Industrial Hygiene

Group 4 ENS190 M18-2

Belocura | Cunanan | Esprela | Hechanova | Lanit | Moreno | Sunga
Industrial Hygiene
The science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition,
evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or
stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause
sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant
discomfort among workers or among the citizens of the
community
~ according to ~

OSHA’s Office of Training and Education

History
The environment and its relation to worker health was recognized as
early as the fourth century BC when Hippocrates noted lead toxicity in
the mining industry.

In the first century AD, a face mask made from an animal bladder was
devised by Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, to protect those who are
working with zinc and sulfur from exposure to dust and lead fumes.
History
In the second century AD, the Greek physician, Galen, accurately
described the pathology of lead poisoning and also recognized the
hazardous exposures of copper miners to acid mists.

In 1556, Agricola, a German scholar, advanced the science of industrial

hygiene even further with his book, De Re Metallica, where descriptions
and preventive measures about diseases associated with mining such as
silicosis, and suggestions on worker protection were written.
History
Industrial hygiene gained further respectability in 1700 when Bernardo
Ramazzini published in Italy the first comprehensive book on industrial
medicine, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen).
Ramazzini greatly affected the future of industrial hygiene because he
asserted that occupational diseases should be studied in the work
environment rather than in hospital wards.
History
Industrial hygiene received another major boost in 1743 when Ulrich
Ellenborg published a pamphlet on occupational diseases and injuries
among gold miners. Ellenborg also wrote about the toxicity of carbon
monoxide, mercury, lead, and nitric acid.
History
In England in the 18th century, Percival Pott, as a result of his findings on
the insidious effects of soot on chimney sweepers, made the British
Parliament pass the Chimney-Sweepers Act of 1788. The passage of the
English Factory Acts beginning in 1833 marked the first effective
legislative acts in the field of industrial safety.
History
In the early 20th century in the U.S., Dr. Alice Hamilton observed
industrial conditions first hand and startled mine owners, factory
managers, and state officials with evidence that there was a correlation
between 2 worker illness and exposure to toxins. She also presented
definitive proposals for eliminating unhealthful working conditions.
History
All these developments in the study of industrial hygiene led to workers'
compensation laws, establishment of industrial hygiene program, and
even legislations related to safeguarding worker’s health such as the
Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act of 1966, the Federal Coal Mine
Safety and Health Act of 1969, and Occupational Safety and Health Act
of 1970 (OSH Act).
History
In the Philippines, Republic Act No. 11058, and the Presidential Decree
No. 856, also known as the Sanitation Code of the Philippines, were the
law and regulation passed that are associated with the protection of the
worker’s health.
Importance
Industrial hygiene aims to focus on the safety of workers by
implementing effective control of workplace hazards. Industrial
hygienists work to create safe and healthy work environments by
identifying and mitigating various workplace hazards. This practice helps
protect employees from various types of injuries and illnesses, such as
nonfatal illnesses, respiratory conditions, skin diseases, poisoning,
hearing loss, and repetitive stress injuries among others.
Person/s Responsible in Industrial
Hygiene
Designated Industrial Hygienist
Industrial hygienists are professionals who are trained to “anticipate,
recognize, evaluate, and recommend controls for environmental and
physical hazards that can affect the health and well-being of workers,”
according to OSHA. They are also responsible for helping organizations
understand and adhere to federal, state, and local safety regulations.
Person/s Responsible in Industrial
Hygiene
Designated Industrial Hygienist
More specifically, industrial hygienists can:
Use applied scientific principles to identify hazards
Compile and analyze data about workplace risks
Interpret toxicology reports
Develop controls and remediation programs to address hazards and risks
Work with organizational managers to communicate and integrate these
programs effectively
Manage and monitor these programs to improve health in the workplace
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
versus Industrial Hygiene
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) refers to:
process of dealing with the effects of hazard exposure
prescribing medicines for treatment and prevention
conducting pre-employment, along with periodic, medical examinations

