ENGLISH PORTFOLIO

Name- Nitesh sharma

class- X
rollno- 10
Topic- English holiday homework
 Introduction
Hello, my name is Nitesh Sharma. I
am currently in class X and have a
keen interest in sports, particularly
kho-kho and cricket. I also enjoy
learning about geography and
exploring topics related to IT. I'm
excited to engage in discussions
and learn new things here!
 Content
Introduction of Nelson Mandela
The life of Nelson Mandela before
becoming President of South Africa
The life of Nelson Mandela after
becoming President of South Africa
Challenges faced by Nelson
Mandela
Role in shaping South Africa’s History
Own reflections on Mandela’s legacy.
Write 25 inspirational quotes.
Explore your State’s rich heritage, spiritual sanctuaries, vibrant culture,
culinary delights and natural beauty.
Maintain a personal diary and write 2 hard words with there meaning
everyday along with current affairs.
 Introduction of Nelson Mandela
Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July
1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South
African politician and activist. On 27
April 1994, he was made the first
President of South Africa elected in a
fully represented democratic election.
He was also the first black President of
his country, South Africa.
 The life of Nelson Mandela before becoming
President of South Africa
Before becoming president of South Africa, Nelson Mandela led a remarkable life. He was born in
1918 in a rural village and became actively involved in the anti-apartheid movement during his early
adulthood. Mandela studied law and became a lawyer, advocating for the rights of black South
Africans. He co-founded the African National Congress (ANC) Youth League and later the ANC itself,
becoming increasingly involved in activism against the apartheid regime.

Mandela's commitment to nonviolent protest shifted in the early 1960s due to government
repression, leading him to embrace more militant tactics. In 1962, he was arrested and sentenced to
life imprisonment for sabotage and other charges. Mandela spent 27 years in prison, becoming a
symbol of resistance to apartheid and garnering international attention for his cause.

After his release in 1990, Mandela played a crucial role in negotiating the end of apartheid and
fostering reconciliation between racial groups in South Africa. In 1994, he became the country's first
black president in its first democratic elections, serving until 1999. Mandela's life before the
presidency was marked by dedication to justice, equality, and the struggle against apartheid, making
him a globally revered figure for his leadership and moral authority.
apartheid and garnering international attention for
his cause.
After his release in 1990, Mandela played a crucial
role in negotiating the end of apartheid and
fostering reconciliation between racial groups in
South Africa. In 1994, he became the country's first
black president in its first democratic elections,
serving until 1999. Mandela's life before the
presidency was marked by dedication to justice,
equality, and the struggle against apartheid,
making him a globally revered figure for his
leadership and moral authority.
 The life of Nelson Mandela after becoming
President of South Africa
After Nelson Mandela became President of South Africa in 1994, he focused on uniting a deeply
divided nation and addressing the legacy of apartheid. Here are some key aspects of his life
during this period:

1. **Reconciliation and Nation Building:** Mandela prioritized reconciliation between races and
ethnic groups in South Africa. He promoted forgiveness and understanding, famously
advocating for national unity through initiatives like the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

2. **Social and Economic Reforms:** Mandela's government worked on dismantling apartheid-

era policies, promoting social justice, and implementing economic reforms to uplift marginalized
communities, particularly black South Africans.

3. **International Relations:** Mandela was highly regarded globally and used his international
influence to promote peace, human rights, and economic development in Africa and beyond. He
played a crucial role in reestablishing South Africa's standing in the international community.
 4. **Education and Healthcare:** His government
invested significantly in education and healthcare,
aiming to provide better opportunities and
services to all South Africans, regardless of race.

5. **Retirement:** Mandela retired from politics in

1999 after serving one term as President, although
he remained a prominent figure globally,
continuing his activism for peace, reconciliation,
and HIV/AIDS awareness until his passing in 2013.

