A 40 MW SOLAR POWER PLANT IN FORTUNE,

MARIKINA CITY, PHILIPPINES

PERFORMANCE INNOVATIVE TASK

Presented to the
Department of Mechanical Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
University of Science of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

In Partial fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by:
Rocky Quieta
Rey Stephen Ramos
Zie Rizon
Jay-m T. Sumagang

Submitted to:
Engr. Nelson T. Corbita Jr.
Instructor

January 2024
 Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1
II. SITE LOCATION AND COMMUNITY..................................................................3
2.1 Municipality..........................................................................................................3
2.3 Demographics.......................................................................................................5
2.3.1 Population......................................................................................................5
2.3.2 Historical Population.....................................................................................5
2.4 Geography.........................................................................................................6
III. Community Electrical Load Calculation..................................................................7
3.1 Community Population.........................................................................................7
3.2 Load Estimation of Nearby Community...............................................................8
3.3 Electrical Load Calculation of Nearby Community...........................................10
IV. Solar Energy Calculation........................................................................................12
4.1 System Sizing.....................................................................................................12
4.2 Inverter................................................................................................................13
4.3 Battery.................................................................................................................14
4.3.1 Required Battery Capacity...........................................................................14
4.4 Charge Controller...............................................................................................15
4.5 Cable Sizing........................................................................................................15
4.5.1 PV Array and Charge Controller Cable.......................................................15
4.5.2 Charge Controller and Battery Cable..........................................................15
4.5.3 Battery Bank and Inverter Cable.................................................................16
V. Solar Farm Design....................................................................................................17
VI. Maintenance Schedule............................................................................................30
6.1 Monitoring..........................................................................................................30
6.2 Corrective Maintenance......................................................................................30
6.3 Preventive Maintenance......................................................................................30
References.....................................................................................................................32
 List of Figures

Figure 2.1: Marikina City...............................................................................................4

Figure 2.2: Location of the Solar Power Plant...............................................................4
Figure 2.3: Household population growth of Brgy. Fortune, Marikina City..................5
Figure 2.4: Population growth of Brgy. Fortune, Marikina City....................................6
Figure 3.1: Population Data of Marikina City................................................................7
Figure 3.2: Households and Summary Data of Brgy. Fortune, Marikina City...............8
Figure 3.3: Electricity Demand in Marikina City (2013).............................................10
Figure 4.1: Solar Panels................................................................................................12
Figure 5.1: Project Summary........................................................................................17
Figure 5.2: System Summary.......................................................................................17
Figure 5.3: Result Summary.........................................................................................17
Figure 5.4: PV Array Characteristics............................................................................23
Figure 5.5: Array Losses..............................................................................................24
Figure 5.6: Near Shading Parameter.............................................................................25
Figure 5.7: Main Results..............................................................................................26
Figure 5.8: Loss Diagram.............................................................................................27

List of Tables

Table 3.1: Summary Data of Marikina City...................................................................8

Table 3.2: Average daily consumption rate....................................................................9
Table 6.3: Preventive Maintenance Schedule...............................................................29
 1

I. INTRODUCTION

Solar energy is a great renewable energy source that can help the Philippines
achieve sustainable development. The Philippines is a developing country with a
rapidly expanding population and economy, which leads to a growing demand for
energy. However, the current energy supply is largely dependent on fossil fuels,
which are non-renewable, polluting, and contribute to climate change. Fossil fuels
also pose various challenges for the Philippines, such as high import costs, price
volatility, and energy security risks (Maka & Alabid, 2022). Therefore, there is a need
to explore alternative sources of energy that are clean, renewable, and sustainable.
One of the most promising options is solar energy, which harnesses the abundant and
free sunlight that the Philippines receives throughout the year (Linquip, 2022).

Solar energy uses photovoltaic (PV) cells to convert sunlight into electricity. It
has many advantages over fossil fuels, such as low greenhouse gas emissions, low
maintenance costs, and high potential for distributed generation (Khan et al., 2020).
Solar energy is characterized by its abundance and environmental friendliness. It
stands out as a prominent renewable resource. Unlike wind energy, solar power
exhibits fewer or no moving parts, reducing the risk of damage and demanding
minimal maintenance, thereby enhancing reliability. With silent operation, swift
installation, and an approximate 25-year warranty, solar energy offers various benefits
(Stutz et al., 2017). However, solar energy also faces some challenges, such as the
variability of solar irradiance, the impact of environmental factors on PV
performance, and the integration of solar power into the grid (Singh et al., 2019).

A solar power plant, also known as a solar farm or solar facility, serves as a
specialized infrastructure designed to harness the sun's energy and convert it into
electricity. The fundamental components of such plants are solar panels, typically
crafted from photovoltaic cells, which play a pivotal role in the conversion of sunlight
into electrical power. These solar panels can be found in various settings, ranging
from smaller installations on rooftops to expansive solar farms spanning vast stretches
of land. The overarching goal is to generate electricity that can be utilized to power
homes, businesses, or seamlessly integrated into the broader electrical grid.

The significance of solar power plants lies in their contribution to the

production of clean and renewable energy. By leveraging the sun's abundant and
sustainable power,
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these plants play a crucial role in diminishing reliance on traditional fossil fuels. This
shift towards solar energy helps mitigate environmental impacts associated with
conventional power generation methods, contributing to a more sustainable and
ecologically responsible energy landscape. As solar technology advances, these power
plants represent a key element in the global pursuit of cleaner energy sources and a
more environmentally conscious approach to meeting the world's growing energy
needs.

This study aims to develop a solar farm design that addresses the energy needs
of the neighboring community. The focus involves a comprehensive analysis of
factors such as energy efficiency, scalability, and environmental sustainability to
ensure that the proposed solar farm not only satisfies current demands but also allows
for future expansion. The study strives to integrate cutting-edge technologies and
inventive planning strategies to optimize both energy production and distribution,
with a key emphasis on the reliability and resilience of the solar farm. Through a
detailed exploration of design considerations, this research seeks to provide practical
insights and solutions for creating a solar facility that effectively meets the energy
requirements of the local community in a sustainable and socially responsible manner.
 3

II. SITE LOCATION AND COMMUNITY

2.1 Municipality

Marikina, a lively city in Metro Manila, Philippines, sits just 21

kilometers east of the bustling capital, Manila. Home to around 456,059
residents, Marikina has a rich history of growth and change that spans many
years. The city's development was influenced by both local industry and the
skills of early Chinese settlers. The vast farms in the Marikina Valley became
well-known, turning into some of the most valuable haciendas in the
Philippines. In the 20th century, Marikina gained fame as a hub for skilled
shoemakers, earning the title of the "Shoe Capital of the Philippines." The city
achieved city status officially in 1996, marking a significant step forward in its
rapid progress and commitment to advancement.

