A

PROJECT FILE ON

IT SKILLS LAB-1 KMBN151

Submitted in the Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Two-Year Full

Time Master of Business Administration

SESSION 2023-24

Submitted By: Under the Guidance of

Tanu Ms. Pooja Sagar

Roll no. –230070898 (Asst. Professor)

MBA 1st Semester

VGI Gautam Buddha Nagar

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed

in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behavior, and acts during the
course of study.

I thank and also extend my sincere appreciation to Assistant Professor Ms. Pooja Sagar,
MBA Department, Vishveshwarya Group of Institutions, Gr. Noida who provided her
valuable suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my project report.

Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty, parents, Director and HOD Dr. Ajay Varshney for his
moral support and my friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of
suggestions that improved my quality work.

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Particulars Page No.

1 Title 1

2 Student Declaration 2

3 Acknowledgement 3

4 Unit-1 (Conceptual Framework)

● Introduction to computers 4
● History of Computers 5
● Generation of computers 7
8
● Components of computers
13
● Network and Internet 15
● Multimedia Applications

5 Unit-2 (Windows and User Interface)

● Windows Operating System 17
● Elements of GUI 19
● Window Explorer 20
21
● Window Setting
24
● Notepad 24
● Window Accessories

6 Unit-3 (Word Processor Software)

● Word Processing Concepts 26
● Features of MS Word 28
● Assignments 33

7 Unit-4 (Spreadsheet Software)

● Workbook 35
● Charts and Graphs 40
● Conditional Formatting 41
42
● Assignments

8 Unit-5 (Presentation Software)

● Interface of the Presentation Package 53
● Formatting and Editing 55
● Designing Slide Show 55

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 ● Assignments 56

UNIT - 1
Introduction to Computers

A Computer is an electronic device that performs calculations and operations based

on instructions provided by a software or hardware program.

Characteristics of Computers
1. Speed - computer works more faster than human. Such as- calculating e-mail sending
2. Accuracy - computer provides 100% accurate result.
3. Diligence -Computer can work several hours continuously without stopping.
4. memory - the best thing about a computer is that it can store huge amount
of information in its memory.
5. Communication-anyone can communicate with another person with the help
of electronic devices (mobile, computer) that uses internet service.

History of Computers
Before computers were developed people used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools. As
technology advanced and the human mind improved with time more computing devices were
developed like Abacus, Napier’s Bones, etc. These devices were used as computers for
performing mathematical computations but not very complex ones.
Some of the popular computing devices are described below, starting from the oldest to the
latest or most advanced technology developed:
Abacus: the first calculating device was called abacus that was developed by the Egyptian
and Chinese people. The word abacus means a calculating board.

Structure: Abacus is basically a wooden rack that has metal rods with beads mounted on them.
Working of abacus: In the abacus, the beads were moved by the abacus operator according to
some rules to perform arithmetic calculations. In some countries like China, Russia, and Japan,
the abacus is still used by their people.

Napier’s bones: Napier’s bones was a manually operated calculating device and as the name
indicates, it was invented by John Napier. In this device, he used 9 different ivory strips

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(bones)

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marked with numbers to multiply and divide for calculation. It was also the first machine to use
the decimal point system for calculation.

Pascaline: It is also called an Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. A French mathematician-

philosopher Blaise Pascal invented this between 1642 and 1644. It was the first mechanical
and automatic calculator. It is invented by Pascal to help his father, a tax accountant in his
work or calculation. It could perform addition and subtraction in quick time. It was basically a
wooden box with a series of gears and wheels. It is worked by rotating wheel like when a
wheel is rotated one revolution, it rotates the neighbouring wheel and a series of windows is
given on the top of the wheels to read the totals.

Stepped Reckoner or Leibniz wheel: A German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm

Leibniz in 1673 developed this device by improving Pascal’s invention to develop this machine.
It was basically a digital mechanical calculator, and it was called the stepped reckoner as it was
made of fluted drums instead of gears (used in the previous model of Pascaline).

Difference Engine Charles Babbage who is also known as the “Father of Modern Computer”
designed the Difference Engine in the early 1820s. Difference Engine was a mechanical
computer which is capable of performing simple calculations. It works with help of steam as it
was a steam-driven calculating machine, and it was designed to solve tables of numbers like
logarithm tables.

Analytical Engine Again in 1830 Charles Babbage developed another calculating machine
which was Analytical Engine. Analytical Engine was a mechanical computer that used punch
cards as input. It was capable of performing or solving any mathematical problem and storing
information as a permanent memory (storage).

Tabulating Machine Herman Hollerith, an American statistician invented this machine in the
year 1890. Tabulating Machine was a mechanical tabulator that was based on punch cards. It
was capable of tabulating statistics and record or sort data or information. This machine was
used by U.S. Census in the year 1890. Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine Company was started
by Hollerith and this company later became International Business Machine (IBM) in the year
1924.

