, “you think, with your wife’s assistance, you might be
able to win a seat like South-West Blackhampton for the party of
progress.”
“My wife is sure she could win it for me,” was the answer of
Philip.
It was not, perhaps, the answer to be expected from a champion
of the democracy; and the illustrious man looked rather quizzically
across the table at his host. Were he and his party going to have
their legs pulled in company with Van and the other side? Never trust
an Irishman on principle, was one of Sir Joseph’s axioms; and in this
case he rather felt like living up to it.
All the same, the exigencies of the situation called for a man
somewhat out of the ordinary for South-West Blackhampton. At
present that large and important industrial constituency was
represented by a man of independent mind who owed allegiance to
none. The power of his personality had carried him to the top of the
poll in a three-cornered contest, in spite of the fact that he had an
official Rag and an official Wagger, able men both, against him.
Good, sound, conventional candidates had failed against this
Rawhead and Bloodybones. It was just possible that the husband of
a favorite actress, and a famous footballer to boot, might be
successful where his betters might fail. That, at least, was the local
opinion.
“I presume, Mr. Shelmerdine,” said Sir Joseph Huffham, “in the
event of your being adopted as a candidate for South-West
Blackhampton, you would have no objection to signing a—er—” Sir
Joseph paused while he took a type-written document from his
pocket-book and adjusted his pince-nez—“a football league form for
the Blackhampton Rovers?”
Mr. Shelmerdine was quite prepared to do that.
“And of playing for them occasionally, I presume, if your services
were called upon?”
Mr. Shelmerdine had no objection to doing that, either, although
he was rather short of practice these days.
“I am informed, Mr. Shelmerdine, that you kicked three goals
against Scotland in an International match.”
With excellent modesty the young man admitted this
impeachment.
“Well, I think I am entitled to say, Mr. Shelmerdine,” said Sir
Joseph, who was himself a pretty shrewd Lancastrian, “if you can
kick three goals against Liverpool or Manchester City in an important
League match, you are very likely to be returned at the top of the
poll.”
Very simply and seriously, and quite sincerely, Mr. Shelmerdine
promised to do his best in this matter, and that when the time came,
if South-West Blackhampton did him the honor of adopting him as
their candidate, he would go into strict training for the purpose.
Sir Joseph had the reputation of being the possessor of a sense
of humor, and the Ex-Ambassador had a few ideas also upon that
recondite subject; but each of these gentlemen smiled very warily at
the other, as though he was not quite certain whether it would be
safe in the circumstances to allow his mobile fancy to play around
that which had rather the appearance of a jest on the surface. Had
they not mistrusted one another so sorely, they might have been
tempted to do so; but the odd thing was that the prospective
candidate for South-West Blackhampton respected their bona fides
so immensely that he remained a perfect image of gravity.
“I will do my best, sir, to kick three goals against Liverpool or
Manchester City,” said the young man as he shook hands and took
his leave.
“Then I think you may be returned to Parliament,” said the
shrewd Lancastrian cordially; “that is, if you never hold a meeting
without having your wife on the platform; and you let her do most of
the talking, you know.”
It was frankness, certainly, on the part of Sir Joseph Huffham,
Bart., M. P.; but that illustrious man owed much of his eminence to
the fact that he had a pretty sound working knowledge of things in
general.
“I will certainly do that, sir,” said the young man.
Whereupon he thanked Sir Joseph and the Ex-Ambassador with
great sincerity, and went his way along Pall Mall; and as he did this
he was just the happiest young man in all the great Metropolis. It
was a genuine inspiration that Mary should make the speeches. He
would attend to the goal-kicking department all right. He would go
into strict training, knock off tobacco, lead the life of an anchorite.
And when he found himself in Parliament as a full-blown Rag, he
would be able to say that she had done it all.
Hitherto Mr. Philip had not been encumbered with anything so
superfluous as political convictions. He had known in a dim kind of
way that the friends of his youth had been Waggers. Without the
Waggers, he had always been given to understand there would have
been no turn-up with the Boers in South Africa. He had borne a
humble part in that little affair, along with the rest of his friends; and
the best he could say for it was that he had found it rather an
overrated amusement. But without the Waggers, so he understood,
there would not have been fair play for everybody.
However, this was the only good thing he knew about the
Waggers. His father was a Wagger, of course, like everybody else’s
father was; but if you have quarrelled with your father, there is all the
less reason to stick to the same school of political thought. But Mary
it was who had really converted him, and had made him go into
Parliament. She declared herself to be an absolutely ferocious Rag-
Tag-and-Bobtail, and that, of course, in the present state of the
domestic firmament, was quite enough for Mr. Philip.
The Rags, as Mary expounded their faith, were the party of
Progress and the friends of the People. And now that he was
enlisted in their ranks, he felt it behoved him to live up to their
exalted principles. Therefore he gave a shilling to the crossing-
sweeper at the bottom of Saint James’s Street, and, like a true
democrat, proceeded on foot to the little nest in Knightsbridge,
instead of going like the son of a lord in a taxi.
Mary was buried in a delightfully comfortable chair with her toes
on the fender. She was also reading a novel; and out of our love for
her we must really withhold the name of the author.
... No, young ladies of Newnham and Girton, the name of the
author was not Monsieur Anatole France.
“I’ve done it, old girl,” said Mr. Philip, bursting in upon her and
saluting her, of course, in the manner ordained by custom for newly-
married people. “I really think they are going to take me on.”
Strictly speaking, young man, you had not done it. It was Mary
who had done all the doing so far; although, of course, you could