Today, Marikina stands as a modern metropolitan city known for its

strong business environment, a highly skilled workforce, and effective local
governance. It has two congressional districts, solidifying its status as a city
and paving the way for even more growth. As the city continues to flourish,
there's a growing need for sustainable energy solutions like solar power. The
increasing population and thriving industrial and commercial sectors in
Marikina have led to a rise in energy demands. To meet these demands,
forward-thinking companies have taken the lead by installing solar panels on
their buildings, tapping into the sun's power to meet their energy needs.

This move towards solar power reflects a broader commitment to

sustainability and innovation in Marikina. By harnessing the abundant
sunlight, businesses contribute to a cleaner and more energy-efficient future
for the city. The adoption of solar technologies aligns with Marikina's ongoing
journey of progress, making it not just a historic city but also a forward-
looking and environmentally conscious urban center.
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Figure 2.1 Marikina City

2.2 Plant Location

A solar power facility, projected to cover 5.01 hectares, is planned for

installation on an empty plot situated at Fortune Ave, C.M. Recto St, Manila.
This location falls within the barangay of Fortune, part of Marikina City,
which had a population of 38,624 according to the 2020 Census, making up
8.47% of Marikina's total population. The average elevation of Fortune stands
at 31.6 meters (103.7 feet) above sea level.

Figure 2.2: Location of the Solar Power Plant

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2.3 Demographics

2.3.1 Population
Brgy. Fortune is part of Marikina and covers about 8.68% of the
city's total area, which is roughly 2 square kilometers. According to the
2020 Census, Fortune's population stood at 38,624, making up 8.47%
of Marikina's total residents. This suggests a notable concentration of
people, with an approximate density of 19,312 individuals per square
kilometer. In the 2015 Census, Fortune had a household population of
36,123, spread across 7,965 households, averaging around 4.54
members per household.

Figure 2.3 Househould population growth of Brgy. Fortune, Marikina City

2.3.2 Historical Population

The population of Fortune grew from 34,111 in 2007 to 38,624
in 2020, an increase of 4,513 people over the course of 13 years. The
latest census figures in 2020 denote a positive growth rate of 1.41%, or
an increase of 2,482 people, from the previous population of 36,142 in
2015.
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Figure 2.4 Population growth of Brgy. Fortune, Marikina City

2.4 Geography
Marikina, situated in a scenic valley surrounded by mountains and
traversed by a river, is one of the 16 cities and municipalities that make up
Metro Manila. It's roughly 21 kilometers from Manila, located between 14°
35' latitude and 14° 41' longitude. Marikina spans around 2,150 hectares,
accounting for about 3.42% of Metro Manila's total land area. Currently, the
city consists of 16 barangays.
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III. Community Electrical Load Calculation

3.1 Community Population

According to the 2020 Census, the population of the Marikina City is 456,059,
which makes up 3.38% of the total population of the National Capital Region. The
city covers a land area of 21.52 square kilometers or 8.31 square miles, resulting in a
high population density of 21,192 inhabitants per square kilometer or 54,881
inhabitants per square mile. Marikina composed of 16 Barangays which is shown in
the table below.

Figure 3.1 Population Data of Marikina City

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Table 3.1 Summary Data of Marikina City

MARIKINA CITY SUMMARY DATA (2020) CENSUS
Total 456,059
Density 21,192 / km2 (54,881 / sq mi)
Area 21.52 km2 (8.31 sq mi)
Households 98,238

The table provides a summary of data for Marikina City based on the 2020
census. It includes information such as the total population, population density, land
area, and the number of households in the city. Marikina City had a total population
of 456,059 people living in an area of 21.52 square kilometers, with a high population
density of 21,192 people per square kilometer. There were 98,238 households in the
city.

3.2 Load Estimation of Nearby Community

According to the PhilAtlas, Fortune is a barangay in the city of Marikina. Its
population as determined by the 2020 Census was 38,624. This represented 8.47% of
the total population of Marikina. The household population of Fortune in the 2015
Census was 36,123 broken down into 7,965 households or an average of 4.54
members per household.

Figure 3.2 Households and Summary Data of Brgy. Fortune, Marikina City
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Appliances Quantity Watt Time Used Total

(W) (hr) (kwh)
Microwave 1 4000 1 4000

Air conditioner 2 15 000 8 80, 000

Rice cooker 2 2, 800 3 21, 000

Electric water heater 2 10, 000 2 16, 000

Washing machine 1 690 2 1, 380

Television 3 550 6 2, 100

Desktop computer 2 2, 400 5 12,000

Electric fan 3 2500 5 12, 000

Refrigerator 1 700 24 16, 800

Radio 1 25 2 50

Flat iron 1 1, 400 2 2,800

Light bulb 6 100 10 1, 000

Other appliances 5 80, 000 3 180, 000

Laundry dryer 1 4, 780 2 9, 560

Electric kettle 1 2000 1 2, 000

Electric Stove 1 5000 3 15 000

Vacuum cleaner 1 6000 4 24, 000

Table 3.2 Average daily consumption rate of common household appliances in Brgy.
Fortune
 10

Total watthour per day: 492 790 watts/day

Table 3.2 presents the average daily consumption rates of various household
appliances in Barangay Fortune, showcasing the quantity, wattage, hours of use, and
total energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh) per day, with a cumulative daily
consumption of 492,790 watts or 492.79 kWh.

3.3 Electrical Load Calculation of Nearby Community

According to the Shell Scenarios of City Resilience Study, the energy demand
in Marikina City with an average household electricity consumption of 1,868 kWh/yr,
which is high compared to the Philippines average of 1,150 kWh/yr, and small
compared to a global overage of 3,336 kWh/yr. However, the total electricity demand
of Marikina City is 337 GWh/yr.