Throughout his tenure as President and beyond,

Nelson Mandela remained a symbol of hope,
courage, and resilience, not only for South Africa
but for the world as a whole. His legacy continues
to inspire generations to strive for justice,
equality, and dignity.
 Challenges faced by Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela faced numerous challenges throughout his life, particularly during his activism against
apartheid in South Africa and his subsequent leadership as the country's first black president. Some of the
key challenges he encountered include:

1. **Apartheid Oppression**: Mandela grew up and lived under the oppressive apartheid regime, which
institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination against black South Africans. This system limited his
opportunities and subjected him to various forms of discrimination.

2. **Political Imprisonment**: Mandela was arrested and imprisoned multiple times for his anti-apartheid
activism. The most significant was his 27-year imprisonment, during which he endured harsh conditions and
isolation on Robben Island and later in Pollsmoor Prison.

3. **Legal Persecution**: As a leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and its armed wing, Umkhonto
we Sizwe, Mandela faced legal persecution and was tried for treason and sabotage in the infamous Rivonia
Trial in 1963-1964. He narrowly escaped the death penalty and was sentenced to life imprisonment.

4. **Isolation from Family and Friends**: During his long years in prison, Mandela was separated from his
family, including his wife, Winnie Mandela, and his children. This isolation took a toll on his personal life and
relationships.
 5. **International Isolation**: The apartheid government portrayed
Mandela and the ANC as terrorists, leading to international isolation
for much of his early activism. It was only later, with increasing global
awareness and pressure, that international support for his cause grew.

6. **Negotiations and Reconciliation**: After his release from prison in

1990, Mandela faced the daunting challenge of negotiating an end to
apartheid and transitioning South Africa to a democratic state. This
required navigating complex political negotiations with the apartheid
government and managing the expectations and fears of various
factions within South Africa.

7. **Social and Economic Inequality**: As president from 1994 to 1999,

Mandela faced the immense challenge of addressing the deep-rooted
social and economic inequalities that apartheid had left behind. This
included efforts to reconcile a deeply divided society and promote
national unity.

Despite these challenges, Mandela demonstrated remarkable

resilience, leadership, and a commitment to justice and reconciliation
throughout his life. His legacy continues to inspire people worldwide in
the ongoing struggle against oppression and for human rights.
 Role in shaping South Africa’s History
Nelson Mandela played a pivotal role in shaping the history of South Africa :

1. **Anti-Apartheid Activism**: Mandela dedicated his life to fighting against apartheid, a system of institutionalized racial
segregation and discrimination enforced by the South African government. He emerged as a prominent leader within the
African National Congress (ANC) and its armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, advocating for nonviolent resistance initially and
later endorsing armed struggle in response to the government's violent repression of peaceful protests.

2. **Political Imprisonment**: Mandela's imprisonment for 27 years, from 1962 to 1990, became a symbol of the struggle
against apartheid. His steadfastness and resilience under harsh conditions on Robben Island and later in Pollsmoor Prison
galvanized both domestic and international support for the anti-apartheid movement. Mandela's imprisonment elevated him
to an iconic status as a symbol of resistance and justice.

3. **Negotiations and Transition to Democracy**: Mandela played a crucial role in negotiating an end to apartheid and
facilitating South Africa's transition to democracy. Following his release from prison in 1990, he engaged in negotiations with
then-President F.W. de Klerk and other leaders to dismantle apartheid laws, legalize the ANC and other anti-apartheid
organizations, and pave the way for democratic elections.

4. **First Black President of South Africa**: In 1994, Mandela made history by becoming South Africa's first black president
in the country's first fully democratic election. His presidency focused on reconciliation and nation-building, aiming to heal
the wounds of apartheid and unite the racially divided nation. Mandela's leadership during this period emphasized
forgiveness, tolerance, and inclusivity, symbolized by his support for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
5. **Global Statesman and Humanitarian**: Beyond South Africa,
Mandela became a global icon of peace, justice, and human
rights. He used his international stature to advocate for various
causes, including HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention, children's
rights, and conflict resolution. Mandela's efforts helped to
elevate South Africa's standing in the international community
and inspired millions around the world.

