Molarity definition

Molarity (M) is the amount of a substance in a certain volume of solution.

Molarity is defined as the moles of a solute per liters of a solution. Molarity is
also known as the molar concentration of a solution.
Molarity formula and units
The units of molarity are M or mol/L. A 1 M solution is said to be “one molar.”
Molarity equation
M = moles solute / liters solution

Molality definition
Molality (m), or molal concentration, is the amount of a substance dissolved in
a certain mass of solvent. It is defined as the moles of a solute per kilograms
of a solvent.
Molality formula and units
The units of molality are m or mol/kg.
Molality equation
m = moles solute / kilograms solvent
Normality:

The normality definition is the number of equivalents of a solute divided by the volume of the
solution in liters. Normality is also known as equivalent concentration.

Calculate the normality of a 600mL solution that contains 1.5 equivalents of solute.
Thus, the normality of the solution is 2.5 normal.

PERCENTAGE CONCENTRATION:

Percentage Calculation:
1 - percent by weight (weight/weight percent): number of grams of solute per 100g of
solution.
For example, a 0.9% solution of NaCl means that there is a ratio of 0.9g of NaCl per 100g of
solution.

2- percent by volume (volume/volume percent): number of volumes of the solute in 100

volume of solution.
It can be used when the solute is another liquid.
For example, a 20% solution of alcohol means that there is 20 ml of alcohol in 100 ml of solution.

3- weight/volume percent: number of grams of solute in 100 ml of solution.

For example in this case, a 0.9% solution of NaCl means that there is a ratio of 0.9g of NaCl per
100 ml of solution.

Exercise for Molarity

etermine the molarity for each of the following solutions:

a. 0.444 mol of CoCl2 in 0.654 L of solution. 0.67

b. 98.0 g of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, in 1.00 L of solution 1M
c. 0.2074 g of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, in 40.00 mL of solution 0.0699
d. 10.5 kg of Na2SO4·10H2O in 18.60 L of solution 1.75 M
e. 7.0 × 10−3 mol of I2 in 100.0 mL of solution 0.07 M
f. 1.8 × 104 mg of HCl in 0.075 L of solution 6.6 M

Calculate the number of moles and the mass of the solute in each of the following
solutions:

(a) 2.00 L of 18.5 M H2SO4, concentrated sulfuric acid

(b) 100.0 mL of 3.8 × 10 M NaCN, the minimum lethal concentration of sodium
−5

cyanide in blood serum

 (c) 5.50 L of 13.3 M H2CO, the formaldehyde used to “fix” tissue samples
(d) 325 mL of 1.8 × 10−6 M FeSO4, the minimum concentration of iron sulfate
detectable by taste in drinking water

3.63 × 103 g H2SO4

1.9 × 10−4 g NaCN

2.20 kg H2CO

8.9 × 10−5 g FeSO4

Calculate the normality of a 600mL solution that contains 1.5 equivalents of solute.

Molality Examples
Question: Calculate the molality of a solution where 0.5 grams of toluene (C7H8) is dissolved in 225
grams of Benzene (C6H6).

Solution:

Calculate the moles of the given solute.

Toluene – Molecular weight

=�7�8=7×12×+1×8=92�����/����

Using the formula:

Moles of toluene

=������������������������ℎ�

= 0.054 mole.

So, the mole of toluene is 0.054 mole.

Now, calculate the kilogram of solvent.

225��������������1000

= 0.225 kilogram

As the final step, calculate the molality using the formula.

Molality (m)

=����������������������������������

=0.054�����0.225��
Molality = 0.24 m

What is the molality if there are 3 moles in 0.5 kg of solvent?