hardly be expected to realize that.
“Oh, how splendid!”
“Yes, old girl; and old Sir Joseph Thingamy—nice old boy—says
you are to attend all the meetings and make most of the speeches,
and I’m to sign a League form for Blackhampton Rovers and kick
three goals against Liverpool, and everything will be as right as rain.”
“Why, of course it will, Phil-ipp, when I’ve got dear old
Blackhampton in my pocket.”
And Mary flung away her novel, and rose with the light of battle in
her eye in order to confirm this startling announcement.
A general election was expected in October. The head office said
things must be put in train at once. Communications had, of course,
to pass between the constituency and Westminster, but within a
month Mr. Philip had received an invitation from the Chief Tribesmen
of South-West Blackhampton to come forth and make the
acquaintance with his views.
Then it was that Mr. Philip found himself in a bit of a funk. The
fact was that he hadn’t any views—at least, any views to speak
about. Party of progress; government of the People, by the People,
for the People; greatest good of the greatest number, and so forth.
That was all he knew, and you couldn’t very well make a speech out
of that, could you?
With this, however, Mary didn’t quite agree. She seemed to think
you could. She had been reading up the subject lately. Therefore she
sat down at once, pen in hand, and began to collect her ideas upon
the subject.
In common with other ready-witted people, she had the useful
faculty of being fluent on paper. By lunch-time she had covered ten
pages of foolscap, writing on one side of the paper only; and after
lunch, when over the cigarettes and coffee she read the result of her
labors aloud to the future member for South-West Blackhampton, the
young man found it hard to repress his enthusiasm.
“I shall have ’em absolutely stiff,” said he; “that is, if I can only
remember it all. But I say, old girl, what if they begin to ask
questions?”
“Tell them, Phil-ipp, that you believe in Mr. Balsquith; and that
anything he votes for you’ll vote for, because you know that he can’t
go wrong.”
“Yes, that’s all right, old girl, but a chap is expected to have a bit
of a mind of his own, ain’t he?”
“Dear, no—pray why should he have?” And this worldly wise
young wife started on cigarette the second, we are rather sorry to
say, because one should suffice after lunch even for a young married
woman. Still, the circumstances were exceptional.
“Trust Mr. Balsquith, and South-West Blackhampton will trust you.
Now start learning your speech, like a good boy; and you must
repeat it to me word for word every morning from memory, so that
you’ll be all right on the night and absolutely word perfect.”
As an instance of Providence in one of its less atrabilious
humors, it befell that Philip was invited to meet the local committee in
the evening following the one in which Mary was to appear at the
Royal Italian Opera House for the benefit of Harry Merino. Thus they
were able to stay together at the best hotel in Blackhampton, and to
feel that they were killing, as it were, two birds with a single stone.
It was perfectly true that at Blackhampton the name of Mary
Caspar ranked high with the population. It was in the largest type on
every hoarding; her portrait appeared in the window of every other
shop; her wonderful smile that wouldn’t come off was to be seen on
countless picture-postcards; an illustrated interview with the general
favorite was printed in the Blackhampton Courier.
When she walked down Market Street to do a little shopping on
the afternoon of her arrival in the borough, she caused almost as
much commotion as if she had been Royalty itself. And in the
opinion of her escort, a very nice-looking, well-grown and well-
groomed young man in white spats and a blue suiting, the last word
in neatness, and a bowler hat, of course the last word of fashion, she
was indeed the Queen of Blackhampton. Moreover, a large
percentage of the passers-by concurred with the nice-looking young
man in so thinking.
Yes, she was the acknowledged Queen of Blackhampton; in the
eyes of the passers-by the fact was stated. It was perfectly true that
she had got this constituency in her pocket; and Blackhampton,
although hardly aware of the fact, was mightily proud to be there.
They came in their thousands to welcome her back to that sphere
of life she ought never to have deserted. Their reception almost
brought tears to her eyes, it was so spontaneous, so hearty, and so
genuine. The Royal Italian Opera House could have been filled ten
times over; not, of course, that this was due to Mary alone. Other
stars were giving their services; and Harry Merino, upon whom evil
times had fallen, was as good a comedian as ever colored his nose
and delighted the world with irresistible natural humor.
It was at the Royal at Blackhampton that she had really begun
her great career. Blackhampton had been the making of her, said Mr.
Byles, the famous Lessee and Manager of the Royal, and that great
man was accustomed to deal with hard facts. Blackhampton
believed it, anyway; and Mary believed it also. At least, she
confessed as much to Mr. Byles, while the chest of the lessee grew
so large that it seemed that his watch-chain of twenty-two carat gold
must really break from its moorings.
“Polly, my gal, I’m proud o’ you!”—there was deep emotion in the
manly voice of the Lessee and Manager; and if “the Young Pup” had
not been present, it is most likely that Mr. Byles would have hugged
the future peeress publicly.
Yes, they were very hearty, genuine people at Blackhampton.
The Principal Girl of three Royal pantomimes was to them an
imperishable memory. In the divine order of womanhood the Queen
of England ranked first in their estimation; Mary Caspar ranked
second; and the third place was reserved for the Duchess of
Dumbarton, although local opinion was rather averse from the
peerage merely as such.
It was probable that one such as Mr. Philip would find a difficult
row to hoe in Blackhampton. They hadn’t much use for frills as a
general thing. If the young man was going to stand for
Blackhampton, it was by no means clear that those white spats were
not an error of judgment. But the general opinion was that even a
future hereditary legislator might be returned for Blackhampton if he
happened to be Mary Caspar’s husband, and that he signed a
league form for the Rovers, and kicked a few goals against Aston
Villa.
He was a nice-looking young gentleman certainly, said feminine