6. **Legacy of Reconciliation and Unity**: Mandela's legacy is

deeply rooted in his commitment to reconciliation and unity. He
promoted reconciliation between black and white South
Africans, emphasizing the importance of forgiveness and
building a common future together. Mandela's approach to
leadership and governance continues to influence discussions
on reconciliation and conflict resolution globally.

In summary, Nelson Mandela's role in South Africa's history is

monumental. From his early activism against apartheid to his
presidency and beyond, Mandela's leadership, courage, and
vision transformed South Africa and inspired a worldwide
movement for justice, equality, and human dignity.
 Own reflections on Mandela’s legacy.
Nelson Mandela's legacy is profound and multifaceted, leaving an indelible mark not only on South
Africa but on the world stage. Here are some personal reflections on Mandela's legacy:

1. **Courage and Resilience**: Mandela's unwavering commitment to justice and equality, despite
facing decades of imprisonment, is a testament to his immense courage and resilience. He endured
hardship with dignity and grace, becoming a symbol of hope for millions around the globe.

2. **Reconciliation and Forgiveness**: Mandela's approach to reconciliation after apartheid ended

was remarkable. He emphasized forgiveness over revenge, promoting national unity and healing
through the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. His willingness to reach out to former
adversaries demonstrated his belief in the power of forgiveness to heal a divided nation.

3. **Leadership and Vision**: Mandela's visionary leadership guided South Africa through its
transition from apartheid to democracy. His ability to navigate complex negotiations with the
apartheid government and lead the ANC's transformation from a liberation movement to a
political party was instrumental in shaping the new South A
frica.
 4. **Global Impact**: Mandela's influence extended far beyond South
Africa's borders. He became a global symbol of resistance to oppression
and a champion of human rights. His advocacy for peace, equality, and
social justice resonated worldwide, earning him respect and admiration
internationally.

5. **Legacy of Education and Empowerment**: Mandela understood the

importance of education and empowerment in building a stronger society.
He advocated for education as a tool for liberation and emphasized the
need to invest in the youth to secure the future of South Africa.

6. **Continued Inspiration**: Even after his passing, Mandela's legacy

continues to inspire generations to fight for justice and equality. His life
story serves as a powerful example of how one individual's dedication to a
noble cause can bring about monumental change.

Overall, Nelson Mandela's legacy is one of hope, resilience, reconciliation,

and visionary leadership. His impact on South Africa and the world
remains profound, reminding us of the enduring power of compassion and
the possibility of achieving a better future through dialogue and
understanding.

End
 Write 25 inspirational quotes.
25 inspirational quotes that can uplift and motivate:

1. "The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams." - Eleanor Roosevelt

2. "Believe you can and you're halfway there." - Theodore Roosevelt

3. "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the courage to continue that counts." - Winston Churchill

4. "The only way to do great work is to love what you do." - Steve Jobs

5. "In the middle of difficulty lies opportunity." - Albert Einstein

6. "Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life." - Steve Jobs

7. "Strive not to be a success, but rather to be of value." - Albert Einstein

8. "The best way to predict the future is to create it." - Abraham Lincoln

9. "It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop." - Confucius
10. "The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today." - Franklin D.
Roosevelt

11. "The journey of a thousand miles begins with one step." - Lao Tzu

12. "Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what
you are doing, you will be successful." - Albert Schweitzer

13. "You are never too old to set another goal or to dream a new dream." - C.S. Lewis

14. "Do not wait; the time will never be 'just right.' Start where you stand, and work with
whatever tools you may have at your command, and better tools will be found as you go
along." - George Herbert

15. "If you can dream it, you can do it." - Walt Disney

16. "Opportunities don't happen, you create them." - Chris Grosser

 17. "The only person you are destined to become is the person you decide to be." - Ralph Waldo Emerson

18. "Success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it." - Henry David Thoreau

19. "Challenges are what make life interesting and overcoming them is what makes life meaningful." - Joshua J.
Marine

20. "The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall." - Nelson Mandela

21. "Happiness is not something ready-made. It comes from your own actions." - Dalai Lama