Figure 3.3 Electricity Demand in Marikina City (2013).

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 = 7, 965

492.79 kWh/day
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑥 7, 965 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠
1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟑 𝟗𝟐𝟓 𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑾𝒉/𝒅𝒂𝒚

For Average Load

kWh of
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
energy no. of
hours
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
3 925 072 𝑘𝑊ℎ
24 hrs
 11

𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝟓𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟏𝟑 𝒌𝑾

For Load Factor
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

Where,
GWh 1 yr
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 337 𝑥 1 day (assuming for non-leap year)
yr 365 days 𝑥 24 hrs

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0.03847 𝐺𝑊 = 38.47 MW

Thus,

163 544.6813 𝑘𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
38 470 kW
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟓 ≈ 𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟐%

For Estimated Demand

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 163.545 𝑀𝑊
4.25
𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟖 𝑴𝑾

Therefore, the total estimated demand in Brgy. Fortune, Marikina City is 38.48 MW.
 12

IV. Solar Energy Calculation

4.1 System Sizing

System sizing is a crucial aspect of solar farm design and construction,
determining the number and type of solar panels, inverters, and other components to
meet energy production goals. It ensures optimal energy production, cost efficiency,
longevity and durability, grid compatibility, and land use efficiency. Factors such as
power rating, sunlight availability, and system efficiency must be considered. Over-
sizing can lead to unnecessary costs, while under-sizing can result in lower returns on
investment. Proper system sizing is essential for a successful solar farm.

Figure 4.1: Solar Panels

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PV Module
Model LX-720-M-210-132-GG-Bifacial
Unit Nominal Power 720 Wp
Number of PV modules 55440 units
Nominal Power 39.32 MWp
Optimizer Array 3080 Strings x 18 In series
At Operating Conditions (50°C)
Pmpp 37.55 MWp
Umpp 725 V
Impp 51770 A

The data presented is a simulation of the PV model LX-720-M-210-132-GG-

Bifacial designed to generate a 39.92 MW power output, it determined to utilize
55,440 units of PV modules to generate the required power. The simulations
demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of the chosen model.

4.2 Inverter
Inverters play a crucial role in PV systems by converting the DC power
generated by solar panels into AC power suitable for grid connection or standalone
applications. The choice of inverter topology and modulation strategy directly impacts
system efficiency, cost, and performance (Jamal et al, 2022).

Inverter
Model SUN2000-50KTL-ZHM3-380V
Unit Nominal Power 30.0 kWac
Number of Inverters 616 units
Total Power 30800
Operating Voltage kWac 200-
1000V

The data given includes a full simulation performed with the SUN2000-
50KTL- ZHM3-380V inverter model. This particular inverter was chosen
purposefully to
 14

support the significant power output of 39.92 megawatts generated by the

Photovoltaic (PV) modules. The simulation found that a total of 616 units of the
SUN2000-50KTL- ZHM3-380V inverter are required to efficiently manage and
harness the produced electricity.

4.3 Battery
Because of its greater DoD and environmental friendliness, lithium-ion
batteries are suitable for solar storage. Tesla is in the forefront of developing these
batteries for their electric vehicles, making them cheaper. They emit no harmful gases
and are simpler to install and maintain. For almost a century, wet-cell, gel-cell, and
AGM (absorbed glass mat) lead-acid batteries have been utilized in solar systems.
Wet-cell deep cycle batteries are ideal for solar systems because they provide stable
storage at a reduced cost. However, they must be refilled on a regular basis to prevent
electrolyte evaporation when charging. AGM and gel-cell batteries need less
maintenance, but they are more costly and have a shorter battery life. When compared
to lithium-ion batteries, lead-acid batteries have a lower battery life and a 60% DoD.

Deep cycle batteries are recommended for use in solar PV systems. Deep
cycle batteries are specially intended to be drained to a low energy level and quickly
recharged, or to be cycle charged and discharged day after day for years. The battery
must also be large enough to store sufficient energy to power the appliances
throughout the night and on cloudy days.

4.3.1 Required Battery Capacity

= Daily Energy Consumption x Days of Autonomy / Depth of Discharge

Assuming that the days of autonomy is 3 days and the batteries have a DoD of
80%.

= [3925.072 MWh/day (3 days)] / 0.8

Required Battery Capacity = 14719.02 MWh

 15

4.4 Charge Controller

A charge controller is a device that manages voltage and current to prevent
overcharging and over-discharging of solar batteries. Its primary function is to
safeguard the battery and extend its life while preserving solar system efficiency.
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) and MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) are
the two most used charge controller methods. MPPT controllers are more expensive
but have the potential to increase solar array performance, whereas PWM controllers
can lengthen the life of the battery bank but may result in lower solar panel
performance.

4.5 Cable Sizing

Solar cable size is critical for the operation and safety of a photovoltaic (PV)
system. DC solar cables, solar DC main cables, and solar AC connecting cables are
the three primary varieties. Incorrect cable size can result in drops in voltage and
power loss.

4.5.1 PV Array and Charge Controller Cable

Voltage drop does not exceed 4% in AC and DC wiring. Thus,
we assume that voltage drop is at least 0.04.

𝑉𝑑 = 0.04𝑉𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 = 0.04(725 V) = 29𝑉

Assuming that the cable length is 1m and copper wire resistivity of 1.724x10-8
Ω ⋅m.

2𝑝𝐿𝐼 2(1.724x10−8 Ω ⋅𝑚)(1)(51770)

𝐴= 𝑉𝑑 = 29

𝐴 = 6.155 𝑥10−6𝑚2 = 61.55 𝑚𝑚2

The copper wire in used in the cable between the PV array and charge
controller must have a 61.55 mm2 cross sectional area or a diameter of 8.85
mm.

4.5.2 Charge Controller and Battery Cable

Assuming that the cable length is 5m, the rated current is 5000 amps, and
resistivity of 1.724x10-8 Ω ⋅m.
 16

2𝑝𝐿𝐼 2(1.724x10−8 Ω ⋅𝑚)(5)(5000)

𝐴= 𝑉𝑑 = 29 = 2.972𝑥10−5𝑚2 = 29.72𝑚𝑚2

The copper wire in used in the cable between the PV array and charge
controller must have a 29.72 mm2 cross sectional area or a diameter of 6.15
mm.