Blackhampton; a little too fine for the district, perhaps, and yet they
were by no means sure of that. Good looks, a good tailor and easy,
natural manners tell even at Blackhampton among the ladies; and
even there, as in more sophisticated places, public opinion is
susceptible to their judgments.
Alderman Slocock, J. P., the leading Rag statesman for twenty
miles around, presided at the meeting of the executive committee at
the Gladstone Club. The proceedings were of a strictly private
character; ladies were not admitted; Mary could not be present; and
in consequence The Pup longed for his coffin even before the
proceedings started.
Alderman Slocock made a very long speech from the chair. The
prospective candidate would be given every opportunity to express
his views at length; but before coming to that part of the programme,
Alderman Slocock, a master-hairdresser, with no fewer than twenty-
four shops spread over the district, spoke for nearly an hour.
It was not a very opportune beginning, since the longer the
master-hairdresser went on, the more intense grew Mr. Philip’s
desire for a speedy burial; moreover, the other members of the
committee were growing decidedly restless. But at last came the
fateful moment when the Candidate was called upon to express his
views; and then arose the question for gods and men, would the
Candidate be able to remember them?
For three solid weeks, every morning and every night, from
memory had he repeated to Mary his speech. There must be no
doubt as to his ability to cope with this great ordeal. When he
entered the Gladstone Club he would have wagered that he was
absolutely word perfect; but as soon as he got on his legs he was
paralyzed with the knowledge that he couldn’t remember a syllable.
To begin with, his throat was so terribly dry that he was bound to
have recourse to a liquid aid to eloquence before he “could come to
the horses.” But there were broad-minded men and advanced
thinkers on the Executive Committee who rather approved this
weakness because it showed that the Candidate was human like
themselves, and they thought none the worse of him for it. On the
other hand, there were representatives of Little Bethel in this august
assembly who deplored the Candidate’s early recourse to whisky
and water.
Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, began the wretched Philip, in a
thin, small voice. Oh, joy! at the instance of those familiar words the
speech suddenly began to flow automatically into his mind. Members
of the Gladstone Club, Electors of Blackhampton—the cunning
young minx had said that this style of address was bound to sound
well in the ears of the Committee—I have followed with the closest
attention and I may say with deep admiration, the speech from
Alderman Slocock to which we have just had the pleasure of
listening. I cannot understand how it is, gentlemen, that having a
man like Alderman Slocock in your midst, you should go outside your
fine old city, of which I am sure you must be awfully proud, to look for
a man worthy to represent it in Parliament. (Loud applause which
bucked up the candidate considerably.)
Let us pay no idle compliment to the authoress of the speech, but
we are by no means clear that the young madam did not know more
about the rules of the game than augurs well for the peace of mind of
the coming generation which may have to cope with her sex on the
green benches.
Certainly this felicitous opening seemed to put the candidate on
good terms with his audience. Things began to go very well. The
voice was good; the manner, of course, what you would expect from
the Twin Brethren; the matter was sound so far as it went, and very
wisely it did not go further than amiable generalities. He was the son
of a lord undoubtedly, but it was clear that he was much above the
average of his class.
The end of his ordeal was not yet, however. Alderman Slocock
had a few questions to ask.
Would the Candidate be good enough to enlighten the
Committee as to the nature of his views upon the subject of Free
Trade?
Sir, I shall be most happy, said the Candidate, smiling graciously.
Gentlemen, my views on the subject of Free Trade are those of Mr.
Balsquith, and it is a matter upon which I trust his judgment implicitly.
The Committee was much gratified by this statesmanlike reply.
And the question of the House of Lords? said Alderman Slocock.
The Committee would be happy to have the Candidate’s views upon
that vexed subject.
The views of the Candidate in respect of the House of Lords were
those of Mr. Balsquith; that also was a subject upon which he trusted
Mr. Balsquith’s judgment implicitly.
This answer was equally successful; and as it did duty for all the
questions that followed, the Candidate was guilty of nothing that was
likely to efface the highly favorable effect he had already created.
Therefore he was able to return to the best hotel in Blackhampton
reasonably secure in the conviction that he was about to be chosen
as the official representative of the Rags.
Of course he would be, he was promptly informed by Mary, who
was sitting up for him, if he had remembered his words.
“Fact is, old girl,” confided Mr. Philip, “I knew I’d got ’em fixed up
before I’d got half through my bally speech.”
“Why, of course, Phil-ipp, you were bound to have.”
And she was far too good a sportswoman to remind the
vainglorious orator that it was not his speech at all. But don’t let us
praise her too much. For the simple fact was that it pleased her
mightily to think that it really was his speech that had carried the day,
and that she had nothing whatever to do with it. Moreover, she was
perfectly willing for him to believe that it was his speech; and
certainly, so high had success lifted her lord just now that it didn’t
really seem very difficult for him to do so. And for our own poor part,
we have never been able to determine which phenomenon is the
more curious: whether Man should plume himself beyond his deserts
at the expense of Woman or whether Woman should derive a keen
pleasure from aiding and abetting him in the deception.
Howbeit, so deep was the impression that Mr. Philip
Shelmerdine’s signal ability, in combination with his air of manly
sincerity and straightforwardness, made upon the Committee, that
no time was lost in inviting him to stand as a Rag, Tag and Bobtail for
South-West Blackhampton.
CHAPTER XXV
IS VICTORIAN IN THE BEST SENSE
In Grosvenor Square, at this period, rose-color was not the

