Transport in Human:

Circulatory system : the main transport system of all mammals , it is a network

of tubes called blood vessels(artery , vien and capillary) . a pump called the
heart and valves in hear ensures blood moves in correct direction

Heart :
Pump that circulates blood to all body cells through blood vessels.

Types of blood :

Oxygenated blood: Blood in left

side of heart. Is oxygenated
because its blood contains oxygen
which came from the lung.

Deoxygenated blood: Blood in

right side of heart. Is deoxygenated
because oxygen is taken up by
body cells that need oxygen for
respiration to release energy and
do work.
Types of circulation :

Single circulation : Means the blood will pass through the heart once during one
complete circuit .
Ex : fish
Why do fish have a single circulation?
Because blood flows through the heart once during a complete circuit. Blood from the
organs flows into the heart from veins. This blood is deoxygenated. So, the heart pumps
blood into an artery that takes it to the gills to be oxygenated. The blood flows on from
the gills in arteries to the body organs.

Disadvantage of single circulation : blood flows under low pressure inside fish
is body it means blood travel to much slowly to fish organs than it does in
mammals .

Double circulation: Means the blood will pass through the heart twice during one
complete circuit (EX: in humans and mammals)
Advantage of double circulation:
 The septum helps separate oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood from
mixing with each other.
 Ensure efficient oxygen supply to all body cells and tissue because the blood is
pumped under high blood pressure. Lungs receive blood under low blood
pressure because the alveoli and blood capillaries are delicate to avoid bursting.

Why is blood taken to the lungs

under low blood pressure?
Because the pressure required to force blood
to the lungs isn’t very high , because alveoli
and capillaries in the lung are very delicate and
can be damaged easily if receiving blood under
high pressure.

Why is blood taken to body cells

under high pressure and why is the
left ventricle thicker than the right?
The left ventricle has to pump blood around all
body cells and has to overcome more
resistance to flow.

Heart : function oh heart is pumping blood around the body , its made of specialized
type of muscles called cardiac muscles that contract and relax regularly through out the
life .
Blood circulation :
Right side of heart
What: Deoxygenated blood
From: All body cells
To: Right atrium
Through: Vena cava vein
What: Deoxygenated blood
From: Right atrium
To: Right ventricle
Through: Tricuspid valve
What: Deoxygenated blood
From: Right ventricle
To: Lungs
Through: Pulmonary artery
left side of heart
What: Oxygenated blood
From: Lungs
To: Left atrium
Through: Pulmonary vein
What: Oxygenated blood
From: Left atrium
To: Left ventricle
Through: Bicuspid valve (Mitral
valve)
What: Oxygenated blood
From: Left ventricle
To: All body cells for aerobic
respiration to release energy
Through: Aorta artery
Septum: Wall of tissue that prevents deoxygenated blood on the right side from mixing
with oxygenated blood on the left side.

Why do the ventricles have much more muscular walls than the atria?
Because they have to pump blood mush further than the atria Either to the lungs or
tissues in the body. The atria just receive blood and transport it to the ventricle.

Types of valves:
Function in general: Prevents backflow of the blood. Makes the blood flow move in one
direction and not vice versa.
Atrioventricular valve (Between atrium and ventricle)
 Bicuspid valve (Mitral valve) : Between the left atrium and left ventricle. Bi
means 2 flaps. Prevents back flow of the blood flow from the left ventricle to
the left atrium.
 Tricuspid valve: Between the right atrium and right ventricle. Tri means 3
flaps. Prevents back flow of the blood flow from the right ventricle to the right
atrium.

Semi lunar valves

 Aortic valve: At the base of the aorta prevents back flow of blood from the aorta
to the left ventricle.
 Pulmonary valve: At the base of the pulmonary artery/trunk. Prevents the
backflow of blood from pulmonary artery to the right ventricle.