Differential Analyzer Differential Analyzer was the first electronic computer introduced in the
year 1930 in the United States. It was basically an analog device that was invented by Vannevar
Bush. This machine consists of vacuum tubes to switch electrical signals to perform calculations.
It was capable of doing 25 calculations in a few minutes.

Mark I In the year 1937, major changes began in the history of computers when Howard
Aiken planned to develop a machine that could perform large calculations or calculations
involving large numbers. In the year 1944, Mark I computer was built as a partnership
between IBM and

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Harvard. It was also the first programmable digital computer marking a new era in
the computer world.

Generations of Computers

First Generation Computers (1942-54)-first generation computer used thermion valves &
vacuum tubes. These computers were large in size and writing programs on them was difficult.
There are some computers of first generation are as—
 ENIAC-it was the first electronic computer built in 1946 at university of Pennsylvania,
Electronic Numerical integrator and Calculator (ENIAC).the ENIAC was 30 50 feet long
,weighed 30 tons, contained 18000 vacuum tubes, 7000 registers, 10,000 capacitors and
required 150000 watts of electricity.
 EDVAC-it stands for electronic discrete variable automatic computer and was
developed in 1950. The concept of storing data and instructions inside the computer
was introduced here.
 EDSAC-it stands for electronic delay storage automatic computer was developed by M.V
Wilkes at Cambridge university in 1949.
 UNIVAC-1-Ecker and Mauchy produced it in 1951 by universal accounting
computer setup
Second Generation Computers In the period of the year, 1954-1964 was referred to as the
period of the second generation of computers. It was the time of the transistor computers.

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Inthe second generation of computers, transistors (which were cheap in cost) are
usedTransistors are also compact and consume less power. Transistor computers are faster
than

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first-generation computers. For primary memory, magnetic cores were used, and for secondary
memory magnetic disc and tapes for storage purposes. In second-generation computers,
COBOL and FORTRAN are used as Assembly language and programming languages, and Batch
processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these computers.
For example IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, etc.
Third Generation Computers (1964-72)-the computer of this generation used integrated used
circuits(ICs). There ICs are popularly known as chips. A single IC has many transistors, registers
and capacitors built on a single thin slice of silicon. Some computer of this generation were as –
 IBM-360
 ICL-1900
 IBM-370
 VAX-750

Fourth Generation Computers The period of 1972-1990 was mainly the time of fourth
generation computers. It used VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated) circuits. VLSI is a chip
containing millions of transistors and other circuit elements and because of these chips, the
computers of this generation are more compact, powerful, fast, and affordable(low in cost).
Real-time, time-sharing and distributed operating system are used by these computers. C and
C++ are used as the programming languages in this generation of computers.
For example STAR 1000, PDP 11, CRAY-1, CRAY-X-MP, etc.
Fifth Generation Computers From 1990 – to till date these computers are used. The ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration) technology is used in fifth-generation computers instead of the VLSI
technology of fourth-generation computers. Microprocessor chips with ten million electronic
components are used in these computers. Parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial
Intelligence) software are also used in fifth-generation computers. The programming languages
like C, C++, Java, .Net, etc. are used.

Components of Computer
Computer Hardware and Software, both are essential parts of a Computer System. In short,
Hardware and Software make a System compatible with the user. In this article, we are going
to discuss the basic differences between Computer Hardware and Computer Software.

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Computer Hardware
Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer. Computer Hardware is any part of
the computer that we can touch these parts. These are the primary electronic devices used to
build up the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the Processor, Memory
Devices, Monitor, Printer, Keyboard, Mouse, and Central Processing Unit.

Types of Computer Hardware

● Input Devices
● Output Devices
● Storage Devices
● Internal Component

1. Input Devices: Input Devices are those devices through which a user enters data and
information into the Computer or simply, User interacts with the Computer. Examples of
Input Devices are Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, etc.
2. Output Devices: Output Devices are devices that are used to show the result of the task
performed by the user. Examples of Output Devices are Monitors, Printers, Speakers,
etc.
3. Storage Devices: Storage Devices are devices that are used for storing data and they are
also known as Secondary Storage Data. Examples of Storage Devices are CDs, DVDs,
Hard Disk, etc
4. Internal Component: Internal Components consists of important hardware devices
present in the System. Examples of Internal Components are the CPU, Motherboard,
etc.

Computer Software
Software is a collection of instructions, procedures, and documentation that performs different
tasks on a computer system. we can say also Computer Software is a programming code
executed on a computer processor. The code can be machine-level code or code written for an
operating system. Examples of software are MS- Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Google Chrome,
Photoshop, MySQL, etc.

