Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IT फाइलेट
IT फाइलेट
PROJECT FILE ON
Submitted in the Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Two-Year Full
SESSION 2023-24
I thank and also extend my sincere appreciation to Assistant Professor Ms. Pooja Sagar,
MBA Department, Vishveshwarya Group of Institutions, Gr. Noida who provided her
valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my project report.
Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty, parents, Director and HOD Dr. Ajay Varshney for his
moral support and my friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of
suggestions that improved my quality work.
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LIST OF CONTENTS
2 Student Declaration 2
3 Acknowledgement 3
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● Assignments 56
UNIT - 1
Introduction to Computers
Characteristics of Computers
1. Speed - computer works more faster than human. Such as- calculating e-mail sending
2. Accuracy - computer provides 100% accurate result.
3. Diligence -Computer can work several hours continuously without stopping.
4. memory - the best thing about a computer is that it can store huge amount
of information in its memory.
5. Communication-anyone can communicate with another person with the help
of electronic devices (mobile, computer) that uses internet service.
History of Computers
Before computers were developed people used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools. As
technology advanced and the human mind improved with time more computing devices were
developed like Abacus, Napier’s Bones, etc. These devices were used as computers for
performing mathematical computations but not very complex ones.
Some of the popular computing devices are described below, starting from the oldest to the
latest or most advanced technology developed:
Abacus: the first calculating device was called abacus that was developed by the Egyptian
and Chinese people. The word abacus means a calculating board.
Structure: Abacus is basically a wooden rack that has metal rods with beads mounted on them.
Working of abacus: In the abacus, the beads were moved by the abacus operator according to
some rules to perform arithmetic calculations. In some countries like China, Russia, and Japan,
the abacus is still used by their people.
Napier’s bones: Napier’s bones was a manually operated calculating device and as the name
indicates, it was invented by John Napier. In this device, he used 9 different ivory strips
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(bones)
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marked with numbers to multiply and divide for calculation. It was also the first machine to use
the decimal point system for calculation.
Difference Engine Charles Babbage who is also known as the “Father of Modern Computer”
designed the Difference Engine in the early 1820s. Difference Engine was a mechanical
computer which is capable of performing simple calculations. It works with help of steam as it
was a steam-driven calculating machine, and it was designed to solve tables of numbers like
logarithm tables.
Analytical Engine Again in 1830 Charles Babbage developed another calculating machine
which was Analytical Engine. Analytical Engine was a mechanical computer that used punch
cards as input. It was capable of performing or solving any mathematical problem and storing
information as a permanent memory (storage).
Tabulating Machine Herman Hollerith, an American statistician invented this machine in the
year 1890. Tabulating Machine was a mechanical tabulator that was based on punch cards. It
was capable of tabulating statistics and record or sort data or information. This machine was
used by U.S. Census in the year 1890. Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company was started
by Hollerith and this company later became International Business Machine (IBM) in the year
1924.
Differential Analyzer Differential Analyzer was the first electronic computer introduced in the
year 1930 in the United States. It was basically an analog device that was invented by Vannevar
Bush. This machine consists of vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to perform calculations.
It was capable of doing 25 calculations in a few minutes.
Mark I In the year 1937, major changes began in the history of computers when Howard
Aiken planned to develop a machine that could perform large calculations or calculations
involving large numbers. In the year 1944, Mark I computer was built as a partnership
between IBM and
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Harvard. It was also the first programmable digital computer marking a new era in
the computer world.
Generations of Computers
First Generation Computers (1942-54)-first generation computer used thermion valves &
vacuum tubes. These computers were large in size and writing programs on them was difficult.
There are some computers of first generation are as—
ENIAC-it was the first electronic computer built in 1946 at university of Pennsylvania,
Electronic Numerical integrator and Calculator (ENIAC).the ENIAC was 30 50 feet long
,weighed 30 tons, contained 18000 vacuum tubes, 7000 registers, 10,000 capacitors and
required 150000 watts of electricity.
EDVAC-it stands for electronic discrete variable automatic computer and was
developed in 1950. The concept of storing data and instructions inside the computer
was introduced here.
EDSAC-it stands for electronic delay storage automatic computer was developed by M.V
Wilkes at Cambridge university in 1949.
UNIVAC-1-Ecker and Mauchy produced it in 1951 by universal accounting
computer setup
Second Generation Computers In the period of the year, 1954-1964 was referred to as the
period of the second generation of computers. It was the time of the transistor computers.
