Page 1: Introduction to Scalars and Vectors

#### Scalars:
- **Definition**: Scalars are quantities that are described by a magnitude (or numerical value) alone.
- **Examples**:
- Distance (e.g., 5 meters)
- Speed (e.g., 20 km/h)
- Mass (e.g., 10 kg)
- Temperature (e.g., 25°C)
- **Properties**:
- Scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied, or divided like ordinary numbers.
- Scalars have no direction.

#### Vectors:
- **Definition**: Vectors are quantities that are described by both a magnitude and a direction.
- **Examples**:
- Displacement (e.g., 5 meters east)
- Velocity (e.g., 20 km/h north)
- Force (e.g., 10 N downwards)
- Acceleration (e.g., 9.8 m/s² upwards)
- **Properties**:
- Vectors require both magnitude and direction for their complete description.
- Vectors can be represented graphically by arrows; the length represents the magnitude and the
arrow points in the direction.

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### Page 2: Vector Representation and Operations

#### Graphical Representation:

- **Drawing Vectors**:
- Use arrows where the length represents the magnitude and the arrow points in the direction.
- Scale: Choose a suitable scale to represent the magnitude.
- **Components of a Vector**:
- A vector can be broken down into its horizontal (x) and vertical (y) components.

#### Vector Addition:

- **Triangle Method (Head-to-Tail)**:
- Place the tail of the second vector at the head of the first vector.
- The resultant vector (sum) is drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector.
- **Parallelogram Method**:
- Place both vectors tail to tail.
- Complete the parallelogram.
- The diagonal represents the resultant vector.

#### Vector Subtraction:

- **Reversing Direction**:
- To subtract vector B from vector A (A - B), reverse the direction of vector B and then add it to
vector A.

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### Page 3: Analytical Methods of Vector Operations

#### Components of Vectors:
- **Decomposition**:
- Any vector \(\vec{A}\) can be decomposed into its components \(A_x\) and \(A_y\):
\[
A_x = A \cos \theta
\]
\[
A_y = A \sin \theta
\]
- Where \(\theta\) is the angle the vector makes with the horizontal axis.

#### Adding Vectors Using Components:

- **Steps**:
1. Decompose each vector into its components.
2. Add the corresponding components:
\[
R_x = A_x + B_x
\]
\[
R_y = A_y + B_y
\]
3. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant vector \( \vec{R} \):
\[
R = \sqrt{R_x^2 + R_y^2}
\]
4. Determine the direction (angle) of \( \vec{R} \):
\[
\tan \theta = \frac{R_y}{R_x}
\]

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### Page 4: Special Types of Vectors and Vector Multiplication

#### Unit Vectors:

- **Definition**: Unit vectors are vectors with a magnitude of one, used to indicate direction.
- **Notation**: \(\hat{i}\) for the x-direction, \(\hat{j}\) for the y-direction, and \(\hat{k}\) for the z-
direction.
- **Example**: \(\vec{A} = 3\hat{i} + 4\hat{j}\)

#### Vector Multiplication:

- **Dot Product (Scalar Product)**:
- Definition: The dot product of two vectors \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) is a scalar.
- Formula:
\[
\vec{A} \cdot \vec{B} = AB \cos \theta
\]
- Example: \(\vec{A} = 2\hat{i} + 3\hat{j}\), \(\vec{B} = 4\hat{i} + 1\hat{j}\)
\[
\vec{A} \cdot \vec{B} = (2)(4) + (3)(1) = 11
\]
- **Cross Product (Vector Product)**:
- Definition: The cross product of two vectors \(\vec{A}\) and \(\vec{B}\) is a vector.
- Formula:
\[
\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = AB \sin \theta \hat{n}
\]
where \(\hat{n}\) is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing \(\vec{A}\) and \(\
vec{B}\).
- Example: \(\vec{A} = \hat{i} + 2\hat{j} + 3\hat{k}\), \(\vec{B} = 4\hat{i} + 5\hat{j} + 6\hat{k}\)
\[
\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = (2*6 - 3*5)\hat{i} - (1*6 - 3*4)\hat{j} + (1*5 - 2*4)\hat{k} = -3\hat{i} + 6\
hat{j} - 3\hat{k}
\]

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### Page 5: Practice Problems and Solutions

#### Problem 1:
**Question**: A car travels 20 km north, then 15 km east. Find the resultant displacement vector.

**Solution**:
1. Decompose vectors:
\[
\vec{A} = 20\hat{j}, \quad \vec{B} = 15\hat{i}
\]
2. Add components:
\[
\vec{R} = \vec{A} + \vec{B} = 15\hat{i} + 20\hat{j}
\]
3. Calculate magnitude:
\[
R = \sqrt{15^2 + 20^2} = \sqrt{625} = 25 \text{ km}
\]
4. Find direction:
\[
\theta = \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{20}{15}\right) = 53.13^\circ \text{ northeast}
\]

#### Problem 2:
**Question**: Two forces \(\vec{F_1} = 5\hat{i} + 2\hat{j}\) N and \(\vec{F_2} = -3\hat{i} + 4\hat{j}\) N
are acting on an object. Find the resultant force.

**Solution**:
1. Add components:
\[
\vec{F_R} = \vec{F_1} + \vec{F_2} = (5 - 3)\hat{i} + (2 + 4)\hat{j} = 2\hat{i} + 6\hat{j} \text{ N}
\]
2. Calculate magnitude:
\[
F_R = \sqrt{2^2 + 6^2} = \sqrt{40} = 6.32 \text{ N}
\]
3. Find direction:
\[
\theta = \tan^{-1} \left(\frac{6}{2}\right) = 71.57^\circ
\]

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This reviewer covers the fundamental aspects of Scalars and Vectors, including definitions, properties,
operations, and example problems to aid in understanding.