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ebook download (eBook PDF) Surgical Instrumentation, Spiral bound Version 2nd Edition all chapter
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vi Contents
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PREFACE
This text, Surgical Instrumentation, Second Edition, is instrumentation and provides background infor-
designed for perioperative personnel in all surgical mation about the philosophy and contributions
disciplines. Surgeons, nurses, technologists, and techni- of different cultures to the discipline of surgery.
cians will find the design and collections in this book ●● Anatomy and Physiology of Surgical
informative and user friendly. Books about surgical Instrumentation. The materials and characteris-
instrumentation have been in print for more than tics of surgical instruments are explored, as well
100 years. However, none have offered comprehensive as the design from handle to tip.
collections of instruments used with foundation sets ●● Categories of Surgical Instrumentation. Surgical
for multiple specialties. They feature individual instru-
instruments are designed for specific functions
ments without providing guidance for establishing or
and are grouped into functional categories that
streamlining the set creation process.
define the purpose for each instrument.
Specific groupings make it easier to learn the
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS TEXT instruments.
The four foundation sets described in this text are ●● Considerations for Instrument Set Assembly.
designed to be base units for use during procedures Trays and containers for packaging instruments
that meet the needed instrument weight, length, gauge, are described in this chapter. Accountability is
shape, and material necessary for a safe, efficient surgi- a team effort that begins with the construction
cal procedure. The additional instrument groupings, and assembly of each set.
such as those specific to a particular organ or region of ●● Soft Tissue Foundation Sets. The foundation sets
the body, can be established as “add-on” sets to be used are designed to meet specific needs for a proce-
in combination with the appropriate foundation set. dure at a basic level by grouping instruments by
Every perioperative nurse or surgical technologist category and function.
who scrubs has encountered sets with instruments that ●● Plastic Surgery Instrumentation. Instruments spe-
have not been used for many years, yet the items con-
cific to the type of plastic surgery procedure are
tinue to be packed into the tray for no apparent reason.
described in combination with foundation sets.
This book may serve as a guide for establishing stan-
dardized instrument sets that will facilitate the count
●● General Surgery Instrumentation. Functional in-
process and ease the burden of inventory control. struments that are added to foundation sets for
general surgery are described by organ system
and body location.
ORGANIZATION OF THE TEXT ●● Gynecologic Instrumentation. Specialty instru-
This text is divided into 16 chapters. Images of the sur- mentation specific to the needs for surgery of
gical instrumentation are displayed in table form with the female reproductive tract is described.
descriptions and sizes listed. ●● Urologic Instrumentation. Instrumentation spe-
●● History of Surgical Instrumentation. The first cific to genitourinary procedures of the urethra
chapter describes the history of surgical and kidney is included in this chapter.
viii
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Preface ix
●● Basic Bone and Joint Instrumentation. Many of the lungs, heart, and vascular system is
specialties utilize instrumentation to debulk, described.
dissect, or repair bony tissue throughout the ●● Microsurgery Instrumentation. Microsurgery is
body. The bone instruments are used in combi- usually performed on soft tissues. These sets
nation with soft tissue foundation sets accord- can be used in combination with foundation
ing to the location on the body. sets or as stand-alone sets.
●● Head and Neck Procedure Instrumentation. ●● Endoscopic Instrumentation. The application
Upper airway and otorhinolaryngology pro- of endoscopic techniques to multiple specialties
cedures require specialty instrumentation de- is described. Percutaneous and natural orifice
signed for narrow passages and the soft tissues endoscopy is described in functional terms.
of the anterior neck and throat. ●● Decontamination and Sterilization. A critical
●● Neurosurgery Instrumentation. Procedures of component in a complete understanding of
the brain and spinal cord use a unique blend of surgical instrumentation is understanding
soft tissue sets, compact tissue sets, and micro- decontamination and sterilization of the
surgical sets. Instrumentation for procedures of instruments. This new chapter includes infor-
the cranium and spine is described. mation on cleaning (manual and mechanical),
●● Cardiothoracic and Vascular Instrumentation. inspection, disinfection, sterilization, and
Instrumentation used for surgical procedures packaging.