Who pumps and who receives and who transports in and out:

 Right atrium chamber receives blood through the superior and inferior vena
cava vein while the right ventricle pump out blood through the pulmonary
artery. To be transported to the lungs to be oxygenated.
 Left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein and the right receives from
the vena cava
 All Arteries except the Pulmonary arteries and umbilical artery: Carry
oxygenated blood and transport it around the body to our cells.
 All Veins except the Pulmonary vein and umbilical vein: Carry deoxygenated
blood and transport it back to our heart.
Cardiac cycle :
1-Atrial systole ( contraction)
 The two atria contract, so pressure in atria becomes higher than that in ventricles.
 Atrio- ventricular valves (tricuspid & bicuspid) open so blood flows from atria to
ventricles.
 Ventricles relax, therefore aortic and pulmonary valves close to prevent backflow of
blood to the ventricles.
2- ventricular systole(contraction)
 The two ventricles contract, so pressure in ventricles becomes higher than that of
atria, therefore atrio-ventricular valves close. (tricuspid and bicuspid valves )
 Aortic and pulmonary valves open causing blood to flow from ventricles into aorta
and pulmonary artery.
 Atrial diastole (relaxation), causing blood to enter atria through pulmonary veins
and vena cava.
3-Ventricular diastole, atrial diastole
 Blood enters atria through pulmonary veins and vena cava and falls to ventricles.
 During this stage blood in aorta and pulmonary artery cannot flow back because the
semi-lunar valves ( aortic valve and pulmonary valve ) become closed.

Systole means contraction while diastole means relaxation .

Adaptation of heart to its function

 Septum(between the left and right side of the heart): Helps prevent the mixing of
oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart with the deoxygenated blood in the
right side of the heart.
 Our heart muscle (cardiac muscle) never gets fatigued or tired so it is the strongest
muscle.
 Coronary arteries: (branch from aorta ) Help supply the cardiac muscle with
nutrients and oxygen.
 Its contains valves which ensures that blood moves in one direction and prevent its
back flow
 Its contain pacemaker which generate electrical impulse for contraction of heart .
Blood vessels :
:
Artery :
Function of artery : carry blood away from heart
Blood flows in artery under high pressure caused by contraction of ventricles.
How artery adapted to its function ?
 it has narrow lumen : to allow blood to flow under high pressure .
 it has thick layer of muscles and elastic fiber : allow artery to expand and
recoil to withstand high blood pressure in side it .
 it carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery and umbilical artery .
 no valves

Capillary : artery gradually divide to form smaller and smaller vessels , these are the
capillaries .
 Function of capillary : takes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells ,
takeaway their waste materials as it links between artery and vein
How capillary fits to its function ?
- very thin , only one cell thick so short diffusion distance for
exchanging materials .
-very narrow lumen
Brings blood in to close contact with body tissue

Vein : (vena cava )

Function :Transport blood to the heart
How veins adapted to its function ?
- wide lumen
- thin layer of muscles and elastic fibers as blood flows under low
pressure inside the veins .
- has valves which prevent back flow of blood
- veins carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein and
umbilical vein .
Coronary artery : Supply heart muscles with nutrients and oxygen to release energy
when doing aerobic respiration. This energy is needed to allow the heart to contract and
relax all time.

Coronary heart disease (C.H.D)

Risk factors of CHD
 Smoking
 Bad unhealthy diet
 Obesity
 Stress
 Genetic diseases (inherited)
 Gender
 Age
 High blood pressure or called hypertension (can be caused by stress)
 High blood cholesterol levels
 People with diabetes
 People who drink alcohol
Narrowing of the arteries:
Cholesterol deposits on the endothelium lining in the walls of coronary arteries. This
leads to the narrowing of the lumen of the coronary artery. This increases blood pressure
and therfore makes the artery less elastic and more stiff. The narrowing also causes less
blood flow to the cardiac muscles which means there will be less nutrients and oxygen
supplied to the cardiac muscles. This is called atherosclerosis.

PREVENTION of CHD
Those are modified risk factors. Or we can say change in life style
 Stop smoking
 Avoid stress
 Do regular exercise: This keeps you fit and prevents excessive weight gain.
Decreases blood pressure. Makes you fell good and exhilarated because you
release endorphins that change your mood positively.
 Don’t over eat in fat. Especially in very bad highly saturated fats.
 Less salt in diet
 Less alcohol