prevailing hue. The Proconsul had declined to attend the wedding.
Moreover, he had given Mr. Philip clearly to understand that Mrs.
Philip would not be persona gratissima in Grosvenor Square. The
attitude was perfectly “regular” in the circumstances; all the same, it
hardly increased the common stock of human amenity. And he was
quite an affectionate father, even if a somewhat despotic one, which,
after all, is not an unexpected trait in a middle-aged gentleman who
has made a great success of the art of governing others.
The attitude of the Proconsul is hardly one to commend to
parents and guardians in general. And unfortunately Mother upheld
the Proconsul in his frowardness. She, too, as had so many
Colthursts of Suffolk before her, formed the fatal habit of governing
others. And she, too, having been thwarted in a pet design, and
moreover, having had to submit to a pretty shrewd buffet from the
venerable relative of The Person, was inclined to behave with
unwisdom.
It is a great pity that Grosvenor Square has to be shown in this
light. Both Father and Mother ought really to have known so very
much better. It was really very wrong; and they made themselves
rather miserable into the bargain.
Mother thought Father ought to have been firmer. Father thought
that Mother ought to have kept clear of Bedford Gardens, and all
would have been well. Mother thought that Father’s handling of the
whole matter was hardly worthy of a Proconsul. Father was grieved
that Agatha should talk in that way, since it would be idle to pretend
that she had shown her usual Tact.
Nevertheless, there was one aspect of the affair that really
astonished both of them immensely. It was the attitude taken up by a
much-injured man and a thwarted father-in-law when they ventured
to condole with him, and perhaps incidentally to obtain a little balm
for their own wounded feelings.
Father and Mother were frankly amazed that their standpoint had
to forego the sanction of His Britannic Majesty’s Ambassador to
Persia.
“Fact is, Shelmerdine,” said my lord, “the young fool has done a
dashed sight better for himself than by marrying this girl of mine.”
Mother was amazed at such levity proceeding from such a
quarter; and rather pointedly she said so.
“We must look facts in the face,” said my lord robustly. “She is an
uncommonly able young woman, and one of these days you’ll
remember that I’ve said so.”
“I don’t think I like ability in women,” said Mother.
Oh, Mother! And you, by common consent, one of the ablest
women in Grosvenor Square and its environs.
“It’s a useful thing to keep in the house, though,” said the Ex-
Ambassador.
Still, Mother was not in the least resigned to what she considered
an exhibition of cynicism.
“One is really surprised at you, Lord Warlock—you who know the
world so well.”
And yet it would be hardly safe to assume that Mother was wholly
sincere in her admonition of this elderly diplomatist. She didn’t
subscribe to his ignoble point of view; she never could and never
would subscribe to it; but it would hardly be safe to assume that
Mother was seriously displeased that a man of such penetration
should entertain it.
Still, she had to labor the Victorian Attitude a little in order to cope
with one so unexpected.
“If only she had been a—”
The Ex-Ambassadorial chuckle brought Mother up short.
“We shall see what we shall see, dear lady.”
Mother wished my lord would not be so cryptic. All the same, she
rather liked the air of confidence.
“An old professional family, even of that kind, must have gathered
its traditions, Agatha,” said S. of P.
“Fact is, Shelmerdine,” said the Friend of the Family, “the young
fellow has done a dashed sight better than anybody thinks he has—
and a dashed sight better than he deserves, if you want my candid
opinion.”
Neither Father nor Mother appeared to want this candid opinion
particularly, and yet they didn’t appear very sorry to have it. And they
went home feeling a little brighter for this interview; and, perhaps
shaken a little in the Victorian Attitude. It was inconceivable that She
would ever be able to do them credit; but might it not be that they
had alarmed themselves a little unduly?
Still, it is easier, as a rule, to support the ills of others than to bear
one’s own. It was very well for Warlock to take this optimistic view;
but Philip was not his son, and She was not his daughter-in-law.
Nevertheless, they were glad, on the whole, that the wind had been
tempered for them in this quarter. They didn’t feel very forgiving just
at present, though.
A little light was thrown upon the unlooked-for magnanimity of the
Friend of the Family about a week later. For this the Morning Post
was responsible, and the illumination was the following:—
“A marriage has been arranged and will shortly take place
between the Marquis of Craigenputtock, eldest son of the Duke and
Duchess of Dumbarton, and the Lady Adela Rocklaw, youngest
daughter of the Earl of Warlock, K. C. M. G.”
Everything for the best in the best of all possible worlds, you see.
Father and Mother rejoiced, of course, at this cheering
announcement; yet they did not seem exactly to overflow with joy
when they called to convey their felicitations to dear Adela and her
papa. But more than ever now were they inclined to doubt the bona