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Nancymarie Phillips, RN, PhD, BA, BSN, MEd, RNFA, CNOR(E). Dr. Phillips is the Professor Emeritus for
Perioperative Education at Lakeland Community College in Kirtland, Ohio. Her programs included Perioperative
Nursing, Registered Nurse First Assisting, and Surgical Technology. She has authored numerous articles and texts
about perioperative patient care. She was the 2006 recipient of the AORN Perioperative Clinical Education Award,
the 2006 Lakeland Community College Teaching Excellence Award, and was a nominee for the 2006 Ohio Magazine
Excellence in Education Award.
Dr. Phillips has been a perioperative nurse since 1975. In addition, she has worked as a scrub nurse, circulator,
first assistant, consultant, author, and educator. She can be reached at nancymphillips@aol.com. Her RNFA education
website is www.nvo.com/delphipro.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Denell Lewalk, MLS, and Jennifer Gerres, Joseph Charleman, CST, CSFA, CRCST, LPN
DPM, for their assistance in this massive undertaking. Chapter 7: General Surgery Instrumentation
The author and Cengage Learning wish to extend
Chapter 10: Basic Bone and Joint Instrumentation
a deep gratitude to Berkeley College School of Health
Studies, Woodland Park, NJ campus for providing their Chapter 16: Decontamination and Sterilization
lab and instruments for a photoshoot. Special thanks to
Joseph Charleman for his assistance with the arrange-
Margaret Rodriguez, CST, CSFA, FAST, BS
ments, preparation, and logistics of this photoshoot. We
Chapter 2: Anatomy and Physiology of Surgical
would also like to acknowledge the following individu-
Instrumentation
als for their assistance with the photoshoot:
Chapter 4: Considerations for Instrument Set
Mike Gallatelli, photographer Assembly
Metroland Photo Chapter 5: Soft Tissue Foundation Sets
www.metrolandphoto.com Chapter 9: Urologic Instrumentation
Chapter 11: Head and Neck Procedure
Annadelia De La Cruz, AAS, BA
Instrumentation
Administrative Assistant
Surgical Technology & Surgical Processing
Department REVIEWERS
Mayra Y. Cabrera, AAS, CST Rob Blackston CST, CSFA
Clinical Coordinator Program Director of Surgical Technology
Surgical Technology & Surgical Processing North Idaho College
Department Coeur d’Alene, ID
xi
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xii Acknowledgements
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ABOUT THE INSTRUMENTS
The instruments appearing in this book have been gra- Scanlan International
ciously provided by the following manufacturers: www.scanlaninternational.com
One Scanlan Plaza
CareFusion Saint Paul, Minnesota 55107
Becton, Dickinson and Company International: 651-298-0997
1 Becton Drive U.S. & Canada: 800-328-9458
Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417-1880 Fax: 651-298-0018
Phone: 201-847-6800 Email: info@scanlangroup.com
xiii
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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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CHAPTER 1
HISTORY OF SURGICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
INTRODUCTION
Since the beginning of time, man has sought to appease the gods and
remedy the failings of the human body with the medical and surgical
arts. Each culture has historically approached medicine and surgery
in a different way and has lent a societal touch to the evolution of
surgical practice.
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2 Surgical Instrumentation
Figure 1-1 Ancient trepanation instruments. Figure 1-2 Instruments used historically for cataract surgery.
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Chapter 1 History of Surgical Instrumentation 3
Mesopotamian society (circa 3500 bc) exercised necessity to displace cataracts. Surgery was considered
generalized laws and rules governing conduct. They manual labor, and the ancient Roman physicians con-
had a concept of comparative worth concerning human tributed very little to surgical knowledge. In fact, artists
life and believed in medical training before commenc- frequently had a greater knowledge of the human body
ing practice. The physicians in Mesopotamia identified than physicians because they studied corpses during
specific procedures, named each drug used in medical postmortem dissection.