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Inthe second generation of computers, transistors (which were cheap in cost) are
usedTransistors are also compact and consume less power. Transistor computers are faster
than
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first-generation computers. For primary memory, magnetic cores were used, and for secondary
memory magnetic disc and tapes for storage purposes. In second-generation computers,
COBOL and FORTRAN are used as Assembly language and programming languages, and Batch
processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these computers.
For example IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, etc.
Third Generation Computers (1964-72)-the computer of this generation used integrated used
circuits(ICs). There ICs are popularly known as chips. A single IC has many transistors, registers
and capacitors built on a single thin slice of silicon. Some computer of this generation were as –
IBM-360
ICL-1900
IBM-370
VAX-750
Fourth Generation Computers The period of 1972-1990 was mainly the time of fourth
generation computers. It used VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated) circuits. VLSI is a chip
containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements and because of these chips, the
computers of this generation are more compact, powerful, fast, and affordable(low in cost).
Real-time, time-sharing and distributed operating system are used by these computers. C and
C++ are used as the programming languages in this generation of computers.
For example STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP, etc.
Fifth Generation Computers From 1990 – to till date these computers are used. The ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration) technology is used in fifth-generation computers instead of the VLSI
technology of fourth-generation computers. Microprocessor chips with ten million electronic
components are used in these computers. Parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software are also used in fifth-generation computers. The programming languages
like C, C++, Java, .Net, etc. are used.
Components of Computer
Computer Hardware and Software, both are essential parts of a Computer System. In short,
Hardware and Software make a System compatible with the user. In this article, we are going
to discuss the basic differences between Computer Hardware and Computer Software.
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Computer Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Computer Hardware is any part of
the computer that we can touch these parts. These are the primary electronic devices used to
build up the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the Processor, Memory
Devices, Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, and Central Processing Unit.
1. Input Devices: Input Devices are those devices through which a user enters data and
information into the Computer or simply, User interacts with the Computer. Examples of
Input Devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.
2. Output Devices: Output Devices are devices that are used to show the result of the task
performed by the user. Examples of Output Devices are Monitors, Printers, Speakers,
etc.
3. Storage Devices: Storage Devices are devices that are used for storing data and they are
also known as Secondary Storage Data. Examples of Storage Devices are CDs, DVDs,
Hard Disk, etc
4. Internal Component: Internal Components consists of important hardware devices
present in the System. Examples of Internal Components are the CPU, Motherboard,
etc.
Computer Software
Software is a collection of instructions, procedures, and documentation that performs different
tasks on a computer system. we can say also Computer Software is a programming code
executed on a computer processor. The code can be machine-level code or code written for an
operating system. Examples of software are MS- Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Google Chrome,
Photoshop, MySQL, etc.
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Types of Computer Software
● System Software
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● Application Software
1. System Software: system software is the main part of the software which provides an
interface between hardware and user. It helps to increase the capacity of the computer.
System software is responsible for running all other software
.EX: operating system (DOS,WINDOW,LINUX,UNIX,etc)
2. Application Software: Application Software are the software that works the basic
operations of the computer. It performs a specific task for users. Application Software
basically includes Word Processors, Spreadsheets, etc. Types of Application software
include General Purpose Software, Customized Software, etc.
Hardware
a) Input Devices:
1. Keyboard: A common input device for entering text and commands into a computer.
2. Printing Devices: These include printers that produce hard copies of documents
or images.
3. Voice Speech Devices: Devices that allow voice commands or speech input,
like microphones and voice recognition software.
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4. Scanner: A device that scans physical documents or images and converts them
into digital format.
5. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): Used for reading special characters printed
in magnetic ink on checks.
6. OMR (Optical Mark Recognition): Used for reading specially designed marks on
paper forms, such as standardized test answer sheets.
7. Bar Code Reader: Reads barcodes to identify and track products or items.
8. Digital Camera: Used to capture digital images and videos.
1. Magnetic Storage Devices: These include hard disk drives (HDDs) and magnetic
tapes, used for long-term data storage.
2. Optical Storage Devices: Devices like CD/DVD drives and Blu-ray drives used to read
and write optical discs for data storage.
3. Flash Memory: Includes USB drives, SSDs (Solid State Drives), and memory cards,
which offer fast, non-volatile storage for data and files.