fides of the latter in respect of the brave face he had put on their
common misfortune.
Still, most warmly and affectionately did they congratulate
Dumbarton’s future duchess, whom they had the signal good fortune
to find in black velvet with the Himalayan Dust Spaniel reclining at
her feet.
The Happy Young Man, twenty-two years of age and rather fine
drawn, was handing tea-cake. Pa had rather a twinkle in his eye—Pa
had no right to let it be seen, though—when he presented the young
fellow to Mother and Father; and Mother and Father congratulated
him with the greatest warmth and spontaneity.
The felicitations were accepted of course in the spirit in which
they were offered; and for our part we are very glad that dear Adela
was able to let bygones be bygones, for, as all the world knew,
Father and Mother had not been in the least to blame. Besides, it
shows there was a core of magnanimity in the girl, and for this even
we were hardly prepared, if we must confess the truth.
Pray do not think that Adela’s good fortune was a mere figure of
speech, since there was every reason to believe that the latest Scalp
depending from the girdle of the Huntress was in all respects a very
choice specimen. He looked one, certainly; and Mother, who was
quite competent to form an opinion on such an abstruse subject,
could tell by the way in which he handed hot buttered tea-cake that
he had a beautiful nature.
Then Father had been at Eton with his father, and that, of course,
was another point in the young man’s favor.
“By the way,” said the Ex-Ambassador, “I see in The Thunderer
this morning that Philip is going into politics.”
This was news for Father. Mother was incredulous.
“And as a Tag, Rag and Bobtail, if you please,” said Pa quietly.
Father it was who was now smitten with incredulity.
“Impossible,” he said.
Pa sent for The Thunderer, and there it was, as plain as your
hand, that Mr. Philip Shelmerdine, the son of Lord Shelmerdine of
Potterhanworth, had been adopted by the party of progress to fight
their cause at Blackhampton.
“Boy must be insane,” said Father. “He won’t get in, at any rate—
there’s that consolation. I don’t know any man more unfitted for
public life.”
“He may learn a wrinkle or two, though, Shelmerdine. A deuced
clever wife he’s married, you know.”
“He’ll need a clever wife if he is going to get in as a Rag at
Blackhampton. It’s—it’s an act of insanity.”
Then it was that Adela’s young man made his faux pas.
“Married the celebrated actress, didn’t he?” said Adela’s young
man.
The only thing to be said for him is that he was not at all well up
in recent history.
Silence—complete and rather profound.
“I remember seeing her in a pantomime at Christmas, and I
thought she was the jolliest girl I had ever seen—on the stage, I
mean.”
The afterthought sounded sincere; and the whole speech was
animated by the best of intentions. But it really was not very clever of
the young fellow. Yes, young fellow, this was a passage in which you
did not shine particularly. Dumbarton’s future duchess scowled at
you—it would be idle to pretend that she didn’t—Mother looked
daggers; the great Proconsul’s eyebrows said, “Shut up, you young
fool,” as audibly as eyebrows could indulge in that expression; and
your future father-in-law had that satyr-like air which most people
thought so damned unpleasant; but to you, young man, in your
heedlessness, these signs and portents were without significance.
Your tenantry will doubtless keep always a warm corner for you in
their hearts; and when you lead your charming bride to the altar you
will be the recipient of a massive silver tea-service, no doubt; but if
you continue in this way it is unlikely that posterity will be able to
point out your effigy in marble, and in knee-breeches, too, to its great
grandchildren as it walks along Whitehall. Yes, really a very tactless
young fellow.
“Warlock,” said Father bitterly, “I think that boy of mine must be
mad. I wouldn’t have had this happen for a very great deal. I don’t
know what Vandeleur will think, I’m sure.”
“I can tell you, Shelmerdine,” said the possessor of the satyr-like
air, smiling grimly at the empty fireplace. “Vandeleur will think there is
no tooth so keen as man’s ingratitude.”
“Warlock,” said Father, with clenched hands, “it’s damnable. And
Vandeleur morbidly sensitive, too, on the question of personal
loyalty. Can’t we stop the young scoundrel?”
Warlock, speaking in mournful accents proper to a Constitutional
crisis, failed to see how the young scoundrel could be stopped
without invoking the aid of a commission in lunacy.
“Fellow’s mad enough, Warlock, if it comes to that.”
“Certainly, Shelmerdine, his latest action has all the appearance
of insanity.”
“This must go no farther, Warlock,” said the imperious Ex-
Resident of Barataria, North-West.
“I really hope it may not,” said the Ex-Ambassador; “for the sake
of you, for the sake of us, for the sake of Vandeleur, for the sake of
the Empire.”
A skeptical judgment might have doubted the sincerity of such a
speech proceeding from such a quarter, but Father and Mother
accepted it in simple good faith.
CHAPTER XXVI
A CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS
Why people should be so vexed by things that other people,