care, and kept records of medical and surgical activities Arabian surgeons established a school for brain
by carving cuneiform figures into clay tablets. Over surgery in Islam in 800 ad. Other surgical procedures
20,000 such tablets have been discovered. were also performed, such as couching. However,
Ancient Babylonians (modern-day Iraq) were led little was known of human anatomy because human
by the great King Hammurabi (1795–1750 bc). He dissection was banned by the Koran. During this era,
established the first known major metropolis and set Andalusia (Moorish Spain) was part of the Islamic
forth the law that bears his name. The law was clear Empire. A famous skilled Moorish surgeon of the
with regard to medical treatment. A surgeon who suc- time, El Zahrawi (940–1013 ad), wrote an encyclo-
cessfully treated his nobleman patient would be paid pedia of 30 volumes referred to as the At-Tasrif to
10 shekels for his labor. If he treated a slave, he was paid record methods of medical and surgical treatment.
2 shekels, and for treatment of a freeman, he would He taught his students to treat each patient as an
be paid 5 shekels. If the nobleman or freeman patient individual and to practice within ethical limits. His
died, the surgeon could lose a hand. If a slave died, the writings guided the development of most surgical text-
surgeon had to repay the cost of the slave to his master. books in European universities between the 12th and
The law was carved in black diorite stone that stood 17th centuries ad. Many of the surgical instruments
8 feet tall and was designed like a monument for dis- used during that period were designed by El Zahrawi
play in a public location in the city until it was taken by himself, who personally drew the 200 illustrations for
warring tribes as a trophy. It was discovered in Persia his texts. He is also credited with being the first to use
in 1901. The entire code of Hammurabi has been trans- ligatures for hemostasis in surgery. The history and
lated into English and is available online. images of El Zahrawi and other Muslim physicians
Greek civilization gave rise to more organized are available online at http://www.muslimheritage
written texts on medicine and health. The Greeks en- .com/surgery.
couraged a scholarly approach and established formal The Chinese practiced acupuncture and acu-
schools. Most of the surgery performed dealt with war pressure for at least 2000 years of recorded history.
wounds and orthopedic injury. The Greeks used palm The central belief of these practices is that there is a
bark and wood bound by moist clay and linen strips mind–body–spirit connection to health and wellness
like splints to stabilize broken bones. Hippocrates associated with the ch’i, or life force. The main focus
(460–377 bc) used instruments of hardened iron, cop- of health and wellness was not based in surgical pro-
per, bronze, and brass. His surgical armamentarium cedures, but in a pharmacopoeia of 1800 medicinal
consisted of more than 200 types of surgical instru- herbs, biologic materials, and chemicals.
ments. Although physicians were trained in medical The ancient Aztec civilization left little written
and surgical treatments, the main focus of healthcare history, but significant evidence of successful surgery
dealt with diet and exercise. has been unearthed in archeological explorations.
The early Romans had knowledge of steel. The an- They had a strong knowledge of human anatomy
cient ruins of Pompeii (circa 310 bc to 79 ad) revealed because their culture practiced human dissection
an instrument manufacturer’s place of business with on their enemies. They felt that they captured the
preserved bundles of surgical tools made of several essence of the life force if they cut the beating heart
metals wrapped in protective fabric. Homes of physi- from the chest of their captives. Blood sacrifice was
cians revealed beautifully carved boxes for instrument a daily event. The main feature of their surgical ar-
storage. Most of the surgical practice was borrowed mamentarium was sharp dissection of bone and soft
from other cultures. Couching was performed as a tissues.