Ultimately, OHS aims to assess potential occupational diseases so that

continuous healthcare assistance can be provided to workers.
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)
versus Industrial Hygiene
Industrial Hygiene aims to:
reduce or remove work hazard exposure by implementing a series of
controls and programs toward keeping the workplace clean, free from
environmental stressors, and hygienic
5 PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENE
Industrial hygienists perform risk assessments to anticipate health and safety
concerns to create and implement prevention plans. Before conducting
assessments, it’s important to understand the fundamentals of industrial
hygiene. Here are its 5 principles:
Anticipation
Recognition
Evaluation (Hazards)
Evaluation (Results)
Control
Anticipation
What hazards might be present?
This step entails a thorough documentation of the workplace
design, operations, processes, specific work tasks, materials,
and worker population. One notable example of anticipating
industrial hygiene hazards is the use of Safety Data Sheets
(SDS). Employers must ensure SDSs are readily available to all
workers to serve as their guide on how to handle hazardous
chemicals in the workplace.
Anticipation
What hazards might be present?
This step also covers the importance of identifying any
potential exposure issues caused by workplace hazards. In this
phase, using a hazard identification checklist would be useful.
Recognition
What potential hazards are present?
It is important to identify the workplace hazards, including the
biological, physical, chemical, environmental, and ergonomic
hazards inside the workplace.
Recognition
What potential hazards are present?
Environmental – Some examples of this type of hazard are
aerosols, fibers, fumes, mists, gasses, and vapors.
Chemical – This type covers harmful chemical compounds in the
form of solids, liquids, gasses, mists, and dusts, among others,
that may cause toxic effects on employees’ health.
Biological – This type of hazard is responsible for acute and
chronic infections, caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi
entering the body.
Recognition
What potential hazards are present?
Physical – Excessive levels of heat exposure, noise, radiation,
and vibration are also considered as hazards in the workplace.
Ergonomic – Certain conditions in the workplace caused by
technological changes and poorly-designed job tasks result in
ergonomic hazards such as eye strain, repetitive motion, and
heavy lifting problems.
Evaluation
What levels of exposure and illness are present?
Strictly done by qualified professionals such as industrial
hygienists, the process involves evaluating the exposure risk
and determining the who, what, where, when, and how, based
on the work environment and industrial hygiene instruments
necessary.
Evaluation
What levels of exposure and illness are present?
Evaluation methods include the following:
Qualitative Exposure Evaluation
- Plant "walk-through" survey
- Familiarity with facility processes
- Identification of process chemicals and materials
- Observe employee activities
- Identify and evaluate effectiveness of control measure
Evaluation
Evaluation methods include the following:
Quantitative Exposure Assessment
- Determining the number of employees affected
- Determine the stressor that will be measured
- Obtain the sampling and analytical method
- Design the sampling strategy
- Conduct the monitoring
- Analyze and interpret the results
- Determine recommendations for corrective actions based on results
- Document the monitoring
Evaluation
The measurement data will be compared with existing standards or
guidelines:
• Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
• Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)
• Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs)
• Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs)
• Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs)
Control
Is it fixed?
• It is a process of conception, education, design and
implementation of beneficial interventions and changes carried
out that reduces, minimizes, eliminates, decreases or downgrades
hazardous conditions.
Control
The Hierarchy of Controls
• The hierarchy of controls is a method of identifying and ranking
safeguards to protect workers from hazards. They are arranged
from the most to least effective and include elimination,
substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and
personal protective equipment.
Control
The Hierarchy of Controls
Elimination - makes sure the hazard no longer exists.
Examples:
Ending the use of a hazardous material
Doing work at ground level rather than at heights
Stopping the use of noisy processes
Control
The Hierarchy of Controls
Substitution - means changing out a material or process to
reduce the hazard.
Examples:
Switching to a less hazardous material
Switching to a process that uses less force, speed,
temperature, or electrical current
Control
The Hierarchy of Controls
Engineering controls - reduce exposure by preventing
hazards from coming into contact with workers. They still
allow workers to do their jobs, though.
Examples:
Noise enclosures, Local exhaust ventilation, Guardrail
system, Machine guards, Interlocks, Lift equipment
Control
The Hierarchy of Controls
Administrative controls - change the way work is done or
give workers more information by providing workers with
relevant procedures, training, or warnings. They’re often
used together with higher-level controls.
Control
The Hierarchy of Controls
Administrative controls
Procedures, such as equipment inspections, planned preventive
maintenance, checklists, lockout/tagout/tryout, infection prevention and
control practices, changing work schedules, pre- and post-task reviews,
and rotation of workers
Training on topics such as hazard communication, permit-required
confined space entry, lockout/tagout/tryout, and safe work procedures
Warnings, such as signs, backup alarms, smoke detectors, computer
messages, mirrors, horns, labels, and instructions
Control
The Hierarchy of Controls
Personal protective equipment (PPE) - includes clothing and
devices to protect workers. PPE needs constant effort and
attention (including proper use and training) from workers.
Higher-level controls aren’t always feasible, and PPE might
be needed in conjunction with other control measures.
Control
The Hierarchy of Controls
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
Examples: Safety glasses, Personal Fall Protection
Systems and related equipment, Hardhats, Respirators,
Hearing protection, Protective clothing
OSHA Standards
Under the OSH Act of 1970, some examples of OSHA
standards involve requiring employers to:
Prevent employees’ exposure to infectious diseases and
harmful chemicals
Ensure the safety of those working in confined spaces
Provide fall protection, ample training for dangerous
jobs, and safety equipment such as PPE
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 47. Responsibilities of the Employer and Employees
The following are the responsibilities of the employer and employees in
industrial establishments:
a. Employer responsibility
1. Provide, install and maintain in good repair all control measures
and protective equipment;