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Types of Computer Software
● System Software

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● Application Software

1. System Software: system software is the main part of the software which provides an
interface between hardware and user. It helps to increase the capacity of the computer.
System software is responsible for running all other software
.EX: operating system (DOS,WINDOW,LINUX,UNIX,etc)

2. Application Software: Application Software are the software that works the basic
operations of the computer. It performs a specific task for users. Application Software
basically includes Word Processors, Spreadsheets, etc. Types of Application software
include General Purpose Software, Customized Software, etc.

Hardware

a) Input Devices:

1. Keyboard: A common input device for entering text and commands into a computer.
2. Printing Devices: These include printers that produce hard copies of documents
or images.
3. Voice Speech Devices: Devices that allow voice commands or speech input,
like microphones and voice recognition software.

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 4. Scanner: A device that scans physical documents or images and converts them
into digital format.
5. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition): Used for reading special characters printed
in magnetic ink on checks.
6. OMR (Optical Mark Recognition): Used for reading specially designed marks on
paper forms, such as standardized test answer sheets.
7. Bar Code Reader: Reads barcodes to identify and track products or items.
8. Digital Camera: Used to capture digital images and videos.

(b) Output Devices:

1. Visual Display Unit (VDU): Commonly known as a computer monitor, it displays

visual information generated by the computer.
2. Printers: These produce hard copies of digital documents or images.
3. Plotters: Specialized devices used for producing high-quality vector graphics, often used
in technical and engineering applications.

(c) Storage Devices:

1. Magnetic Storage Devices: These include hard disk drives (HDDs) and magnetic
tapes, used for long-term data storage.
2. Optical Storage Devices: Devices like CD/DVD drives and Blu-ray drives used to read
and write optical discs for data storage.
3. Flash Memory: Includes USB drives, SSDs (Solid State Drives), and memory cards,
which offer fast, non-volatile storage for data and files.

Software
Types of Software:

1. System Software:
● Operating System (OS): Manages hardware resources and provides a user
interface. Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux.
● Device Drivers: Enable communication between hardware devices and the OS.
● Utilities: Perform system maintenance and management tasks. Examples: Disk utilities,
antivirus software.

2. Application Software:
● Word Processing Software: Create, edit, and format text documents. Examples:
Microsoft Word, Google Docs.

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 ● Spreadsheet Software: Perform calculations and data analysis. Examples:
Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets.
● Graphics and Multimedia Software: Edit and create images, videos, and audio.
Examples: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere.
● Database Software: Store, manage, and retrieve data. Examples: Microsoft Access,
MySQL.
● Web Browsers: Access and navigate the internet. Examples: Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox.

3. Programming Software:
● IDE (Integrated Development Environment): Provides tools for software development.
Examples: Visual Studio, Eclipse.
● Text Editors: Simplified tools for writing code. Examples: Sublime Text, Visual
Studio Code.
● Languages, Compilers, Interpreters, and Assemblers:

Languages, Compilers, Interpreters, and Assemblers:

● Programming Languages: These are used to write software. Examples: C++,
Java, Python.
● Compiler: Translates high-level source code into machine code or an intermediate
form. Examples: GCC (C/C++ compiler), Java compiler.
● Interpreter: Reads and executes code line by line without generating an
intermediate file. Examples: Python interpreter, JavaScript interpreter.
● Assembler: Converts assembly language into machine code specific to a particular
CPU architecture.
● Operating System Functions:

Operating System Functions:

1. Process Management: Creating, scheduling, and terminating processes.
2. Memory Management: Allocating and managing memory resources.
3. File System Management: Managing files and directories.
4. Device Management: Managing hardware devices.
5. User Interface: Providing a graphical or command-line interface for user interaction.
6. Security and Access Control: Protecting data and resources.
7. Networking: Managing network connections and services.
8. Error Handling: Detecting and resolving errors.

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Types and Classification of Operating Systems:
1. Single-User OS: Designed for a single user, typically found on personal computers.
2. Multi-User OS: Supports multiple users simultaneously, common in servers and
mainframes.
3. Single-Tasking OS: Can run only one task at a time.
4. Multi-Tasking OS: Allows multiple tasks to run concurrently.
5. Real-Time OS: Designed for systems where response time is critical, such as
embedded systems.
6. Distributed OS: Coordinates multiple interconnected computers.
7. Network OS: Manages network resources and services.