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4 Surgical Instrumentation
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CHAPTER 2
ANATOMY
OF SURGICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
OBJECTIVES CHAPTER OUTLINE
After reading this chapter the learner should be able to: Evolution of Modern Surgical
1. Discuss the evolution of ancient surgical instruments into designs in Instrumentation
current use. Anatomy of a Surgical
2. Describe the ergonomics of instrument design. Instrument
3. List the three essential design components of every surgical instrument. Handle Styles
4. List the common metals used in modern surgical instrumentation. Joint Styles
Tip and Jaw Styles: Sharp
Dissection
Tip and Jaw Styles: Clamping,
Occluding, and Grasping
INTRODUCTION Tip Styles: Blunt Dissection
Surgical instrumentation is one of the essential elements of a safe Categories of Surgical
and efficient operating room. Even in the most skilled hands of a Instruments
surgeon, the instruments must be in good condition and function How Surgical Instruments Are
Named
as intended to prevent potential tissue damage. Surgical procedures
Materials Used in the
require the use of a variety of instruments of different sizes, shapes,
Manufacture of Surgical
and chemical compositions in order to achieve a safe and opti- Instrumentation
mal outcome for the patient. This chapter explores the broad range Metallics
of unique design specifications of surgical instrumentation used to Steel
perform invasive procedures on all types of tissues and anatomic Copper
structures. Titanium
Silver
Surface Finishes of Metallic
Surgical Instruments
Inspection and Quality Control of
EVOLUTION OF MODERN SURGICAL Metallic Surgical Instruments
INSTRUMENTATION Scissors
Clamps, Needle Holders, and
As discussed in Chapter 1, civilization has evolved and so, too, have sur-
Graspers
gical instruments and procedures. Conversely, human anatomy has not
Forceps
changed significantly over the centuries; however, the practice of surgical
Retractors
intervention has become increasingly complex in its goal to treat disease
Maintenance
while minimizing tissue trauma, pain, and recovery time for patients.
Cleaning and Lubrication
Ultrasonic Cleansing
5
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6 Surgical Instrumentation
Despite these changes, much of our basic modern ●● The functional or connecting joint mecha-
instrumentation has been modeled after long-standing nism that allows the instrument sides to stay
styles with modifications for contemporary surgical together in order to perform its task
procedures. ●● The tips and jaws are the working ends that
come into contact with the patient’s tissues
ANATOMY OF A SURGICAL and may be sharp, blunt, smooth, toothed, ser-
rated, crushing, or noncrushing, also known as
INSTRUMENT
atraumatic.
Basic design specifications are generally standardized
Keeping these components in mind, the design pos-
according to the required function of the instrument.
sibilities are nearly limitless. Surgical instruments
Modifications in size, shape, and design are made to
can be as simple as a flat sheet of metal or a single
accommodate the variety of human anatomic structures.
rod, or as complex as having up to 15 to 20 parts and
Instruments can be classified by their use and function,
pieces. Newer energized instrumentation can make
which then determine the unique designs and shapes. A
contact with the patient’s tissues through electrical
simple form of instrument anatomy is depicted by the
current, radio frequencies, or collimated laser light
small mosquito hemostat shown in Figure 2-1. It has
waves.
all the standard design components, such as jaws, box
locks, shanks, and handles. The essential standardized
design components include the following: Handle Styles
●● The handle or other form of hand grip held by Handles are designed to optimize the operator’s func-
the surgical practitioner tional grip and dexterity. The working parts of an
Tip
Jaws
Box Lock
Shanks
Ratchet
© Cengage®.
Finger Rings
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Chapter 2 Anatomy of Surgical Instrumentation 7
instrument’s jaws determine the style of the handle. on delicate tissues (Figure 2-3). Ratchets are used to
Controlled and precise actions such as cutting, dissect- lock and keep constant pressure from both sides of the
ing, and clamping require steady and secure manipu- instrument to occlude flow, provide traction, or hold
lation as provided by ring handles and compression structures together (Figure 2-4). Pistol grip handles
grips (Figure 2-2). Compression handles are pressure provide additional leverage for instruments with longer
sensitive for precision closing power on heavy or firm shafts used in narrow anatomic spaces or small inci-
tissues such as bone, cartilage, or fascia. Spring handles sions such as in open nasal or spinal procedures and
are preferred for microsurgery because activation of in laparoscopic instruments, which must be inserted
the jaws requires only minute motion to effect action through percutaneous trocar cannulas (Figure 2-5).
A. Ring handles
B. Grooved
handle
A: Courtesy of Sklar Instruments. B: Permission granted by Integra LifeSciences Corporation, Plainsboro, NJ. C: © 2019 Cengage®.