4.5.3 Battery Bank and Inverter Cable

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

30800𝑥103𝑊
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 30800 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠
1000𝑉
Assuming that the cable length is 10m and copper wire resistivity of 1.724x10-
8
Ω ⋅m.

2𝑝𝐿𝐼 2(1.724x10
−8
Ω ⋅ 𝑚)(10)(30800)
𝐴= = = 3.662𝑥10−4𝑚2 = 366.2𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑑 29

The copper wire in used in the cable between the PV array and charge
controller must have a 366.2 mm2 cross sectional area or a diameter of 21.60
mm.
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V. Solar Farm Design

In this part shows the detailed design and drawing of the solar farm including the
type of PV modules, Frame support used, Connection details, and other relevant
components.

The Solar Plant Farm will be at Fortune, Marikina City, Philippines. In the
beginning stages of planning for a 40 MW PV power plant, it is crucial to carefully
choose the technology that will be utilized. Here are the Summary from the simulation
in PVsyst.

Figure 5.1: Project Summary

Figure 5.2: System Summary

Figure 5.3: Result Summary

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In the Systems PV Field Orientation, the solar panels are tilted at an angle of
25 degrees, and their azimuth angle is set at 0 degrees. The system comprises a total
of 55,440 units of modules, collectively providing a nominal power output of 39.92
MW. The inverters in this setup consist of 616 units, generating a nominal power of
30.60 MWac. These inverters maintain a nominal ratio of 1.296 between AC and DC
current.

The solar panel tilt and azimuth angle, along with the substantial number of
modules and inverters, contribute to the overall efficiency and power output of the
system. With a careful alignment and configuration, this solar power setup aims to
harness maximum energy from the sun to meet the demands of the intended
application.
19
20
21
22
23
 24

Figure 5.4: PV Array Characteristics

In this solar plant, the chosen PV module from the PVsyst database is the
Luxor model LX-720-M-210-132-GG-Bifacial, boasting a nominal power of 720
Watts. The utilization of bifacial solar panels in this system offers distinct advantages
over conventional ones. These special panels can generate power not only from their
front side but also from their back side, significantly enhancing the overall energy
production. Furthermore, their durability is notable since both sides can withstand UV
rays, and concerns related to potential-induced degradation (PID) are minimized,
especially when the bifacial module lacks a frame. This resilience contributes to a
more reliable and efficient solar power system.

With a cumulative total of 55,440 units, each equipped with the 720-watt
Luxor module, the solar plant achieves a remarkable nominal power of 39.92 MW at
Standard Test Conditions. This substantial power output, coupled with the benefits of
bifacial technology, not only maximizes energy generation but also optimizes the use
of available space, potentially reducing balance of system (BOS) costs. The strategic
choice of the Luxor bifacial module reflects an approach that prioritizes both
performance and efficiency in harnessing solar energy for this particular installation.

The group used optimizer to get the most energy from a solar power system,
we use something called Module Level Power Electronics (MLPE). These are
added to
 25

solar panel setups to ensure that each panel produces the most energy it can. It's like
giving each solar panel a boost so that they work at their highest efficiency. The
optimizer is from the Huawei, the model is MERC-1300W-P, and has a nominal
power of 1300 Watts.

In the context of the solar plant's inverter system, the PVsyst database
specifies the utilization of Huawei Technologies' SUN2000-50KTL-ZHM3-380V
model, featuring a nominal power of 50 kWac. This inverter model is employed
across the entire solar plant, with a total of 616 units collectively contributing to a
substantial power output of 30,800 kWac. Operating within a voltage range of 200-
1000 volts, this inverter is designed for efficiency across various conditions. Notably,
the SUN2000- 50KTL-ZHM3-380V exhibits an impressive maximum power
capability of 33,800 kWac, showcasing its capacity to handle peak loads effectively.
Additionally, the inverter maintains a nominal ratio of 1.3, indicating a balanced and
efficient conversion between DC and AC power.

The adoption of the Huawei Technologies inverter underscores a commitment

to reliable and high-performance components within the solar plant's infrastructure. The
collective power output, versatile voltage range, and optimal conversion efficiency of
the SUN2000-50KTL-ZHM3-380V contribute to the overall effectiveness of the solar
energy generation system, ensuring that the harvested energy is efficiently converted
and ready for utilization.

Figure 5.5: Array Losses

The figure illustrates various components contributing to the overall loss
factor in the solar energy system. These factors encompass thermal losses, DC wiring
losses, module quality losses, module mismatch losses, and the IAM (incidence angle
modifier) loss factor. Each of these elements plays a role in diminishing the system's
 26

efficiency, reflecting the complex interplay of factors that can impact the performance
of the solar installation. Understanding and addressing these specific loss factors is
crucial for optimizing the system's overall energy output and ensuring the efficiency
of the entire photovoltaic setup.

Figure 5.6: Near Shading Parameter

The figure depicts the Near Shading Parameters, providing insight into the
perspective of the PV field and its surrounding shading zone. This visualization is
essential for understanding how shadows cast by nearby objects or structures may
affect the solar panels. The Near Shading Parameters offer a comprehensive view of
the shading dynamics, helping to assess potential obstructions and their impact on the
efficiency of the photovoltaic field. By considering these parameters, solar system
designers and operators can make informed decisions to optimize the placement and
arrangement of solar panels, ensuring maximum exposure to sunlight and,
consequently, enhancing overall energy production.
 27

Figure 5.7: Main Results

The figure above gives us the key outcomes of simulating the 40-megawatt
Solar Power Plant. One noticeable detail is the Normalized Production, which
indicates that the month of March stands out for having the highest Produced Power.
This means that, during March, the solar plant generated the most electricity
compared to other months. Additionally, the Performance Ratio remains the same
across all months, suggesting a consistent efficiency in converting sunlight into
electricity throughout the year. The figure also provides Balances and Main Results of
the Simulation, offering a comprehensive overview of how well the solar power plant
performs in various aspects.
 28

This information helps us understand the overall effectiveness and reliability of the
solar energy generation system.