Software
Types of Software:
1. System Software:
● Operating System (OS): Manages hardware resources and provides a user
interface. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux.
● Device Drivers: Enable communication between hardware devices and the OS.
● Utilities: Perform system maintenance and management tasks. Examples: Disk utilities,
antivirus software.
2. Application Software:
● Word Processing Software: Create, edit, and format text documents. Examples:
Microsoft Word, Google Docs.
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● Spreadsheet Software: Perform calculations and data analysis. Examples:
Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets.
● Graphics and Multimedia Software: Edit and create images, videos, and audio.
Examples: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere.
● Database Software: Store, manage, and retrieve data. Examples: Microsoft Access,
MySQL.
● Web Browsers: Access and navigate the internet. Examples: Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox.
3. Programming Software:
● IDE (Integrated Development Environment): Provides tools for software development.
Examples: Visual Studio, Eclipse.
● Text Editors: Simplified tools for writing code. Examples: Sublime Text, Visual
Studio Code.
● Languages, Compilers, Interpreters, and Assemblers:
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Types and Classification of Operating Systems:
1. Single-User OS: Designed for a single user, typically found on personal computers.
2. Multi-User OS: Supports multiple users simultaneously, common in servers and
mainframes.
3. Single-Tasking OS: Can run only one task at a time.
4. Multi-Tasking OS: Allows multiple tasks to run concurrently.
5. Real-Time OS: Designed for systems where response time is critical, such as
embedded systems.
6. Distributed OS: Coordinates multiple interconnected computers.
7. Network OS: Manages network resources and services.
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● Covers a city or a large campus.
● Provides high-speed connectivity between LANs.
● Typically used for city-wide internet access or large corporate campuses.
Netiquette:
Netiquette, or internet etiquette, refers to the proper and polite behavior when communicating
and interacting with others online. Some basic netiquette guidelines include:
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Example: https://www.example.com:8080/path/resource?query=example
Domain Names:
Domain names are human-readable labels used to identify and access resources on the
internet. They are hierarchical and include top-level domains (TLDs), second-level domains, and
sub domains. For example, in "www.example.com," "com" is the TLD, "example" is the second-
level domain, and "www" is a sub domain.
Web Browsers:
Web browsers are software applications that allow users to access and view web pages on the
World Wide Web. Common web browsers include:
1. Google Chrome
2. Mozilla Firefox
3. Microsoft Edge
4. Apple Safari
5. Opera
Web browsers interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to render web pages and provide various
features such as bookmarks, extensions, and private browsing modes.
Multimedia
1. Text:
● In multimedia, text is used to convey information, provide context, and enhance
understanding.
● Text can be presented in various fonts, styles, and sizes to make it visually appealing.
2. Graphics:
● Graphics include still images, illustrations, and artwork.
● Used to enhance the visual appeal of multimedia content.
● Common formats for graphics include JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.
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3. Animation:
● Animation involves the creation of moving images through a sequence of frames.
● Used to provide dynamic and engaging content.
● Formats like GIF and SWF are commonly used for animations.
4. Audio:
● Audio in multimedia can include music, spoken words, sound effects, and more.
● Enhances the emotional impact of multimedia content.
● Common audio formats include MP3, WAV, and AAC.
5. Images:
● Images can be still photographs or digital illustrations.
● Used to provide visual context and information.
● Common image formats include JPEG, PNG, and TIFF.
6. Video:
● Video includes moving images with audio.
● Used for storytelling, tutorials, and conveying information.
● Common video formats include MP4, AVI, and MOV.
Multimedia Applications:
1. Education:
● Multimedia is widely used in e-learning and digital classrooms.
● Interactive multimedia content enhances engagement and understanding.
● Applications include online courses, interactive textbooks, and educational games.
2. Entertainment:
● Multimedia plays a central role in entertainment, including movies, video games,
and streaming platforms.
● It creates immersive and engaging experiences for users.
3. Marketing:
● Multimedia is used in advertising and marketing campaigns.
● It helps convey messages effectively through visual and audio elements.
● Examples include video ads, interactive websites, and social media content.
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1. Text: TXT, RTF, PDF (with embedded text).
Multimedia is a versatile and powerful tool in various fields, enabling the creation of engaging
and interactive content for education, entertainment, marketing, and more. The choice of file
formats depends on the specific needs and compatibility with different devices and platforms.