equally serious of mind, don’t care twopence about is one of the
enigmas that is best left to the philosophers.
Father and Mother were much upset by Mr. Philip’s act of
treachery. Yet there was really no need for them to take it so
tragically. The heir to the barony had attained the age when a man is
allowed to do a little private thinking. But neither Father nor Mother
was in sympathy with that point of view.
Something must be done in this national crisis. Energetic action
must be taken. Mr. Vandeleur would never forgive it; the Party would
never forgive it; the Country would never forgive it; the Empire would
never forgive it.
If you make a practice of thinking imperially, you must view things
on a comprehensive basis.
By the irony of circumstance, Mother and Father were dining out
that evening in the Inner Circles of the Party. It was a small and quite
unofficial occasion; but several of the Heads would be there.
“Agatha, it is the deuce,” said the Proconsul, wrestling with his
white tie.
“It is that Woman, I am convinced. Phil-ipp has been led on to
this.”
“I don’t know what Vandeleur will say, I’m sure. And such a
supercilious fellow when he gets really cross. Of course, I dissociate
myself entirely from a step so subversive.”
The Heads certainly received Father somewhat askance that
evening. In parenthesis, it may be remarked that the world at large
considered S. of P. as being by way of a Head himself. But things
are not always what they seem, as Monsieur Bergson said of the
Nebular Hypothesis. A Head he was, of course, in ordinary
assembly; but this assembly, small though it was, was by no means
ordinary.
It was the Hostess, a massive daughter of Caledonia, who first
referred to the Vexed Subject, just as Father, with a rather poor
appetite, had begun upon his bird.
“Lord Shelmerdine, what is this one hears about your son
standing as a Rag?”
No; it was not exactly kind of Caledonia’s daughter. The pause
was awkward, particularly as Mr. Everard Vandeleur was seated on
the right of his hostess.
“I have no need to say that I dissociate myself entirely from this
ill-considered action,” said S. of P. at length. “Beyond that I say
nothing.”
“But you must say something, Shelmerdine,” thought the Front
Bench, of which Two were present in addition to Mr. Everard
Vandeleur. “It will create a most unhappy impression in the country.”
“I can only attribute it to a mental aberration,” said S. of P.
Mr. Everard Vandeleur shook his Jesuitical gray curls.
“Shelmerdine, my dear fellow,” he said in tones vibrant with
emotion, “I would rather have lost five seats in the country than this
should have occurred.”
“I had rather you had done so, Vandeleur, than that this should
have taken place.”
“Can you impose no check?” said Mr. Vandeleur. “Can you not
refuse supply?”
“Unfortunately, no. The young scoundrel has a private income.
But I hold his wife responsible for this.”
“His wife?” said Mr. Vandeleur.