The figure below provides a Loss diagram for the 40-megawatt Solar Power
Plant, giving us a breakdown of the various percentage losses in the energy
conversion process. It starts with losses from Global Horizontal Irradiation,
showcasing how much sunlight is lost before reaching the solar panels. Moving down,
we see losses at the Global Incident Plane, indicating further reduction as sunlight
interacts with the panels. The diagram then shows losses at the Effective Irradiation
on collectors, the array nominal energy at standard test conditions, and the array
virtual energy at Maximum Power Point (MPP), illustrating losses at different stages
of the energy generation process. Finally, it concludes with the Available Energy at
inverter output and the Energy injected into the grid, offering a comprehensive view
of how much energy is effectively harnessed and utilized by the solar power plant.
 29

Figure 5.8: Loss Diagram

Understanding this Loss diagram is crucial for assessing the overall efficiency
of the solar plant and pinpointing areas where improvements can be made to enhance
energy output. By addressing specific stages of loss, operators can work towards
optimizing the performance of the solar power plant and maximizing the amount of
electricity injected into the grid.
 30

VI. Maintenance Schedule

Maintaining a solar energy system in place is crucial for its efficiency, safety,
and cost-effectiveness. Without proper maintenance, critical repairs may increase
daily cost, affecting revenue generation. A well-maintained system extends the life of
the solar installation, reduces operational costs, and mitigates hazardous events.

6.1 Monitoring
Monitoring solar output performance is critical for detecting unusual patterns,
setting alarms, and diagnosing problems in real time. This is useful in maintenance
planning and guarantees proper billing. If performance concerns arise, automated
monitoring software may set off alarms, giving insight into possible downtime and
minimizing structural dangers. Monitoring is done at all times and usually involves
visual inspection on the systems and monitoring devices. If issues are discovered in
the system or a component fails, then a corrective maintenance is required.

6.2 Corrective Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance involves a team visiting a system only when a fault
occurs, such as a panel, optimizer, inverter, or grid connection point. This inspection
can be conducted through a remote monitoring system or onsite inspection during
panel service. Corrective maintenance causes downtime in energy production and can
increase expenses.

6.3 Preventive Maintenance

Preventive maintenance for solar assets is a proactive strategy to ensure the
efficiency of solar panel setups. Regular cleanings, component replacements, and
repairs are performed to reduce the possibility of unplanned downtime. Dirt, algae,
and dust collection can reduce energy production if solar panels are not properly
maintained, thus solar farms require regular cleaning and maintenance. Routine
inspections, checking electrical connections, and adhering to manufacturer cleaning
and maintenance instructions are preventive actions that ensure long-term system
performance and safety.
 31

Table 6.3 Preventive Maintenance Schedule

Sub-system / Maintenance Action Frequency

Component
Site  Maintain Cleanliness (Remove accumulated Quarterly
debris within the site and under PV arrays)
 If array is shaded, trim the trees around
PV Modules  Cleaning Module (Remove accumulated dust Quarterly
and debris)
 Checking for Defects (Fractures, Yearly
browning, moisture penetration, frame
Corrosion)
 Verify Bypass Diodes
Wiring  Check Mechanical Integrity of Conduits Once every
 Check the insulation integrity of cables 5 years
that have been placed without a conduit
 Inspect Junction Boxes (Examine the Yearly
connection tightness, water buildup, and
the integrity of lid seals, conduit sealing,
and clamping devices.)
 Check if diodes are blocked
 Surge arresters for degradation
 Examine grounding system (Connection
tightness and corrosion)
Electrical  Measuring open circuit voltages Yearly
Characteristics  Measuring short circuit voltages
Protective  Check the integrity of fuses, operation of Yearly
Devices CB’s and RCD’s, operation of solar array
isolation device, and operation of earth
fault
protection system
Mounting  Examine the integrity and tightness of bolts Yearly
Structures and fastening devices
 Inspect for corrosion Once every
5 years
 32

References:

City, M. (n.d.). Marikina City. Www.marikina.gov.ph.

https://www.marikina.gov.ph/our-city
PhilAtlas. (2023). National Capital Region (NCR) Profile – PhilAtlas.
Www.philatlas.com. https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/ncr.html
Pickerel, K. (2018, April 2). What are bifacial solar modules and how do they
work? Solar Power World.
https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2018/04/what-are-bifacial-solar-
modules/
EnergySage. (n.d.). Why go solar: The benefits of solar.
https://www.energysage.com/solar/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-solar-
energy/

Fortune, Marikina Profile – PhilAtlas. (n.d.). Www.philatlas.com.

https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/ncr/marikina/fortune.html
Linquip. (2022). Advantages of solar energy and why you should switch into solar
panels. https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.linquip.com/blog/advantages-of-
solar-energy/

MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR SOLAR PANELS. (n.d.). Retrieved November 11,

2023, from https://tfasolar.com.au/wp-
content/uploads/2018/03/MAINTENANCE-SCHEDULE-FOR-SOLAR-
PANELS.pdf
Maka, A. O. M., & Alabid, J. M. (2022). Solar energy technology and its roles in
sustainable development. Clean Energy, 6(3), 476-483.

PhilAtlas. (n.d.). Marikina City Profile – PhilAtlas. Www.philatlas.com.

https://www.philatlas.com/luzon/ncr/marikina.html

Shell scenarios. Shell Global. (n.d.). https://www.shell.com/energy-and-

innovation/the-energy-future/scenarios.html
 33

Singh, A., Singh, S., & Singh, A. (2019). Effect of various parameters on the
performance of solar PV power plant: a review and the experimental study.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 107, 1-11.

Solar PV Maintenance: What you need to know. (n.d.). Jlanka Technologies.