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UNIT - 2
Windows and Users Interface
Windows operating System
The Windows operating system, developed by Microsoft, is one of the most widely used and
recognizable operating systems for personal computers. It has a rich history that dates back
to the mid-1980s and has gone through numerous versions and updates. Here are some key
characteristics and an introduction to the Windows operating system:
1. Graphical User
Interface (GUI):
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3. Extensive Software Compatibility:
● Windows has a vast library of compatible software, including productivity tools,
games, development environments, and more.
● This extensive software ecosystem is one of its major strengths.
4. File Management:
● Windows includes a file management system, with features like file browsers,
file search, and the Windows Explorer for managing files and folders.
8. Security Features:
● Windows incorporates various security features, including user account controls,
firewalls, and Windows Defender (built-in antivirus and anti-malware
protection).
9. Network Capabilities:
● Windows supports network connectivity and features like file sharing, printer
sharing, and remote desktop access.
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11. Cloud Integration:
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- Modern Windows versions are tightly integrated with Microsoft's cloud
services, such as OneDrive, which allows users to store and access files in the
cloud.
-
Graphical User Interface (GUI) elements are essential components that allow users to interact
with the operating system and applications. Here are some key GUI elements and how to use
them in a Windows-based environment:
2. My Computer Icon:
● The "My Computer" or "This PC" icon represents the computer's file
management system.
● Double-clicking this icon opens a file explorer window, where you can browse and
manage files, folders, drives, and network resources.
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● The status bar is typically located at the bottom of a window.
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● It provides information about the selected item or the current state of the application.
● Common information includes file size, number of items, and connection status.
6. Running an Application:
● To run an application, you can use the Start menu, desktop icons, or the taskbar.
● If you know the program's name, you can also search for it in the Start menu.
● Clicking an application icon will open the program.
Window explorer
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4. You can sort, filter, and change the view options to suit your preferences.
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2. In the Control Panel, you can configure system settings, install/uninstall software,
manage hardware, and more.
Sound Settings:
1. To access sound settings, right-click on the speaker icon in the taskbar and select "Open
Sound settings."
2. In the Sound settings, you can configure audio input and output devices, adjust
volume, and customize sound preferences.
These tasks allow you to effectively manage your files, configure system settings, personalize
your desktop, set the date and time, and adjust sound settings in a Windows operating
system.
Concept of menu
A menu is a graphical user interface element that presents a list of options or commands for
users to choose from. Menus are commonly used in software applications and the
operating system to provide a structured and organized way to access various functions and
features. There are typically two main types of menus:
1. Dropdown Menus: These menus appear when you click on a menu title and present
a list of options that you can select.
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Using Help:
Help is a feature in software applications that provides users with information and
assistance. You can typically access help in the following ways:
Menu-Based Help: Many applications have a "Help" menu with options to access
documentation, user guides, or context-specific help.
F1 Key: Pressing the F1 key in many applications and in the operating system will often open
the help system.
Online Help: Some software applications provide online help, which may include tutorials,
FAQs, and community forums.
Creating Shortcuts:
Shortcuts, also known as desktop shortcuts or desktop icons, are quick links to files,
folders, applications, or web pages. To create a shortcut on the desktop:
● Locate the item you want to create a shortcut for in Windows Explorer.
● Right-click on the item and choose "Create shortcut."
● The shortcut will appear on your desktop, and you can rename it for easy identification.
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Restoring: Click the restore button (two overlapping squares) to return a maximized
window to its previous size.
Moving Windows: Click and drag the window's title bar to move it to a different location on
the screen.
Notepad:
Notepad is a basic text editor in Windows that allows you to create and edit plain text files.
You can use it for tasks like note-taking, writing scripts, or editing configuration files.
Window Accessories:
Windows provides various accessories and tools that can be accessed from the Start menu
or searched through the Start menu's search bar. Some of these accessories include:
These are fundamental concepts and tasks in a Windows operating system that help users
navigate and customize their computer environment effectively.
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Press this key To do this
Alt + A Set focus to the first icon in the Suggested actions menu.
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UNIT - 3
Word Processor Software
Word processing concepts:
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version of MS Word is 2019. In this article we will learn the features of MS Word, but
first we learn how to open MS Word?
How to open MS Word?
The following step shows how to open MS words:
Step 1: Type MS Word in the search bar.