Elements of a GUI-Based Operating System:

1. Desktop: The graphical representation of the user's workspace.
2. Icons: Visual representations of files, folders, or applications.
3. Windows: Individual frames for running applications.
4. Start Menu or Dock: Provides access to applications and system functions.
5. File Explorer or Finder: Allows users to navigate the file system.
6. Taskbar or Dock: Displays open applications and system notifications.
7. Control Panel or System Preferences: Provides access to system settings.
8. Dialog Boxes: Pop-up windows for user input or messages.
9. Context Menus: Right-click menus for actions on files or folders.
10. Mouse Pointer: The cursor for interacting with the GUI.

Network and Internet

Types of Computer Networks:

1. Local Area Network (LAN):

● Covers a small geographic area, such as a single building or campus.
● High data transfer rates and low latency.
● Often used for connecting devices within a home, office, or school.

2. Wide Area Network (WAN):

● Spans a large geographical area, often a country or even the world.
● Slower data transfer rates compared to LANs due to longer distances.
● Examples include the internet and private WANs like MPLS networks.

3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):

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 ● Covers a city or a large campus.
● Provides high-speed connectivity between LANs.
● Typically used for city-wide internet access or large corporate campuses.

Netiquette:
Netiquette, or internet etiquette, refers to the proper and polite behavior when communicating
and interacting with others online. Some basic netiquette guidelines include:

1. Use proper grammar and spelling in online communication.

2. Respect others' privacy and personal boundaries.
3. Avoid spamming or sending unsolicited messages.
4. Be cautious about sharing personal information.
5. Use emoticons or emojis to convey tone or emotion in text-based communication.
6. Avoid using all caps (it's considered shouting online).
7. Respect online communities and follow their rules.
8. Think before posting or sharing content, as it can have a long-lasting impact.

Basic Services over the Internet:

1. World Wide Web (WWW): A system of interlinked hypertext documents
and multimedia content accessed via web browsers.
2. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Allows the transfer of files between a client and a server
over the internet.
3. Telnet: A protocol that enables remote login and control of a computer or server.
4. Gopher: An older protocol for retrieving and viewing documents over the internet in
a hierarchical structure.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator):

A URL is a reference used to access resources on the internet. It typically consists of
the following components:

● Protocol: Specifies how to retrieve the resource (e.g., HTTP, FTP).

● Domain Name: The human-readable address of the website.
● Port: An optional component specifying the destination port on the server.
● Path: The specific location of the resource on the server.
● Query: Optional data or parameters for the resource.

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 Example: https://www.example.com:8080/path/resource?query=example

Domain Names:
Domain names are human-readable labels used to identify and access resources on the
internet. They are hierarchical and include top-level domains (TLDs), second-level domains, and
sub domains. For example, in "www.example.com," "com" is the TLD, "example" is the second-
level domain, and "www" is a sub domain.

Web Browsers:
Web browsers are software applications that allow users to access and view web pages on the
World Wide Web. Common web browsers include:
1. Google Chrome
2. Mozilla Firefox
3. Microsoft Edge
4. Apple Safari
5. Opera

Web browsers interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to render web pages and provide various
features such as bookmarks, extensions, and private browsing modes.

Multimedia
1. Text:
● In multimedia, text is used to convey information, provide context, and enhance
understanding.
● Text can be presented in various fonts, styles, and sizes to make it visually appealing.

2. Graphics:
● Graphics include still images, illustrations, and artwork.
● Used to enhance the visual appeal of multimedia content.
● Common formats for graphics include JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.

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 3. Animation:
● Animation involves the creation of moving images through a sequence of frames.
● Used to provide dynamic and engaging content.
● Formats like GIF and SWF are commonly used for animations.

4. Audio:
● Audio in multimedia can include music, spoken words, sound effects, and more.
● Enhances the emotional impact of multimedia content.
● Common audio formats include MP3, WAV, and AAC.

5. Images:
● Images can be still photographs or digital illustrations.
● Used to provide visual context and information.
● Common image formats include JPEG, PNG, and TIFF.

6. Video:
● Video includes moving images with audio.
● Used for storytelling, tutorials, and conveying information.
● Common video formats include MP4, AVI, and MOV.

Multimedia Applications:

1. Education:
● Multimedia is widely used in e-learning and digital classrooms.
● Interactive multimedia content enhances engagement and understanding.
● Applications include online courses, interactive textbooks, and educational games.

2. Entertainment:
● Multimedia plays a central role in entertainment, including movies, video games,
and streaming platforms.
● It creates immersive and engaging experiences for users.

3. Marketing:
● Multimedia is used in advertising and marketing campaigns.
● It helps convey messages effectively through visual and audio elements.
● Examples include video ads, interactive websites, and social media content.

Common Multimedia File Formats:

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 1. Text: TXT, RTF, PDF (with embedded text).