Retrieved November 11, 2023, from https://www.jlanka.com/solar-pv-
maintenance-what-you-need-to- know/#:~:text=Preventive
%20Maintenance%20refers%20to%20activities
Stutz B, Le Pierres N, Kuznik F et al. Storage of thermal solar energy. C R Phys
2017;18:401–14

Wrinch, D. M. (2023, January 13). How to Create a Solar Farm Operations and
Maintenance Plan. Solar Magazine. https://solarmagazine.com/2023/01/how-
to-create-a-solar-farm-operations-and-maintenance-plan/
 A 40 MW WIND POWER PLANT IN
TUMANA, MARIKINA CITY, PHILIPPINES
1
 2

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Marikina City 6

Figure 2.2: Location of the Wind Power Plant 6
Figure 2.3 Househould population growth of Brgy. Tumana, Marikina City 7
Figure 2.4 Population growth of Brgy. Tumana, Marikina City 8
Figure 3.1 Population Data of Marikina City 9
Figure 3.2 Households and Summary Data of Brgy.Tumana, Marikina City 10

Figure 3.3 Electricity Demand in Marikina City (2013). 12

Figure 4.1 Main Components of a Wind Turbine 14

Figure 4.2: Wind Turbines 15

Figure 4.3 Yinhe GX113 Wind Turbine 17

List of Tables
Table 3.1 Summary Data of Marikina City 10
Table 3.2 Average daily consumption rate of household appliances 10
Table 6.1 Maintenance Schedule 28
 3

I. INTRODUCTION

The increasing global population is driving a surge in our energy

requirements, resulting in heightened greenhouse gas emissions and, in some regions,
difficulties in meeting energy demands. Projections from experts indicate a significant
50 percent rise in global energy needs by 2030. Overreliance on fossil fuels is
concerning due to its contribution to climate change (Induchoodan et al. 2022).
Recognizing the urgent need to address the growing energy demand, global energy
sectors are actively looking for alternatives to fossil fuels. The main challenge is to
increase energy generation to fill existing supply gaps. Adopting alternative energy
sources is not only essential to meet the rising demand but also represents a strategic
response to combat climate change and address environmental concerns. Wind farms
play a critical role in meeting the increasing demand for energy while reducing carbon
emissions. As the world continues to shift towards a cleaner and sustainable future,
wind energy stands out as a primary source of green energy. With advances in
technology and innovations in design, wind turbines are becoming more efficient,
affordable, and easier to install. Increasingly, nations across the world are adopting
wind power solutions to address energy needs and climate change.

Harnessing the power of wind to generate electricity, wind farms have

emerged as a promising alternative energy source. This form of renewable energy has
garnered significant attention in recent years due to its potential to alleviate the
impacts of climate change and decrease reliance on fossil fuels. Energy Agency
(IEA), renewable energy sources like wind and solar power have the potential to meet
up to two-thirds of global energy demand by 2050 (IEA, 2020). Wind power is a
crucial part of the renewable energy mix, and the installed capacity of wind power has
Wind farms are composed of strategically placed wind turbines in open areas,
capturing and converting the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical power.
Numerous studies emphasize the substantial potential of wind farms in meeting global
energy demands while concurrently reducing greenhouse gas emissions. According to
the International grown rapidly over the last decade, reaching 733 GW globally by the
end of 2020 (IRENA, 2021).

Additionally, the installation and utilization of wind farms provide numerous

benefits. Firstly, they produce clean energy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and
 4

mitigating climate change. According to a report by the World Health Organization

(WHO), transitioning to cleaner energy like wind power could help reduce global air
pollution levels by as much as a third (WHO, 2018). Secondly, wind farms are a cost-
effective energy solution, generating power at a lower cost than traditional fossil fuel
sources. A study by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) showed
that the leveled cost of wind energy had dropped by around 40% since 2010 and could
continue to decrease significantly in the coming years (IRENA, 2020). Finally, the
construction and operation of wind farms provide economic benefits, including job
creation and investments in local communities, boosting regional development. The
aim of this study is to design a wind farm that caters to the energy needs of the nearby
community. This involves a thorough examination of factors such as energy
efficiency, scalability, and environmental sustainability to ensure that the proposed
wind farm not only addresses current demands but also allows for future growth. The
research aims to incorporate advanced technologies and innovative planning strategies
to optimize both energy production and distribution, emphasizing the reliability and
resilience of the wind farm. By exploring the details of design considerations, this
investigation aims to provide practical insights and solutions for developing a wind
facility that efficiently caters to the energy requirements of the local community in a
sustainable and socially responsible manner.
 5

II. SITE LOCATION AND COMMUNITY

2.1 Municipality

Situated 21 kilometers east of Manila, Marikina is a dynamic city within

Metro Manila, Philippines, boasting a population of 456,059 residents. Over centuries,
Marikina has undergone extensive growth and transformation, driven by the fusion of
local industry and the expertise of early Chinese settlers. The expansive farms in the
Marikina Valley swiftly rose to prominence, becoming one of the Philippines' most
esteemed haciendas. In the 20th century, Marikina emerged as a hub for skilled
shoemakers, earning the distinguished title of the "Shoe Capital of the Philippines."
The year 1996 marked a pivotal moment as Marikina attained official city status,
signifying a substantial milestone in its rapid progress and dedication to development.
In the present day, Marikina stands as a modern and celebrated metropolitan city,
known for its robust business environment, highly skilled workforce, and effective
local governance. With two congressional districts, Marikina's identity as a city is
firmly established, providing a solid platform for ongoing growth. As Marikina
continues to transform into a thriving and dynamic urban center, the imperative for
the development and integration of solar power technologies becomes increasingly
apparent. The city's growing population, coupled with strong industrial and
commercial sectors, has led to a rising demand for energy. Forward-thinking
companies are taking proactive measures by installing photovoltaic panels on their
structures, harnessing solar power to meet their energy requirements.
 6

Figure 2.1 Marikina City

2.2 Plant Location

A wind farm facility is planned for installation on an empty plot

situated at Tumana, a part of Marikina City, which had a population of 43,239
according to the 2020 Census, making up 10.41% of Marikina's total
population. The average elevation of Fortune stands at 12.4 meters (40.7 feet)
above sea level.

Figure 2.2: Location of the Wind Power Plant

 7

2.3 Demographics

2.3.1 Population

Brgy. Tumana is part of Marikina and covers about 8.27% of the

city's total area, which is roughly 2 square kilometers. According to the
2020 Census, Fortune's population stood at 43,239, making up 10.41%
of Marikina's total residents. This suggests a notable concentration of
people, with an approximate density of 19,312 individuals per square
kilometer. In the 2015 Census, Fortune had a household population of
43,239 broken down into 9,816 averaging around 4.40 members per
household.