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Then you will get a window like in the image below where you can write your content
and perform different types of operations on that content, like font type, style, bold,
italic, etc. You can also add images, tables, charts to your document.
Features of MS Word
Now let us discuss the features or components of the Ms Word. Using these features,
you can perform different types of operations on your documents, like you can create,
delete, style, modify, or view the content of your document.
1. File
It contains options related to the file, like New(used to create a new document),
Open(used to open an existing document), Save(used to save document), Save As(used
to save documents), History, Print, Share, Export, Info, etc.
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2. Home
It is the default tab of Ms Word and it is generally divided into five groups, i.e.,
Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Style and Editing. It allows you to select the color, font,
emphasis, bullets, position of your text. It also contains options like cut, copy, and
paste. After selecting the home tab you will get below options:
3. Insert
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It is the second tab present on the menu bar or ribbon. It contains various items that
you may want to insert into a Microsoft word. It includes options like tables, word art,
hyperlinks, symbols, charts, signature line, date and time, shapes, header, footer, text
boxes, links, boxes, equations, etc., as shown in the below image:
4. Design
It is the fourth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. The design tab contains document
designs that you can select, such as documents with centered titles, offset headings, left-
justified text, page borders, watermarks, page color, etc., as shown in the below image:
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5. Layout
It is the fifth tab present on the menu bar or ribbon. It holds all the options that allow
you to arrange your Microsoft Word document pages just the way you want them. It
includes options like set margins, display line numbers, set paragraph indentation, and
lines apply themes, control page orientation and size, line breaks, etc., as shown in the
below image:
6. References
It is the sixth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. The references tab lets you add
references to a document, then create a bibliography at the end of the text. The references
are generally stored in a master list, which is used to add references to further
documents. It includes options like, Table of Contents, Footnotes, Citations &
Bibliography, Captions, Index, Table of Authorities, smart look, etc. After selecting
References tab, you will get the below options:
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7. Mailings
It is the seventh tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. It is a least used tab in the menu
bar. This tab is where you would create labels, print them on envelopes, do mail merge,
etc. After selecting mailing, you will get the below options:
8. Review
It is the eighth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. The review tab contains,
commenting, language, translation, spell check, word count tools. It is good for
quickly locating and editing comments. After selecting a review tab, you will get the
options below:
9. View
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It is the ninth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. View tab allows you to switch
between single page or double page and also allows you to control the layout tools It
includes print layout, outline, web layout, task pane, toolbars, ruler, header and footer,
footnotes, full-screen view, zoom, etc. as shown in the below image:
ASSIGNMENT
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To do this Press
Open a document. Ctrl + O
Create a new document. Ctrl + N
Save the document. Ctrl + S
Close the document. Ctrl + W
Cut the selected content to the Ctrl + X
Clipboard.
Copy the selected content to the Ctrl + C
Clipboard.
Paste the contents of the Ctrl + V
Clipboard.
Select all document content. Ctrl + A
Apply bold formatting to text. Ctrl + B
Apply italic formatting to text. Ctrl + I
Apply underline formatting to Ctrl + U
text.
Decrease the font size by 1 point. Ctrl + Left bracket ([)
Increase the font size by 1 point. Ctrl + Right bracket (])
Center the text. Ctrl+ E
Align the text to the left. Ctrl+ L
Align the text to the right. Ctrl+ R
Cancel a command. Esc
Undo the previous action. Ctrl+ Z
Redo the previous action, if Ctrl+ Y
possible.
Adjust the zoom magnification. Alt+ W, Q, then use the Tab key in the Zoom dialog box to
go to the value you want.
Split the document window. Ctrl+ Alt +S
Remove the document window Alt+ Shift +C or Ctrl +Alt +S
split.
UNIT - 4
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Spreadsheet Software
A spreadsheet package is a software application designed to organize, analyze, and manipulate
data in tabular form. Spreadsheets consist of rows and columns, where each intersection of a
row and column is called a cell. Each cell can contain data, text, or formulas. A popular
spreadsheet package is Microsoft Excel, but there are several others, such as Google Sheets
and LibreOffice Calc.
Workbook:
● A workbook is a file containing one or more worksheets.
● Worksheets are individual tabs within a workbook where you can organize and
analyze data.
Creating a Workbook:
● Open the spreadsheet software.
● Typically, a new workbook is created by default, or you can choose to create a new one.