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Maps ​ xx 13 The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824–1840 248

5 Colonial Society on the Eve of 19 Drifting Toward Disunion 1854–1861 399

Part Two Part Four

9 The Confederation and the

11 The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian

Part Five Part Six

32 The Great Depression and the New APPENDIX

1 ​ ​New World Beginnings ​ ​33,000 b.c.e.–1769 c.e. 4

The geology of the New World ​• ​Native Americans before Columbus ​• ​

2 ​ The Planting of English America ​ ​1500–1733 25

England on the eve of empire ​• ​The expansion of Elizabethan England ​• ​The

3 ​ Settling the Northern Colonies ​ 1619–1700 42

The Puritan faith ​• ​Plymouth Colony, 1620 ​• ​The Puritan commonwealth

The Granger Collection, NYC — All rights reserved.

4 ​ American Life in the Seventeenth Century ​ 1607–1692 62

Life and labor in the Chesapeake tobacco region ​• ​Indentured servants and

5 ​ Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution ​ 1700–1775 78

Immigration and population growth ​• ​African American culture ​• ​Colonial

6 ​ The Duel for North America ​ ​1608–1763 101

New France ​• ​Fur-traders and Indians ​• ​Anglo-French colonial rivalries ​• ​

Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-USZC4-5315]

7 ​ The Road to Revolution ​ 1763–1775 117

Roots of revolution ​• ​The merits and menace of mercantilism ​• ​The Stamp

8 ​ America Secedes from the Empire ​ 1775–1783 135

Early skirmishes, 1775 ​• ​American “republicanism” ​• ​The Declaration of

U ​M akers of A merica ​ ​The Loyalists ​ 144

9 ​ The Confederation and the Constitution ​ 1776–1790 160

Changing political sentiments ​• ​The new state constitutions ​• ​Economic

U ​E xamining the E vidence ​ ​Copley Family Portrait, ca. 1776–1777 ​ ​162

10 ​ Launching the New Ship of State ​ 1789–1800 182

Problems of the young republic ​• ​The first presidency, 1789–1793 ​• ​The Bill

The “Revolution of 1800” ​• ​The Jefferson presidency ​• ​John Marshall and

U ​C ontending V oices ​ The Divisive Embargo ​ 219

Invasion of Canada, 1812 ​• ​The war on land and sea ​• ​The Treaty of Ghent,

U ​M akers of A merica ​ ​Settlers of the Old Northwest ​ 238

13 ​ The Rise of a Mass Democracy ​ ​1824–1840 248

The “corrupt bargain” of 1824 ​• ​President John Quincy Adams, 1825–1829 ​• ​

Abominations,” 1828 ​• ​The South Carolina nullification crisis, 1832–1833 ​• ​

U ​M akers of A merica ​ ​Mexican or Texican? ​ 270

14 ​ Forging the National Economy ​ ​1790–1860 278

The westward movement ​• ​European immigration ​• ​The Irish and the

U ​M akers of A merica ​ ​The Irish ​ 284

15 ​ The Ferment of Reform and Culture ​ ​1790–1860 309

Religious revivals ​• ​The Mormons ​ • ​Educational advances ​• ​The roots of

literature ​• ​Transcendentalism ​• ​Poets, novelists, and historians

16 ​ The South and the Slavery Controversy ​ 1793–1860 340

The economy of the Cotton Kingdom ​• ​Southern social structure ​• ​Poor

17 ​ Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy ​ 1841–1848 363

“Tyler Too” becomes president, 1841 ​• ​Fixing the Maine boundary, 1842 ​• ​

Chronology ​/ ​Key Terms ​/ ​People to Know ​/ ​To Learn More ​ 380

Maps xx 13 The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824–1840 248

1 New World Beginnings 33,000 b.c.e.–1769 c.e. 4

The geology of the New World • Native Americans before Columbus •

2 The Planting of English America 1500–1733 25

England on the eve of empire • The expansion of Elizabethan England • The

3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619–1700 42

The Puritan faith • Plymouth Colony, 1620 • The Puritan commonwealth

4 American Life in the Seventeenth Century 1607–1692 62

Life and labor in the Chesapeake tobacco region • Indentured servants and

5 Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution 1700–1775 78

Immigration and population growth • African American culture • Colonial

6 The Duel for North America 1608–1763 101

New France • Fur-traders and Indians • Anglo-French colonial rivalries •