Figure 2.3 Househould population growth of Brgy. Tumana, Marikina City

 8

2.3.2 Historical Population

The population of Tumana grew from 39,628 in 2007 to 47,468 in 2020, an

increase of 7,840 people over the course of 13 years. The latest census figures in 2020
denote a positive growth rate of 1.98%, or an increase of 4,229 people, from the
previous population of 43,239 in 2015.

Figure 2.4 Population growth of Brgy. Tumana, Marikina City

2.4 Geography

Marikina is a city in Metro Manila, surrounded by mountains and a river. It's

about 21 kilometers from Manila and covers an area of around 2,150 hectares, making
up about 3.42% of Metro Manila. Currently, the city is divided into 16 barangays.
 9

III. Community Electrical Load Calculation

3.1 Community Population

According to the 2020 Census, the population of the Marikina City is 456,059,
which makes up 3.38% of the total population of the National Capital Region. The
city covers a land area of 21.52 square kilometers or 8.31 square miles, resulting in a
high population density of 21,192 inhabitants per square kilometer or 54,881
inhabitants per square mile. Marikina composed of 16 Barangays which is shown in
the table below.

Figure 3.1 Population Data of Marikina City

 10

Table 3.1 Summary Data of Marikina City

MARIKINA CITY SUMMARY DATA (2020) CENSUS
Total 456,059
Density 21,192 / km2 (54,881 / sq mi)
Area 21.52 km2 (8.31 sq mi)
Households 98,238
The table provides a summary of data for Marikina City based on the 2020
census. It includes information such as the total population, population density, land
area, and the number of households in the city. Marikina City had a total population
of 456,059 people living in an area of 21.52 square kilometers, with a high population
density of 21,192 people per square kilometer. There were 98,238 households in the
city.

3.2 Load Estimation of Nearby Community

According to the PhilAtlas, Tumana is a barangay in the city of Marikina. Its

population as determined by the 2020 Census was 47,468. This represented 10.41% of
the total population of Marikina. The household population of Brgy. Tumana in the
2015 Census was 43,239 broken down into 9,816 households or an average of 4.40
members per household.

Figure 3.2 Households and Summary Data of Brgy.Tumana , Marikina City

 11

Table 3.2 Average daily consumption rate of household appliances in Brgy. Tumana
Appliances Quantity Watt Time Used Total
(W) (hr) (Wh)
Microwave 1 4000 1 4000

Air conditioner 1 15,000 8 120,000

Rice cooker 3 2, 800 3 25,200

Electric water heater 1 10, 000 2 10,000

Washing machine 1 690 3 2070

Television 1 550 12 6,600

Desktop computer 1 2, 400 5 12,000

Electric fan 2 2500 5 12, 500

Refrigerator 1 700 24 16, 800

Radio 1 25 2 50

Flat iron 1 1, 400 3 4,200

Light bulb 3 100 10 1, 000

Other appliances 4 20, 000 3 60, 000

Electric kettle 1 2000 1 2, 000

Electric Stove 1 5000 4 20, 000

Total 296,420

Total watthour per day: 296, 420 watts/day

 12

Table 3.2 presents the average daily consumption rates of various household
appliances in Barangay Tumana, showcasing the quantity, wattage, hours of use, and
total energy consumption in kilowatt-hours (kWh) per day, with a cumulative daily
consumption of 296 420 watts or 296.42 kWh.

3.3 Electrical Load Calculation of Nearby Community

According to the Shell Scenarios of City Resilience Study, the energy demand
in Marikina City with an average household electricity consumption of 1,868 kWh/yr,
which is high compared to the Philippines average of 1,150 kWh/yr, and small
compared to a global overage of 3,336 kWh/yr. However, the total electricity demand
of Marikina City is 337 GWh/yr.

Figure 3.3 Electricity Demand in Marikina City (2013).

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 = 9,816

296.42 kWh/day
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑥 9,816 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠
1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐 𝟗𝟎𝟗 𝟔𝟓𝟖. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑾𝒉/𝒅𝒂𝒚

For Average Load

kWh of energy
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
no. of hours

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 2 909 658.72 𝑘𝑊ℎ

24 hrs
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏 𝟐𝟑𝟓. 𝟕𝟖 𝒌𝑾
 13

For Load Factor

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

Where,
GWh 1 yr
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 337 𝑥 1 day (assuming for non-leap year)
yr 365 days 𝑥 24 hrs

𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0.03847 𝐺𝑊 = 38.47 MW

Thus,

121 235.78 𝑘𝑊
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
38 470 kW
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 ≈ 𝟑𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟒 %

For Estimated Demand

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 121.236 𝑀𝑊
3.15
𝑬𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟖 𝑴𝑾

Therefore, the total estimated demand in Brgy, Tumana, Marikina City

is 38.48 MW.
 14

IV. Wind Energy Calculations

4.1 Wind Turbine Components

A wind turbine is made up of several key components: the rotor

(blades and hub), the drive train (generator), the main frame, the tower, the
foundation, and the control system. The rotor transfers wind power into
torque, which drives the generator. The generator type (typically induction or
synchronous) and rotor control mechanism (stall or pitch control) are
important factors to consider in hybrid energy systems. Rotor control protects
the turbine during high winds and regulates energy flow in hybrids. Pitch
control provides flexibility during startup and production adjustments
(Manwell, 2004).

Figure 4.1 Main Components of a Wind Turbine

Source: Manwell, 2004
 15

4.2 Wind Energy and Efficiency

The sun is the ultimate source of wind energy, although its availability
varies by region. Average wind speeds vary by season and are affected by
weather patterns and the time of day. Furthermore, some locations may have
periods of strong winds and will be followed by calmer days. For example, the
daily and monthly average wind speeds on a Massachusetts island exhibit
shows these type of wind fluctuations. Wind also shows short-term
fluctuations known as turbulence, which involves abrupt changes in speed and
direction that last from seconds to minutes. (Manwell, 2004).