Saving and Editing a Workbook:
● Save your workbook using the save or save-as option.
● Editing involves entering and manipulating data, adding formulas, formatting cells, etc.
Inserting and Deleting Worksheets:
● You can insert new worksheets to organize data differently.
● Deleting worksheets is usually done to remove unnecessary data or reorganize
the structure.
Entering Data in a Cell:
● Click on the cell where you want to enter data.
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● Type the data and press Enter.
● You can also use the formula bar for data entry.
Formulae:
● Formulas are used to perform calculations on data in the spreadsheet.
● A formula starts with an equal sign (=) followed by the mathematical expression.
● For example, "=A1+B1" adds the values in cells A1 and B1.
Copying and Moving Cells:
● Copy: Select the cell or range of cells, right-click, choose "Copy," select the
destination, right-click, and choose "Paste."
● Move: Same as copying, but after copying, right-click on the selected cells, choose "Cut,"
and then paste in the desired location.
Handling Operators in Formulas:
● Operators (+, -, *, /) are used to perform arithmetic operations in formulas.
● For example, in the formula "=A1+B1," "+" is the operator that adds the values in
cells A1 and B1.
Understanding these concepts will help you effectively use a spreadsheet package to organize
and analyze data. Keep in mind that the specific steps and features can vary slightly between
different spreadsheet software.
Mathematical Functions:
● Examples include SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, SQRT (square root), etc.
● These functions perform basic arithmetic and mathematical operations.
Logical Functions:
● Examples include IF, AND, OR, NOT.
● These functions are used for making logical decisions based on specified conditions.
Statistical Functions:
● Examples include COUNT, COUNTIF, SUMIF, AVERAGEIF.
● These functions perform statistical analysis on data.
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Text Functions:
● Examples include CONCATENATE, LEFT, RIGHT, MID, LEN.
● These functions manipulate and analyze text data.
Financial Functions:
● Examples include PV (present value), FV (future value), PMT (payment), etc.
● These functions are used for financial calculations.
Date and Time Functions:
● Examples include TODAY, NOW, DATE, TIME, etc.
● These functions handle date and time-related calculations.
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Formatting a Worksheet and Cell:
Printing Worksheets:
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Charts and Graphs:
Creating:
● Select data for the chart.
● Go to the "Insert" or "Charts" menu to choose the desired chart type.
Previewing:
● Use the chart preview to ensure it represents the data correctly.
Modifying:
● Click on the chart to access modification options.
● Adjust titles, labels, colors, and other chart elements.
1) Copying and Pasting: Easily copy data or charts from spreadsheets to word processors.
2) Embedding: Embed spreadsheet objects in word processors.
3) Hyperlinks: Link cells or charts to web pages for quick access.
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Conditional Formatting: -
Conditional formatting in Excel is a feature that allows you to format cells based on specified
criteria or conditions. This feature helps you visually highlight and interpret data, making it
easier to analyze and understand. With conditional formatting, you can apply various
formatting styles, such as font color, cell background color, or data bars, to cells that meet
specific conditions.
3. Choose a Rule:
● Click on "Conditional Formatting" in the toolbar, and a dropdown menu will appear
with various predefined rules. Common rules include:
● Highlight Cells Rules: Rules based on cell values (e.g., greater than, less
than, between).
● Data Bars, Color Scales, and Icon Sets: Visual representations of data variations.
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Assignment-1
4. Set Criteria:
● After selecting a rule, a dialog box will appear where you can specify the criteria.
For example, if you choose "Greater Than" you'll need to enter a value.
5. Format Style:
● Specify the formatting style you want to apply when the condition is met. This can
include font color, cell background color, or other formatting options depending on
the
chosen rule.
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6. Apply and OK:
● Click "OK" to apply the conditional formatting. The selected cells will now be formatted
based on the specified conditions.
Here are a few examples of how you might use conditional formatting:
Conditional formatting is a powerful tool for data visualization and analysis, helping you
quickly identify trends, outliers, or specific conditions within your Excel spreadsheets.