2. Inform affected employees regarding the nature of the hazards
and the reasons for, and methods of control measures and
protective equipment;
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 47. Responsibilities of the Employer and Employees
The following are the responsibilities of the employer and employees in
industrial establishments:
a. Employer responsibility
4. Adopt measures so that the noise produced is within allowable limits
so as not to affect neighboring offices, buildings or establishments;
5. Request the Department a permit for variation from the requirements
when other means of equivalent protection are provided; and
6. Provide personal protective equipment and/or protective barriers
when they are necessary.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 47. Responsibilities of the Employer and Employees
The following are the responsibilities of the employer and employees in
industrial establishments:
b. Employee responsibility
1. Observe strictly protective control measures which are
prescribed; and
2. Use equipment provided to them properly.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 48. Environmental Provisions
The environmental provisions enumerated hereunder for the protection
of the health of workers are applicable to all industrial establishments:
a. Control of atmospheric contaminants
1. Workers shall not be exposed to atmospheric contaminants
hazardous to health.
2. Control of atmospheric contaminants shall be accomplished
by methods approved by the Secretary or his duly authorized
representatives or other government authority.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 48. Environmental Provisions
The environmental provisions enumerated hereunder for the protection
of the health of workers are applicable to all industrial establishments:
b. Control of infectious agents
1. Control measures shall be provided to eliminate or control the
transmission of infectious diseases through processing or
handling of industrial products or wastes.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 48. Environmental Provisions
The environmental provisions enumerated hereunder for the protection
of the health of workers are applicable to all industrial establishments:
c. Control of possible sources of radiation hazards should be carried
out under the supervision of the Radiation Health Officer or his
authorized representative.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 48. Environmental Provisions
The environmental provisions enumerated hereunder for the protection
of the health of workers are applicable to all industrial establishments:
d. Noise
1. Control measures shall be provided to reduce intensity of
noise sufficiently to render it harmless to workers and to
eliminate it at its sources as a nuisance by following the
recommendations of the local health or other government
authority.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 48. Environmental Provisions
The environmental provisions enumerated hereunder for the protection of the
health of workers are applicable to all industrial establishments:
e. Illumination
1. Adequate lighting shall be provided and distributed in all work
areas in amount required for the type of work or seeing tasks
measured by a light-meter with a minimum of glare and
contrasting intensities between work and workroom.
2. Where the specific task requires more light than provided by
general illumination, supplementary lighting shall be supplied.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 48. Environmental Provisions
The environmental provisions enumerated hereunder for the protection of the
health of workers are applicable to all industrial establishments:
f. Ventilation
1. Natural or artificial ventilation shall be provided in all work areas
at a rate to insure a safe and healthful working atmosphere, free
from injurious amounts of toxic materials and reasonably free
from offensive odours and dust throughout the establishment.
2. Proper control measures shall be used to reduce concentration of
toxic contaminants to allowable limits.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 48. Environmental Provisions
The environmental provisions enumerated hereunder for the protection of the
health of workers are applicable to all industrial establishments:
f. Ventilation
3. Air inlets shall be arranged, located and equipped to insure
sufficient air velocity and an exhaust system which shall be located so
that discharged materials shall not reenter places of employment or
habitations nor create any hazard of nuisance.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 49. Personal Protective Equipment
The following requirements shall be applicable for personal protective
equipment:
a. Personal protective equipment and/or protective barriers shall be
provided whenever substances, radiations or mechanical irritants
are encountered in a manner capable of causing any pathological
change or injury or impairment in function of any part of the body
through skin and/or mucous membrane absorption.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 49. Personal Protective Equipment
The following requirements shall be applicable for personal protective
equipment:
b. Personal protection equipment which shall include respiratory
protectors and other accessories shall be fitted to each exposed
worker when necessary.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 49. Personal Protective Equipment
The following requirements shall be applicable for personal protective
equipment:
c. X-ray film badges or pocket decimeters should be worn by workers
who, during their course of work, are unavoidably exposed to
even a small amount of radiation.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 49. Personal Protective Equipment
The following requirements shall be applicable for personal protective
equipment:
d. Supervisors and employees shall familiarize themselves with the use,
proper sanitary care and storage of this equipment.
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
Presidential Decree No. 856
Chapter VII - Industrial Hygiene
SEC. 50. Health Services
Medical services shall be provided to all employees in accordance with
existing laws and the rules and regulations prescribed by the Department.
Advanced Training Programs Offered by Dole
Philippines
Industrial Ventilation Training - a three-day training which aims to
provide participants with a basic understanding of the principles and
applications of industrial ventilation in controlling heat emissions and
exposure to airborne contaminants in the workplace.
Advanced Training Programs Offered by Dole
Philippines
40-Hour Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene Online Training Course -
This training workshop is designed to provide an introductory course
outlining the broad principles of Industrial Hygiene as the basis for
anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of various health
hazards that may be present in the working environment.
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Assessment
A comprehensive industrial hygiene exposure assessment program is
designed to gauge exposure profiles and then assess the acceptability
of workplace exposure environmental agents.