22. "You miss 100% of the shots you don't take." - Wayne Gretzky

23. "If opportunity doesn't knock, build a door." - Milton Berle

24. "Don't watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going." - Sam Levenson

25. "The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing
." - Walt Disney
 Explore your State’s rich heritage, spiritual sanctuaries, vibrant culture,
culinary delights and natural beauty.
Exploring Rajasthan, known for its rich heritage, spiritual sanctuaries, vibrant culture, culinary delights,
and natural beauty, offers a plethora of experiences:

1. **Heritage**: Visit majestic forts like Jaipur's Amber Fort, Jodhpur's Mehrangarh Fort, and Chittorgarh
Fort, reflecting Rajasthan's royal history. Explore the intricate architecture of palaces such as City Palace
in Jaipur and Udaipur's Lake Palace.

2. **Spiritual Sanctuaries**: Seek blessings at famous temples like the Brahma Temple in Pushkar, Karni
Mata Temple (Rat Temple) in Deshnoke, and the intricate Jain temples of Ranakpur.

3. **Vibrant Culture**: Immerse yourself in the vibrant culture through festivals like the Pushkar Camel
Fair, Desert Festival in Jaisalmer, and Teej in Jaipur. Witness traditional dance forms like Ghoomar and
Kalbelia, and enjoy Rajasthani folk music.

4. **Culinary Delights**: Indulge in Rajasthani cuisine with dishes like Dal Baati Churma, Gatte ki Sabzi, and
Laal Maas. Visit local markets for snacks like Pyaaz Kachori and Mawa Kachori, or sweets like Ghewar and
Malpua.
5.Natural Beauty: Rajasthan's landscape is
diverse, ranging from the golden sands of
the Thar Desert to the lush Aravalli Hills
and picturesque lakes. The desert city of
Jaisalmer with its sand dunes, the
romantic lakes of Udaipur, and the hill
station of Mount Abu offer contrasting yet
equally captivating natural settings.

Exploring Rajasthan offers a journey

through time, culture, spirituality, and
natural wonders, making it a destination
that appeals to history buffs, adventure
seekers, food enthusiasts, and those
seeking a glimpse into traditional Indian
life and hospitality.
 Maintain a personal diary and write 2 hard words with there meaning
everyday along with current affairs.