2. Graphics: JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, TIFF, SVG.

3. Animation: GIF, SWF (Flash), APNG, WebM.

4. Audio: MP3, WAV, AAC, FLAC, OGG

5. Images: JPEG, PNG, TIFF, BMP.

6. Video: MP4, AVI, MOV, MKV, WMV.

7. Multimedia Presentation: PPT, PPTX (PowerPoint), PDF (with embedded multimedia).

8. 3D Graphics: OBJ, STL, COLLADA (used in 3D modeling and animation).

Multimedia is a versatile and powerful tool in various fields, enabling the creation of engaging
and interactive content for education, entertainment, marketing, and more. The choice of file
formats depends on the specific needs and compatibility with different devices and platforms.

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 UNIT - 2
Windows and Users Interface
Windows operating System
The Windows operating system, developed by Microsoft, is one of the most widely used and
recognizable operating systems for personal computers. It has a rich history that dates back
to the mid-1980s and has gone through numerous versions and updates. Here are some key
characteristics and an introduction to the Windows operating system:

1. Graphical User
Interface (GUI):

● Windows is known for its user-friendly graphical interface, featuring windows,

icons, menus, and a pointing device (typically a mouse).
● The GUI makes it easy for users to interact with the computer and its applications.

2. Multi-Tasking and Multi-User Capabilities:

● Windows supports multi-tasking, allowing users to run multiple applications
simultaneously.
● It also supports multiple user accounts with different privileges and settings.

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3. Extensive Software Compatibility:
● Windows has a vast library of compatible software, including productivity tools,
games, development environments, and more.
● This extensive software ecosystem is one of its major strengths.

4. File Management:
● Windows includes a file management system, with features like file browsers,
file search, and the Windows Explorer for managing files and folders.

5. Plug and Play:

● Windows introduced the "Plug and Play" feature, which simplifies the installation
of hardware devices by automatically detecting and configuring them.

6. Regular Updates and Support:

● Microsoft provides regular updates and security patches for Windows to enhance
stability, performance, and security.
● Technical support and documentation are readily available for users.

7. Compatibility with Various Hardware:

● Windows is designed to work with a wide range of computer hardware
configurations, making it versatile and adaptable to different devices.

8. Security Features:
● Windows incorporates various security features, including user account controls,
firewalls, and Windows Defender (built-in antivirus and anti-malware
protection).

9. Network Capabilities:
● Windows supports network connectivity and features like file sharing, printer
sharing, and remote desktop access.

10. Version Diversity:

- Over the years, there have been numerous versions of Windows, including
Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 10, and
more.
- Each version brings new features, improvements, and changes in the
user interface.

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11. Cloud Integration:

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 - Modern Windows versions are tightly integrated with Microsoft's cloud
services, such as OneDrive, which allows users to store and access files in the
cloud.
-

12. Customization and Personalization:

- Windows allows users to customize the desktop, themes, backgrounds,
and settings to suit their preferences.

13. Backward Compatibility:

- Microsoft strives to maintain backward compatibility, ensuring that
older software can still run on newer versions of Windows.

14. Virtualization Support:

- Windows includes features for running virtual machines, making it suitable
for software development and testing environments

Graphical User Interface (GUI) elements are essential components that allow users to interact
with the operating system and applications. Here are some key GUI elements and how to use
them in a Windows-based environment:

1. Using the Mouse:

● The mouse is a pointing device used to interact with the GUI.
● To perform actions, such as selecting, clicking, or dragging, move the mouse pointer
and click the left or right mouse button as needed.

2. My Computer Icon:
● The "My Computer" or "This PC" icon represents the computer's file
management system.
● Double-clicking this icon opens a file explorer window, where you can browse and
manage files, folders, drives, and network resources.

3. The Recycle Bin:

● The Recycle Bin is used for temporarily storing deleted files and folders.
● To delete a file, drag it to the Recycle Bin or right-click and select "Delete."
● To restore a file, open the Recycle Bin, select the file, right-click, and choose "Restore."
4. Status Bar:

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● The status bar is typically located at the bottom of a window.

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 ● It provides information about the selected item or the current state of the application.
● Common information includes file size, number of items, and connection status.

5. Start Menu and Menu Selection:

● The Start menu is accessed by clicking the "Start" button located in the lower-left
corner of the desktop.
● It provides access to various features and programs, including recent apps, settings,
and a search function.
● To open a program, click the "Start" button, find the program in the menu, and click it to
launch.

6. Running an Application:
● To run an application, you can use the Start menu, desktop icons, or the taskbar.
● If you know the program's name, you can also search for it in the Start menu.
● Clicking an application icon will open the program.

7. Menu and Menu Selection:

● Menus are lists of options or commands available in an application.
● To access a menu, click on the menu title at the top of the application window.
● You can select a menu item by clicking on it to reveal more options or perform
an action.