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Assignment – 2: -
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Answer
PIVOT TABLE
ASSIGNMENT 3
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QUESTION
Answer:-
QUESTION
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Sumifs and Countifs
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QUESTION
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Answer:
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To do this Press
Close a workbook. Ctrl +W
Open a workbook. Ctrl +O
Go to the Home tab. Alt +H
Save a workbook. Ctrl +S
Copy selection. Ctrl +C
Paste selection. Ctrl +V
Undo recent action. Ctrl +Z
Remove cell contents. Delete
Choose a fill color. Alt+ H, H
Cut selection. Ctrl+ X
Go to the Insert tab. Alt+ N
Apply bold formatting. Ctrl+ B
Center aligns cell contents. Alt+ H, A, C
Go to the Page Layout tab. Alt+ P
Go to the Data tab. Alt+ A
Go to the View tab. Alt+ W
Open the context menu. Shift+F10 or
To do this Press
Open the Format Cells dialog box. Ctrl+1
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Format fonts in the Format Cells dialog box. Ctrl +Shift +F or Ctrl
+Shift +P
Edit the active cell and put the insertion point at the end of its
F2
contents. Or, if editing is turned off for the cell, move the insertion
point into the formula bar. If editing a formula, toggle Point mode
off or on so you can use the arrow keys to create a reference.
Insert a note.
Shift+F2
Open and edit a cell note.
Shift+F2
Insert a threaded
Ctrl+Shift+F2
comment.
Ctrl+Shift+F2
Open and reply to a threaded comment.
Open the Insert dialog box to insert blank cells. Ctrl +Shift +Plus sign
(+)
Open the Delete dialog box to delete selected cells. Ctrl +Minus sign (-)
Enter the current time. Ctrl +Shift +Colon (:)
Enter the current date. Ctrl +Semicolon (;)
Switch between displaying cell values or formulas in the worksheet. Ctrl +Grave accent
(`)
Copy a formula from the cell above the active cell into the cell or Ctrl +Apostrophe (')
the formula bar.
Move the selected cells. Ctrl +X
Copy the selected cells. Ctrl +C
Paste content at the insertion point, replacing any selection. Ctrl +V
Open the Paste Special dialog box. Ctrl +Alt
+V
Italicize text or remove italic formatting. Ctrl +I or Ctrl+3
Bold text or remove bold formatting. Ctrl +B or Ctrl+2
Underline text or remove underline. Ctrl +U or Ctrl+4
Apply or remove strikethrough formatting. Ctrl+5
Switch between hiding objects, displaying objects, and displaying
Ctrl+6
placeholders for objects.
Apply an outline border to the selected cells. Ctrl +Shift
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+Ampersand sign
(&)
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Remove the outline border from the selected cells. Ctrl +Shift
+Underscore (_)
Display or hide the outline symbols. Ctrl+8
Use the Fill Down command to copy the contents and format of the Ctrl +D
topmost cell of a selected range into the cells below.
Apply the General number format. Ctrl +Shift +Tilde
sign (~)
Apply the Currency format with two decimal places (negative Ctrl +Shift +Dollar
numbers in parentheses). sign ($)
Apply the Percentage format with no decimal places. Ctrl +Shift +Percent
sign (%)
Apply the Scientific number format with two decimal places. Ctrl +Shift +Caret
sign (^)
Apply the Date format with the day, month, and year. Ctrl +Shift+ Number
sign (#)
Apply the Time format with the hour and minute, and AM or PM. Ctrl +Shift +At sign
(@)
Apply the Number format with two decimal places, thousands Ctrl +Shift
separator, and minus sign (-) for negative values.
+Exclamation point
(!)
Open the Insert hyperlink dialog box. Ctrl +K
Check spelling in the active worksheet or selected range. F7
Display the Quick Analysis options for selected cells that contain data. Ctrl +Q
Display the Create Table dialog box. Ctrl +L or Ctrl +T
Open the Workbook Statistics dialog box. Ctrl +Shift +G
UNIT – 5
Presentation Software
The interface of a presentation package, such as Microsoft PowerPoint or Google Slides,
typically consists of a set of tools and features that allow users to create, edit, and present
slides. Here's an overview of the key elements and tasks associated with presentation
software:
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Interface of Presentation Package:
1. Creating a Presentation:
● Open the presentation software.
● Choose to start a new presentation or use a template.
2. Opening and Saving Presentations:
● Open existing presentations or create new ones.
● Save presentations to a local drive or cloud storage.
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Formatting and Editing:
Presentation software offers a range of tools to create visually appealing and engaging
slideshows. Utilizing various design options, views, and formatting features can help achieve a
professional and polished look for your presentations.
Assignment:
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Answer:-
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