7 The Road to Revolution 1763–1775 117

Roots of revolution • The merits and menace of mercantilism • The Stamp

8 America Secedes from the Empire 1775–1783 135

Early skirmishes, 1775 • American “republicanism” • The Declaration of

U M akers of A merica The Loyalists 144

9 The Confederation and the Constitution 1776–1790 160

Changing political sentiments • The new state constitutions • Economic

U E xamining the E vidence Copley Family Portrait, ca. 1776–1777 162

10 Launching the New Ship of State 1789–1800 182

Problems of the young republic • The first presidency, 1789–1793 • The Bill

The “Revolution of 1800” • The Jefferson presidency • John Marshall and

U C ontending V oices The Divisive Embargo 219

Invasion of Canada, 1812 • The war on land and sea • The Treaty of Ghent,

U M akers of A merica Settlers of the Old Northwest 238

13 The Rise of a Mass Democracy 1824–1840 248

The “corrupt bargain” of 1824 • President John Quincy Adams, 1825–1829 •

Abominations,” 1828 • The South Carolina nullification crisis, 1832–1833 •

U M akers of A merica Mexican or Texican? 270

14 Forging the National Economy 1790–1860 278

The westward movement • European immigration • The Irish and the

U M akers of A merica The Irish 284

15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture 1790–1860 309

Religious revivals • The Mormons • Educational advances • The roots of

literature • Transcendentalism • Poets, novelists, and historians

16 The South and the Slavery Controversy 1793–1860 340

The economy of the Cotton Kingdom • Southern social structure • Poor

17 Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy 1841–1848 363

“Tyler Too” becomes president, 1841 • Fixing the Maine boundary, 1842 •

Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 380

18 Renewing the Sectional Struggle 1848–1854 381

“Popular sovereignty” • Zachary Taylor and California statehood • The

19 Drifting Toward Disunion 1854–1861 399

The attack on Fort Sumter, April 1861 • The crucial border states • The

Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 437

21 The Furnace of Civil War 1861–1865 438

Bull Run ends the “ninety-day war” • The Peninsula Campaign • The

April 1865 • The legacy of war

22 The Ordeal of Reconstruction 1865–1877 465

The defeated South • The freed slaves • President Andrew Johnson’s

U E xamining the E vidence Letter from a Freedman to His Old

23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age 1869–1896 488

Ulysses S. Grant, soldier-president • Corruption and reform in the post-Civil

tariff • Benjamin Harrison and the “Billion Dollar Congress” • The

24 Industry Comes of Age 1865–1900 512

The railroad boom • Speculators and financiers • Early efforts at government

25 America Moves to the City 1865–1900 539

The rise of the city • The “New Immigrants” • Settlement houses and social

The growth of higher education • The reading public • The “New Woman”

26 The Great West and the Agricultural Revolution

The conquest of the Indians • The mining and cattle frontiers • Free lands

27 Empire and Expansion 1890–1909 607

The sources of American expansionism • The Hawaii question • The

U C ontending V oices Debating Imperialism 617

28 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt 1901–1912 638

Campaigning against social injustice • The muckrakers • The politics of

Taft’s “dollar diplomacy” • Roosevelt breaks with Taft • The election of

29 Wilsonian Progressivism in Peace and War 1913–1920 663

Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 690–691

30 American Life in the “Roaring Twenties” 1920–1929 692

The “red scare” • The KKK returns • Immigration restriction, 1921–1924 •

Chronology / Key Terms / People to Know / To Learn More 718–719

31 The Politics of Boom and Bust 1920–1932 720

The Republicans return to power, 1921 • Disarmament and isolation • The

U E xamining the E vidence Lampooning Hoover, 1932 737

32 The Great Depression and the New Deal 1933–1939 742

Franklin D. Roosevelt as president • The Hundred Days Congress, 1933 •

1937 • The New Deal assessed