C. Grooved
handle with
horn
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8 Surgical Instrumentation
A. Double-leaf spring
B. D
ouble-leaf locking
spring
C. Cam ratchet
A–B: © 2019 Cengage®. Photo by Margaret Rodriguez. C–D: Courtesy of Sklar Instruments. E: © 2019 Cengage®.
E. Bar ratchet
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Chapter 2 Anatomy of Surgical Instrumentation 9
A, C: Courtesy of Sklar Instruments. B, D–E: © 2019 Cengage®. F: Courtesy of CareFusion, a divison of Becton, Dickinson and Co.
C. Twist screw
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
come sempre, provò un senso di repulsione. Che cosa di buono
aveva trovato sua sorella in quell’uomo? Gli pareva come un verme
da schiacciare col piede. «Un giorno o l’altro gli rompo il grugno»,
diceva spesso a se stesso, per frenarsi e aver la forza di pazientare.
Gli occhi di faina, crudeli e orlati di rosso, lo osservavano con
un’espressione di rampogna.
— Ebbene, — domandò Martin, — che c’è?
— Ho fatto ridipingere questa porta la settimana scorsa, — si
lamentò il signor Higgingbotham, — e voi sapete quanto costa la
mano d’opera. Dovreste usare più attenzione.
Martin sentì la voglia di rispondergli, ma tacque sapendo quanto
fosse inutile. Egli guardò l’oleografia che adornava il muro e fu
colpito dalla mostruosa volgarità di essa. Sino a quel giorno gli era
piaciuta, ma gli parve che la vedesse per la prima volta; era una
povera cosa, come tutto il resto, in quella casa. Ed egli ripensò
all’appartamento dal quale veniva; rivide dapprima i quadri, poi,
subito dopo, lei e la tenera dolcezza del suo saluto. Dimenticò
completamente dov’era e persino che esistesse Bernardo
Higgingbotham, sino al momento in cui costui non lo interrogò:
— Vedete forse qualche fantasma?
Martin rivide allora gli occhi di cattivo rosicante, beffardi, paurosi,
crudeli, poi se li immaginò subito quali erano giù al banco: servili,
dolciastri, complimentosi.
— Sì, — rispose, — ho visto un fantasma... Buona sera, Geltrude! —
E voltò le spalle con vivacità, inciampando nell’orlo sdrucito del
tappeto sudicio.
— Non sbattete la porta, — raccomandò il signor Higgingbotham.
Egli arrossì dalla collera, ma si trattenne e chiuse delicatamente la
porta dietro di sè.
Esultante di perfida gioia, il signor Higgingbotham si voltò verso la
moglie.
— Ha bevuto! — borbottò con voce enfatica. — Te lo avevo detto
che si sarebbe ubriacato.
Ella scosse il capo con rassegnazione, dicendo remissivamente:
— Gli occhi gli lucevano, e non aveva più il colletto che si era messo
quando è uscito: ho visto. Ma forse ha bevuto due o tre bicchieri.
— Camminava di sbieco, — affermò il marito. — L’ho osservato.
Nell’attraversare la camera vacillava. Non l’hai sentito nell’andito? A
momenti cadeva.
— Dev’essere stato quando è andato sopra la carrozzella di Alice, —
rispose lei. — Non l’ha vista, allo scuro.
Il signor Higgingbotham alzò la voce e, con essa, la collera. Durante
tutta la giornata egli rodeva il freno, nel negozio, e si riserbava la
sera, in famiglia, il privilegio di mostrarsi qual era.
— Ti dico che il tuo delizioso fratello era ubriaco.
La sua voce fredda, tagliente, spiccava le parole come col taglio
netto d’uno stampo. Sua moglie sospirò e tacque. Era una donna
corpulenta, spettorata, che sembrava sempre oppressa dal peso del
corpo, del lavoro e del marito.