This program is especially important in these situations:

There’s a growing number of present and potential risks that can be
managed by industrial hygiene programs
Programs implemented in the past were lacking and now need a
more efficient and well-documented process
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Assessment
As prescribed by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA), the
basic steps of this systematic exposure assessment and control process
include the following:

EXPOSURE CHARACTERIZATION
Make sure to gather the necessary details to characterize the project site or
facility, process, operations, workforce, and environmental agents. For this
step, it’s highly crucial to conduct documentation that is well-organized. In
most cases, this characterization is done as part of the job safety analysis,
which is also known as the job hazard analysis.
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Assessment
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Conducting qualitative exposure assessments paves the way to screening
exposure risks and letting employers set priorities on the type of program to
be implemented.

This process also defines the groups of similarly-exposed workers through

the Similar Exposure Groups (SEGs). After this, their exposure profiles will be
described, and judgments on these profiles will depend on the: (1) estimated
exposure level, (2) gravity of health effects, and (3) level of certainty
associated with the available data.
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Assessment
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Further, industrial hygiene risks may be classified as:
Unacceptable – This requires implementing engineering and/or
administrative controls. Additionally, strictly mandating the use of PPE
until controls are effectively carried out is recommended.
Acceptable – Even if there’s no action required, routine monitoring may
be necessary for judgment validation purposes. Doing this is also a key
step in ensuring that exposures remain acceptable.
Uncertain – This means that there’s a need to acquire additional
information in order to determine the acceptability of the exposure.
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Assessment
FURTHER INFORMATION GATHERING
Mainly applied for uncertain exposure judgments, collecting supporting
information on health effects helps in resolving such uncertainties with
increased confidence. Hence, exposure monitoring can also be conducted as
needed.
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Assessment
HAZARD CONTROLS IMPLEMENTATION
Once priority measures have been confirmed, establish strategies most
especially for unacceptable and uncertain exposures. While organizations
should ensure that this step doesn’t necessarily happen often, having
principles and programs in place is important to take the proper precautions
or steps to protect worker health.
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Assessment
REASSESSMENT
As part of an employer’s responsibility in promoting a culture of safety and
quality, conducting thorough periodic reviews of exposures is a must. This is
where identifying the frequency of routine monitoring comes in, and whether
certain exposures remain acceptable and tolerable. Continuous monitoring is
highly recommended, most especially if changes in processes or operations
happen regularly.
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Assessment
COMMUNICATION AND DOCUMENTATION
Make sure to fully document SEGs, the workers’ exposure profiles, exposure
judgments, monitoring results, and hazard control measures. Further, be
transparent to your employees about the results of exposure assessments.
Occupational health managers may use these data to gauge whether
recommended practices are being followed and monitored well, and help
gauge the accuracy and integrity of the results.
Industrial Profiles

Using the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system, various industries

are characterized by a unique four-digit code. Established in the United States
in 1937, it is used by government agencies to classify industry areas. The SIC
system is also used by agencies in other countries, e.g., by the United
Kingdom's Companies House.
Industrial Profiles

SIC codes have a hierarchical, top-down structure that begins with general
characteristics and narrows down to the specifics. The first two digits of the
code represent the major industry sector to which a business belongs. The
third and fourth digits describe the sub-classification of the business group
and specialization, respectively. For example, "36" refers to a business that
deals in "Electronic and Other Equipment." Adding "7" as a third digit to get
"367" indicates that the business operates in "Electronic, Component, and
Accessories." The fourth digit distinguishes the specific industry sector, so a
code of "3672" indicates that the business is concerned with "Printed Circuit
Boards."
 References
https://publichealth.tulane.edu/blog/what-is-industrial-
hygiene/#:~:text=Industrial%20hygienists%20are%20professionals%20who,workers%2C%E2%80%9D%20according%20to%20OSHA
.
https://safetyculture.com/topics/industrial-hygiene/
https://oshc.dole.gov.ph/training-programs/

Checklist for Industrial Hygiene Walk-Through Survey -

https://www.ehsdb.com/resources/Industrial_Hygiene/Checklist%20for%20Industrial%20Hygiene%20Walkthrough.pdf

https://www.aiha.org/get-involved/volunteer-groups/volunteer-committees-bodies-of-work/industrial-hygiene-hazard-identification-
and-exposure-risk-assessment-by-market-segment

pdfs

https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/Hierarchy_of_Controls_02.01.23_form_508_2.pdf