For example, to open the Start menu:

1. Move your mouse pointer to the "Start" button located in the lower-left corner of the
desktop.
2. Click the "Start" button.
3. The Start menu will open, displaying various applications, settings, and features.
4. You can then navigate through the menu, select the program you want to run, and
click on it.

Window explorer

Viewing Files, Folders, and Directories:

1. Open Windows Explorer by pressing ‘Win + E’ or by clicking on the "File Explorer"
icon on the taskbar.
2. Navigate through the directory structure on the left-hand side.
3. In the right-hand pane, you can view the files and folders within the selected directory.

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 4. You can sort, filter, and change the view options to suit your preferences.

Creating and Renaming Files and Folders:

1. To create a new folder, right-click on the location where you want to create it,
select "New," and then "Folder." Name the folder.
2. To create a new file, you can use an application or right-click within a directory and
select "New" to create a text document, for example.
3. To rename a file or folder, right-click it and select "Rename." Type the new name and
press Enter.

Opening and Closing Different Windows:

1. To open a new window, you can use the keyboard shortcut ‘Ctrl + N’ in
Windows Explorer. This will open a new instance of the file explorer.
2. To close a window, click the "X" button in the upper right corner of the window or
use the keyboard shortcut ‘Alt + F4’.

Windows Settings: Control Panel, Wallpaper, and Screen Savers:

Control Panel:
1. To access the Control Panel, press ‘Win + X’ and select "Control Panel."

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 2. In the Control Panel, you can configure system settings, install/uninstall software,
manage hardware, and more.

Wallpaper and Screen Savers:

1. To change your desktop wallpaper, right-click on the desktop and select
"Personalize." Choose a background image from the available options.
2. To set screen savers, right-click on the desktop, select "Personalize," and click
"Screen Saver Settings." Choose your preferred screen saver and configure settings as
needed.

Setting the Date:

1. To set the date and time, right-click on the system clock in the taskbar and
select "Adjust date/time."
2. In the Date & Time settings, you can change the date, time, and time zone as needed.

Sound Settings:
1. To access sound settings, right-click on the speaker icon in the taskbar and select "Open
Sound settings."
2. In the Sound settings, you can configure audio input and output devices, adjust
volume, and customize sound preferences.

These tasks allow you to effectively manage your files, configure system settings, personalize
your desktop, set the date and time, and adjust sound settings in a Windows operating
system.

Concept of menu
A menu is a graphical user interface element that presents a list of options or commands for
users to choose from. Menus are commonly used in software applications and the
operating system to provide a structured and organized way to access various functions and
features. There are typically two main types of menus:

1. Dropdown Menus: These menus appear when you click on a menu title and present
a list of options that you can select.

2. Context Menus: These menus appear when you right-click on an object,

providing context-specific options related to the selected object.

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Using Help:
Help is a feature in software applications that provides users with information and
assistance. You can typically access help in the following ways:

Menu-Based Help: Many applications have a "Help" menu with options to access
documentation, user guides, or context-specific help.

F1 Key: Pressing the F1 key in many applications and in the operating system will often open
the help system.

Online Help: Some software applications provide online help, which may include tutorials,
FAQs, and community forums.

Using the Right Button of the Mouse:

The right button of the mouse is often used to access context menus. When you right-click on
an object (e.g., a file, folder, or text), a menu appears with options relevant to that object. You
can use these context menus to perform various actions like copying, cutting, pasting, deleting,
and accessing properties.

Creating Shortcuts:
Shortcuts, also known as desktop shortcuts or desktop icons, are quick links to files,
folders, applications, or web pages. To create a shortcut on the desktop:

● Locate the item you want to create a shortcut for in Windows Explorer.
● Right-click on the item and choose "Create shortcut."
● The shortcut will appear on your desktop, and you can rename it for easy identification.

Basics of Window Setup:

Window setup refers to customizing the appearance and behavior of open windows on
your computer. Some common window setup tasks include:

Resizing Windows: Drag the window's edges to resize it as needed.

Maximizing and Minimizing: Click the maximize button (square icon) to make a window fill
the screen. Click the minimize button (dash icon) to reduce it to the taskbar.

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Restoring: Click the restore button (two overlapping squares) to return a maximized
window to its previous size.
Moving Windows: Click and drag the window's title bar to move it to a different location on
the screen.

Notepad:
Notepad is a basic text editor in Windows that allows you to create and edit plain text files.
You can use it for tasks like note-taking, writing scripts, or editing configuration files.

Window Accessories:
Windows provides various accessories and tools that can be accessed from the Start menu
or searched through the Start menu's search bar. Some of these accessories include:

1. Calculator: A basic calculator application.

2. Paint: A simple graphics application for drawing and editing images.
3. Snipping Tool (or Snip & Sketch): A tool for capturing and annotating screenshots.
4. Character Map: Allows you to find and insert special characters.
5. Notepad: A basic text editor for creating and editing plain text files.