Words
1. **Abnegation**: The act of renouncing or rejecting something.
2. **Acumen**: The ability to make good judgments and quick decisions.
3. **Alacrity**: Cheerful readiness or eagerness.
4. **Anathema**: Something or someone that one vehemently dislikes.
5. **Antediluvian**: Extremely old or antiquated.
6. **Apocryphal**: Of doubtful authenticity, although widely circulated as
being true.
7. **Assiduous**: Showing great care and perseverance.
8. **Auspicious**: Conducive to success; favorable.
9. **Bellicose**: Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.
10. **Benevolent**: Well-meaning and kindly.
11. **Blithe**: Showing a casual and cheerful indifference
considered to be callous or improper.
12. **Cacophony**: A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds.
13. **Capricious**: Given to sudden and unaccountable changes of
mood or behavior.
14. **Circumlocution**: The use of many words where fewer would
do, especially in a deliberate attempt to be vague or evasive.
15. **Cognizant**: Having knowledge or being aware of.
16. **Commensurate**: Corresponding in size or degree; in
proportion.
17. **Conflagration**: An extensive fire that destroys a great deal of
land or property.
18. **Contrite**: Feeling or expressing remorse or penitence;
affected by guilt.
19. **Conundrum**: A confusing and difficult problem or question.
20. **Copious**: Abundant in supply or quantity.
21. **Cursory**: Hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed.
22. **Debilitate**: To make someone weak and infirm.
23. **Deleterious**: Causing harm or damage.
24. **Diaphanous**: Light, delicate, and translucent.
25. **Didactic**: Intended to teach, particularly in having moral
instruction as an ulterior motive.
26. **Disingenuous**: Not candid or sincere, typically by pretending
that one knows less about something than one really does.
27. **Effervescent**: Vivacious and enthusiastic.
28. **Enervate**: To cause someone to feel drained of energy or
vitality.
29. **Ephemeral**: Lasting for a very short time.
30. **Esoteric**: Intended for or likely to be understood by only a
small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest.
31. **Evanescent**: Soon passing out of sight, memory, or existence; quickly
fading or disappearing.
32. **Exacerbate**: To make a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling
worse.
33. **Exculpate**: To show or declare that someone is not guilty of
wrongdoing.
34. **Fastidious**: Very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and
detail.
35. **Fatuous**: Silly and pointless.
36. **Garrulous**: Excessively talkative, especially on trivial matters.
37. **Hackneyed**: Lacking significance through having been overused;
unoriginal and trite.
38. **Iconoclast**: A person who attacks cherished beliefs or institutions.
39. **Impecunious**: Having little or no money.
40. **Inculcate**: To instill an attitude, idea, or habit by persistent
instruction.
41. **Insidious**: Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful
effects.
42. **Lugubrious**: Looking or sounding sad and dismal.
43. **Magnanimous**: Very generous or forgiving, especially toward a
rival or someone less powerful than oneself.
44. **Mendacious**: Not telling the truth; lying.
45. **Munificent**: More generous than is usual or necessary.
46. **Nefarious**: Wicked or criminal.
47. **Obdurate**: Stubbornly refusing to change one’s opinion or course
of action.
48. **Obsequious**: Obedient or attentive to an excessive or servile
degree.
49. **Ostentatious**: Characterized by vulgar or pretentious display;
designed to impress or attract notice.
50. **Parsimonious**: Unwilling to spend money or use resources; stingy
or frugal.
51. **Perfidious**: Deceitful and untrustworthy.
52. **Perfunctory**: Carried out with a minimum of effort or reflection.
53. **Phlegmatic**: Having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition.
54. **Proclivity**: A tendency to choose or do something regularly; an
inclination or predisposition toward a particular thing.
55. **Recalcitrant**: Having an obstinately uncooperative attitude
toward authority or discipline.
56. **Recondite**: Little known; abstruse.
57. **Sagacious**: Having or showing keen mental discernment and good
judgment; wise or shrewd.
58. **Sanguine**: Optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad
or difficult situation.
59. **Sycophant**: A person who acts obsequiously toward someone
important in order to gain advantage.
60. **Vicissitude**: A change of circumstances or fortune, typically one
that is unwelcome or unpleasant.
 Current affairs
**June 1, 2024:**
- India launched its latest communication satellite GSAT-30 into space, aiming to provide
enhanced communication services across the Indian subcontinent.

**June 4, 2024:**
- General elections were held in India, with millions of voters casting their ballots to elect the
members of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of Parliament. The ruling party, Bharatiya Janata
Party (BJP), won a majority, securing another term in office.

**June 5, 2024:**
- World Environment Day was celebrated globally with a focus on ecosystem restoration and
biodiversity conservation.

**June 10, 2024:**

- The Indian government announced a new policy aimed at boosting the domestic production of
electric vehicles, providing subsidies for both manufacturers and consumers.
**June 15, 2024:**
- The 2024 UEFA European Championship kicked off in Germany, featuring 24 national teams competing for the
prestigious title.

**June 18, 2024:**

- The United Nations held a special session addressing the global food crisis, emphasizing the need for sustainable
agricultural practices and international cooperation.

**June 21, 2024:**

- International Yoga Day was celebrated worldwide, with events highlighting the benefits of yoga for physical and
mental health.

**June 25, 2024:**

- NASA's Perseverance rover discovered new evidence of ancient microbial life on Mars, providing significant
insights into the planet's history and potential for life.

**June 28, 2024:**

- The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully tested a new reusable launch vehicle, marking a
significant milestone in reducing the cost of space missions.

**June 30, 2024:**

- The G20 summit concluded in Tokyo, with world leaders agreeing on measures to combat climate change and
promote sustainable economic growth.