Figure 4.2: Wind Turbines

The farm layout significantly influences wind farm efficiency and

turbine loads, as fluctuations in wind flow field increase fatigue and ultimate
loads due to wake velocity deficiency and turbulence. The load increase is
proportional to the distance to the wind turbine and wind speed, with the
relative load increase being greatest at lower wind speeds and smaller at
higher speeds. However, most wear damage and ultimate stresses on wind
turbine structures occur at high wind speeds, and wake effects are minor at
very high speeds. The maximum relative load increase occurs when ambient
turbulence is low, especially over water, and proper consideration of wake
effects is necessary for
 16

determining dynamic wind turbine loads during offshore wind farm operation
(Petersen & Madsen, 2004).

4.3 Wind Energy Calculations and Number of Turbines

Location : Brgy. Tumana, Marikina City,

Philippines Wind Speed : 7 m/s
Height : 80 meters

Turbine : Yinhe GX113, 2.5 MW Wind

Turbine Turbine Specifications:

90-meter rotor diameter, 10, 024 m² Swept Area, 7.0 m/s

Rated Wind Speed, and 2,500 kW Rated Power

Total Losses : 15% (Average from 10% to 20% total losses for a wind farm
site)

Available Wind Power

Assuming the air density is 1.225 kg/ m3.

7.0 𝑚 3
𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 0.5 × 𝜌 × 𝑣 × 𝐴 = 0.5 (1.225
3 ) ( ) (10,024 m2)
𝑚3 𝑠

𝑷𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐 𝑴𝑾

Energy Demand per Year

Annual Energy Demand = (38.48MW)(24 hours) (365 days)

𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟎𝟖𝟒. 𝟖 𝑴𝑾𝒉/𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓

 17

Net Energy Needs

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 337084.8 𝑀𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠 = =
1 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 1 − 0.15

𝑮𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑵𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒔 = 𝟑𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟕𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟑 𝑴𝑾𝒉/𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓

Figure 4.3 Yinhe GX113 Wind Turbine

From the Yinhe GX113 wind turbine power curve, the estimated
power is 491.50 kWh at a 7.0 m/s wind speed.

Turbine Annual Yield

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 491.5 𝑘𝑊 (24ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)(365𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠)

𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑨𝒏𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒀𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟒 𝑮𝑾𝒉/𝒚𝒆𝒂𝒓

Required Number of Turbines

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 38.48 𝑀𝑊

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 = =
𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 2.12 𝑀𝑊

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 ≈ 𝟏𝟗 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔

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Vestas proposes 3 hectares per V90 turbine to balance wake losses and land
utilization.

Required Land Area

𝐿𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒) = 19 (3 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠)

𝑳𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟓𝟕 𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔

Capacity Factor

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 337084.8 𝑀𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 396570.353 𝑀𝑊ℎ/𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝟖𝟓%

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V. WIND FARM DESIGN

In this chapter shows the detailed design and drawing of the wind farm including the
relevant components of a wind turbine.
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VI. Maintenance Schedule

Wind turbine maintenance involves the process of cleaning, lubrication,

inspection, and repair of wind turbines to keep it running smoothly and efficiently.
Some typical issues include worn bearings, damaged blades, and cracked gearboxes.
These issues are very simple to resolve, but regular maintenance is required to avoid
costly repairs in the future.

Bearings, the most expensive part, wear out over time, causing the turbine to
lose efficiency. Blade failures occur when blades break off, which is common with
composite materials. Gearbox failures occur when gears inside the gearbox wear
down, often due to steel's corrosion. And the heart of a wind turbine, generators,
which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy become worn and inefficient
over time.

To minimize downtime in wind power plants, preventive and predictive maintenance

strategies are adopted to prevent system failure.

6.1 Preventative Maintenance

Preventive maintenance is planned usually involving the tightening,

lubrication, filter changes, alignments, generator megging, and oil changes in
hydraulic groups and gearboxes of the wind turbine.

6.2 Predictive Maintenance

Predictive maintenance involves using sensors on key components to monitor

lubrication levels, vibration, temperatures, and foundation displacement. Technicians
use extensive checklists to perform various tasks, including inspecting electrical
cabinets, gearboxes, generators, yaw systems, brakes, blades, bolts, tower foundation,
oil and lubrication levels, drive train alignment, nacelle evaluation, ventilation, air
filters, shock absorbers, crack and corrosion repair, and bearing and connection
inspection. This prevents costly repairs and ensures the longevity of the wind turbine.
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Table 6.1 Maintenance Schedule

Sub-system / Maintenance Action Frequency
Component
Site – Inspect site cleanliness Regularly
– Inspect fences, guy wires, and anchor
points
Battery Box – Inspect trunking/cables leading to the Regularly
tower. – Check if the trunking is
concreted
Charger / Controller – Check if unit is set correcly Regularly
– Check if the charger connections are
clean and no corrosion
Wind Turbine – Check turbine blades 1 or 2 times per
– Inspect for any damages and year
discoloration
– Measure turbine charging
Equipment Board/Box – Measure the average amp Regularly
– Measure average voltage loss
– Inspect the exterior of building
– Check if brake relays and system
control brakes are properly working
Link repeaters and – Check if the links are tightly secured Regularly
Connectors – Check if all links have a good signal
and properly working
– Inspect for corrosion
Security Camera – Clean camera lens and position Regularly
Weather station – Examine weather station display Regularly
screen, anemometer, and weather vane
– Calibrate weather station
– Cleaning rain collector area
Lattice Guys / Flanges / – Inspect bolts and nuts Regularly
Webs – Check the conditions of the wires and
for any corrosion
 29

Tower / Lookout – Check the alignment of the nuts and Regularly

Platform bolts
Anodes – Check if anodes are properly working Regularly

Earthing – Check if earthing points are clean Regularly

– Inspect for rust and corrosion on all
earthing connections
– Check if all guy wires are earthed to
the ground
– Check if all the battery boxes earthed
to the ground with an earth rod?
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VII. REFERENCES

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International Energy Agency (IEA). (2020). World Energy Outlook

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Marikina, Philippines Weather History | Weather Underground. (n.d.).

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023-9-2
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Paredes, R. (2023, January 31). Wind Turbine Maintenance. SafetyCulture.

https://safetyculture.com/topics/wind-turbine-maintenance/
PhilAtlas - Overview, News & Similar companies | ZoomInfo.com. (n.d.). ZoomInfo.
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Tumana, Marikina Profile – PhilAtlas. (n.d.). Www.philatlas.com.

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ap3du33z4sw7rcxr
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