These are fundamental concepts and tasks in a Windows operating system that help users
navigate and customize their computer environment effectively.

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Press this key To do this

Ctrl + X Cut the selected item.

Ctrl + C (or Ctrl + Insert) Copy the selected item.

Ctrl + V (or Shift + Insert) Paste the selected item.

Ctrl + Z Undo an action.

Alt + Tab Switch between open apps.

Alt + F4 Close the active item, or exit the active app.

Windows logo key + L Lock your PC.

Windows logo key + D Display and hide the desktop.

F2 Rename the selected item.

F5 Refresh the active window.

F6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop.

F10 Activate the Menu bar in the active app.

Alt + A Set focus to the first icon in the Suggested actions menu.

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 UNIT - 3
Word Processor Software
Word processing concepts:

Introduction to Microsoft Word

●

Microsoft word is a word processor software developed by Microsoft in 1983. It is the

most commonly used word processor software. It is used to create professional quality
documents, letters, reports, resumes, etc. and also allows you to edit or modify your new
or existing document. The file saved in MS Word has .docx extension. It is a component
of the Microsoft Office suite, but you can buy it separately and is available for both
Windows and macOS. The latest

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version of MS Word is 2019. In this article we will learn the features of MS Word, but
first we learn how to open MS Word?
How to open MS Word?
The following step shows how to open MS words:
Step 1: Type MS Word in the search bar.

Step 2: Select MS Word application.

Step 3: Select a blank document and press create button.

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Then you will get a window like in the image below where you can write your content
and perform different types of operations on that content, like font type, style, bold,
italic, etc. You can also add images, tables, charts to your document.

Features of MS Word

Now let us discuss the features or components of the Ms Word. Using these features,
you can perform different types of operations on your documents, like you can create,
delete, style, modify, or view the content of your document.
1. File
It contains options related to the file, like New(used to create a new document),
Open(used to open an existing document), Save(used to save document), Save As(used
to save documents), History, Print, Share, Export, Info, etc.

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2. Home
It is the default tab of Ms Word and it is generally divided into five groups, i.e.,
Clipboard, Font, Paragraph, Style and Editing. It allows you to select the color, font,
emphasis, bullets, position of your text. It also contains options like cut, copy, and
paste. After selecting the home tab you will get below options:

3. Insert

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It is the second tab present on the menu bar or ribbon. It contains various items that
you may want to insert into a Microsoft word. It includes options like tables, word art,
hyperlinks, symbols, charts, signature line, date and time, shapes, header, footer, text
boxes, links, boxes, equations, etc., as shown in the below image:

4. Design
It is the fourth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. The design tab contains document
designs that you can select, such as documents with centered titles, offset headings, left-
justified text, page borders, watermarks, page color, etc., as shown in the below image:

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5. Layout
It is the fifth tab present on the menu bar or ribbon. It holds all the options that allow
you to arrange your Microsoft Word document pages just the way you want them. It
includes options like set margins, display line numbers, set paragraph indentation, and
lines apply themes, control page orientation and size, line breaks, etc., as shown in the
below image:

6. References
It is the sixth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. The references tab lets you add
references to a document, then create a bibliography at the end of the text. The references
are generally stored in a master list, which is used to add references to further
documents. It includes options like, Table of Contents, Footnotes, Citations &
Bibliography, Captions, Index, Table of Authorities, smart look, etc. After selecting
References tab, you will get the below options:

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7. Mailings
It is the seventh tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. It is a least used tab in the menu
bar. This tab is where you would create labels, print them on envelopes, do mail merge,
etc. After selecting mailing, you will get the below options:

8. Review
It is the eighth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. The review tab contains,
commenting, language, translation, spell check, word count tools. It is good for
quickly locating and editing comments. After selecting a review tab, you will get the
options below:

9. View

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It is the ninth tab present in the menu bar or ribbon. View tab allows you to switch
between single page or double page and also allows you to control the layout tools It
includes print layout, outline, web layout, task pane, toolbars, ruler, header and footer,
footnotes, full-screen view, zoom, etc. as shown in the below image:

ASSIGNMENT

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Page 39
To do this Press
Open a document. Ctrl + O
Create a new document. Ctrl + N
Save the document. Ctrl + S
Close the document. Ctrl + W
Cut the selected content to the Ctrl + X
Clipboard.
Copy the selected content to the Ctrl + C
Clipboard.
Paste the contents of the Ctrl + V
Clipboard.
Select all document content. Ctrl + A
Apply bold formatting to text. Ctrl + B
Apply italic formatting to text. Ctrl + I
Apply underline formatting to Ctrl + U
text.
Decrease the font size by 1 point. Ctrl + Left bracket ([)
Increase the font size by 1 point. Ctrl + Right bracket (])
Center the text. Ctrl+ E
Align the text to the left. Ctrl+ L
Align the text to the right. Ctrl+ R
Cancel a command. Esc
Undo the previous action. Ctrl+ Z
Redo the previous action, if Ctrl+ Y
possible.
Adjust the zoom magnification. Alt+ W, Q, then use the Tab key in the Zoom dialog box to
go to the value you want.
Split the document window. Ctrl+ Alt +S
Remove the document window Alt+ Shift +C or Ctrl +Alt +S
split.

