Universidad de Sta.

Isabel-Pili Campus
San Agustin, Pili Camarines Sur
S/Y: 2020-2021
Name: ____________________________Year/Section: ___________

DOING PHILOSOPHY
“Experience is that marvelous thing that enables you to
lesson 3 Recognize a mistake when you can make it again”
-F.B Jones

THE GREEK PERIOD (The three Great Greek Philosophers)

Socrates contributions to humanity consist of:
-Man as both universal and rational
-True wisdom is properly caring for the soul
-Know thyself which means knowing what is right in order to do what is best and
proper. Something To Chew On
SOCRATES
(469-399 B.C) - The world is unknowabledid Since, Socrates did not anything; with regard to his
Ethics and Religion philosophy, ethics, cosmology etc, but may be by
-Unexamined life is not worth living knowing ourselves better is to know the world, the
“Wisdom begins in universe beyond ourselves.
wonder” Hence, the “Unexamined life is not worth living.”

Socrates was really after the meaning of the world,

(as per the existence, beginning and the end ) he
would probably utter that ONLY THE CREATOR
KNOWS HIS CREATIONS.

He was the famous disciple of Socrates who descended from an aristocratic family and
whose ancestors were the early Anthenian noblemen.
His contributions to society were:
-Knowledge is concrete and practical
-Doctrine of Platonism means theory of general terms such us justice, peace and
PLATO knowledge
(427-347 B.C)
-Social justice pertains to giving credit where credit is due. Something To Chew On
“All Politics was
morally corrupt” For Plato, bad states produce bad people. To prevent
such one must learn virtues in order to do and act for
what is good for the state. Good is the highest form
and it is absolute.

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 He was a pupil of Plato who wrote logic, ethics and metaphysics. He became the
mentor of the greatest world conqueror, Alexander the Great.
Something To Chew On
His Contributions to mankind were:
Man is a political animal. What separates
-The goal of human life is happiness man from animal is the ability of man to
-Greatest good for human being is the exercise think, give and articulate his reason. Man
can be the best animal when he uses his
ARISTOTLE
of rational faculties.
THE ANCIENT ROME: STOICISM intellect and acts as a beast when
(384-322 B.C) -Virtue is a state of the mind overshadowed by his passion.
“ManA. is by nature
THE a -God is(STOICSM)
ROMANS the First cause, and the Source of change.
political animal” -Reality and Performance are the highest functions. (4 causes)

Epictitus Stoic view of man- Man can be slave on the outside, “externally” (have
one’s body in chains) and be free “internally” (be at peace with oneself in aloofness
from all pleasure and pain). Dualism of mind (soul) and body- The inner realm is
a realm of freedom. The outer realm is a determinism (things outside of our mind,
including our own bodies, are determined by factors beyond control.)

Plotinus was one of the leaading neo-platonic philosophers of the Roman Empire and a
Pantheist. He envisaged God as an impersonal Unity- infinite, eternal, with no spatial
location, and whithout thought, knowledge or movement. He also spoke of evolution of
the hierachy of being as “emanation” a strongly physical image. In the process of
emanation, there is gradual loss, for every effect is slightly inferior to its cause.

B. THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD: SCHOLASTICISM/THEO-CENTRIC

The starting point of Aquinas philosophy or the world view it espouses is a

Supernatural Being. His Structural outline begins, who is “in the beginning.” The
one essence of God and His three persons whether God exists, How God exists and
How God operates (Five ways to prove the existence of God.)Thus the overall
scheme of Aquinas, like that of the universe, is exitus-redditus, as an exit and a
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS return to God.
(1225-1274)

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Philosophy to Augustine is insuffiecient in itself in discovering this blessed life. It
does offer to the Christian a means to improve the understanding of faith and hence
is a positive asset in the rational approach to the love of God. In his book The
Confessionconsiders man as the great mystery. The place of rationlaism is clear in
th famous maxim Credo ut intelligam(“I Believe in order to understand.”) an
expression of the preemininence given by Augustine too faith over reason. St.
Augustine also conronts a question with which Christian philosophers have
struglled ever since he raised it. If God created the universe and everything in it and
God is both omnipotent and perfect, why does evil exist? ST. AUGUSTINE
(354-430)

Historical Period
Renaissance Period (5th
to 15th centuries)
The Enlightenment (17th Rationalism
to 18th centuries)
WESTERN PHILOPHY
School of Main Features, Beliefs Notable
Thought Philosophers
Humanism Emphasis on the human Nicollo Machiavelli
person; use of philosophy to
understand society.
Reason and logic considered Rene Descartes
the basis of knowledge and Immanuel Kantz
belief; man has innate
knowledge that can be
accessed through intuition or
deduction.

Empiricism Knowledge is gained through David Hume

the senses and experiences; John Locke
reliance on inductive reasoning
to arrive at generalizations.
Social and Jean Jacques
Political Discussions on the ideal human Rousseau
philosophy situation and society; emphasis Thomas Hobbes
on individual rights and liberties

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Modern Period (19th to Existentialism Human experience is defined Friedrich Nietzsche
20th centuries) by the views, emotions, and Martin Heidegger
actions of the individual.

Pragmatism Emphasis on the practical use John Dewey

of knowledge and ideas.

Phenomenology Experience is studied based on Edmund Husserl

the subjective viewpoint of the
individual.

Absurdism Man will never understand Albert Camus

human condition and meaning
of life.

Postmordernism Analysis on how knowledge, Michel Foucult

Post- ideas, and power relations are
structuralism defined.

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