— Ha ripreso da suo padre, ti dico, — proseguì il signor
Higgingbotham. — E finirà nella strada come lui, vedrai. — Lei fece
segno di sì con la testa, sospirò e seguitò a cucire. Martin Eden era
rientrato ubriaco; bisognava riconoscerlo. Se la loro anima fosse
stata capace di comprendere la bellezza, non avrebbero visto in quei
suoi occhi raggianti, su tutto il suo volto ardente, il segno evidente
del primo amore?
— Un bell’esempio per i bambini! — borbottò ad un tratto il signor
Higgingbotham, dopo un silenzio di cui egli tenne il broncio a sua
moglie, giacchè avrebbe preferito essere contraddetto di più. — Se
ricomincia lo mando via! Capito? Non sopporto più queste sue belle
pratiche! Depravare dei poveri innocenti con lo spettacolo delle
proprie sbornie!
Al signor Higgingbotham piaceva la parola «depravare», spigolata in
un giornale e aggiunta di fresco al suo vocabolario. — Proprio così;
non c’è altra parola: li deprava.
Sua moglie sospirò nuovamente, scosse tristemente il capo e
seguitò a cucire. Il signor Higgingbotham riprese la lettura.
— Ha pagato la pensione della settimana scorsa?... — lanciò a un
tratto di sopra al giornale.
Essa fece segno di sì e aggiunse: — Ha ancora un po’ di denaro.
— Quando s’imbarca?
— Quando avrà consumato la paga, credo. — rispose lei. — È stato
ieri a S. Francisco, per l’imbarco. Ma siccome ha ancora del danaro,
è meticoloso nella scelta del piroscafo.
— Solo un pidocchioso come lui può fare lo schifiltoso così, —
brontolò il signor Higgingbotham. — Gli giova fare il difficile.
— Ha parlato d’uno schooner che si prepara per un viaggio verso un
paese lontano in cerca di un tesoro... Se il denaro gli dura, parte con
quello.
— Se avesse un po’ di voglia di sistemarsi, potrei impiegarlo qui, a
guidar la carrozza, — fece il marito, che non mostrava la minima
benevolenza. — Tom se ne va.
La moglie lo fissò con uno sguardo interrogativo e ansioso insieme.
— Se ne va stasera. Va da Carruthers, che gli dà di più.
— Te lo avevo detto che se ne sarebbe andato! — esclamò lei. —
Valeva di più di quanto gli davi!
— Senti, vecchia! — ruggì Higgingbotham minacciosamente. — Te
l’ho già detto cento volte che non devi ficcare il naso nei fatti miei.
Non te lo ripeterò più.
— Per me è lo stesso, — fece lei con le lacrime agli occhi. — Tom
era un buon garzone!
Suo marito la fulminò collo sguardo. Era il colmo dell’insolenza,
quella.
— Se quel tuo bel fratello non fosse un buono a nulla potrebbe
guidar la carrozza, — sibilò.
— Egli paga la pensione come un altro, — ribattè lei. — È mio
fratello, e sinchè non ti è debitore, tu non hai il diritto d’insultarlo
continuamente. Eppoi, anch’io ho un cuore, sebbene sia tua moglie
da sette anni.
— Gli hai detto che pagherà il consumo del gas, se seguita a
leggere a letto?
La signora Higgingbotham non rispose: era passata la ribellione, ella
era vinta dalla sua carne stanca, e il marito trionfava, aveva il
sopravvento. Gli occhi di lui ammiccavano viziosamente, mentr’egli
si rallegrava perchè gli era riuscito di farla piangere. Era un gran
piacere per lui affannarla, e lei s’angustiava facilmente, ora, molto
più di prima del matrimonio, prima che i parti numerosi e le continue
grettezze di lui l’avessero avvilita.
— Glielo dirai domani, ecco; — fece lui. — E, a proposito, bisognerà
fare cercare Marianna domani perchè badi ai bambini. Andato via
Tom, io sarò fuori tutto il giorno con la vettura, e tu puoi prepararti a
rimanere al banco, giù.
— Ma domani è giorno di bucato! — fece lei debolmente.
— Tu t’alzerai presto e laverai prima. Prima delle dieci non parto. —
E, spiegato rabbiosamente il giornale, proseguì la lettura.
CAPITOLO IV.