UNIT - 4

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 Spreadsheet Software
A spreadsheet package is a software application designed to organize, analyze, and manipulate
data in tabular form. Spreadsheets consist of rows and columns, where each intersection of a
row and column is called a cell. Each cell can contain data, text, or formulas. A popular
spreadsheet package is Microsoft Excel, but there are several others, such as Google Sheets
and LibreOffice Calc.

Here's an overview of some key concepts and working interfaces in a typical

spreadsheet package:

Workbook:
● A workbook is a file containing one or more worksheets.
● Worksheets are individual tabs within a workbook where you can organize and
analyze data.

Creating a Workbook:
● Open the spreadsheet software.
● Typically, a new workbook is created by default, or you can choose to create a new one.
Saving and Editing a Workbook:
● Save your workbook using the save or save-as option.
● Editing involves entering and manipulating data, adding formulas, formatting cells, etc.
Inserting and Deleting Worksheets:
● You can insert new worksheets to organize data differently.
● Deleting worksheets is usually done to remove unnecessary data or reorganize
the structure.
Entering Data in a Cell:
● Click on the cell where you want to enter data.

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 ● Type the data and press Enter.
● You can also use the formula bar for data entry.
Formulae:
● Formulas are used to perform calculations on data in the spreadsheet.
● A formula starts with an equal sign (=) followed by the mathematical expression.
● For example, "=A1+B1" adds the values in cells A1 and B1.
Copying and Moving Cells:
● Copy: Select the cell or range of cells, right-click, choose "Copy," select the
destination, right-click, and choose "Paste."
● Move: Same as copying, but after copying, right-click on the selected cells, choose "Cut,"
and then paste in the desired location.
Handling Operators in Formulas:
● Operators (+, -, *, /) are used to perform arithmetic operations in formulas.
● For example, in the formula "=A1+B1," "+" is the operator that adds the values in
cells A1 and B1.

Understanding these concepts will help you effectively use a spreadsheet package to organize
and analyze data. Keep in mind that the specific steps and features can vary slightly between
different spreadsheet software.

Functions in a spreadsheet are pre-built formulas that perform specific calculations or

operations on data. Spreadsheet software, such as Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets, provides
a wide range of functions categorized into various types:

Mathematical Functions:
● Examples include SUM, AVERAGE, MAX, MIN, SQRT (square root), etc.
● These functions perform basic arithmetic and mathematical operations.
Logical Functions:
● Examples include IF, AND, OR, NOT.
● These functions are used for making logical decisions based on specified conditions.
Statistical Functions:
● Examples include COUNT, COUNTIF, SUMIF, AVERAGEIF.
● These functions perform statistical analysis on data.

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Text Functions:
● Examples include CONCATENATE, LEFT, RIGHT, MID, LEN.
● These functions manipulate and analyze text data.
Financial Functions:
● Examples include PV (present value), FV (future value), PMT (payment), etc.
● These functions are used for financial calculations.
Date and Time Functions:
● Examples include TODAY, NOW, DATE, TIME, etc.
● These functions handle date and time-related calculations.

Using Function Wizard:

● The Function Wizard or Function Builder helps users select and insert functions.
● It guides users through the process, prompting for necessary arguments
and providing assistance.

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Formatting a Worksheet and Cell:

Changing Data Alignment:

● Align text or numbers left, right, or center within cells.
● Options for vertical alignment (top, center, bottom) are also available.
Changing Date, Number, Character, or Currency Format:
● Select cells and use the formatting options in the toolbar or ribbon.
● Choose date, number, or currency formats based on your preferences.
Changing Font:
● Modify font type, size, and style.
● Change font color and apply bold, italic, or underline.
Adding Borders and Colors:
● Add borders around cells or cell ranges.
● Apply background colors to cells for emphasis.

Printing Worksheets:

1) Set the print area if necessary.

2) Adjust page layout settings.
3) Preview the print layout before printing.
4) Print the worksheet or specify print options.

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 Charts and Graphs:

Creating:
● Select data for the chart.
● Go to the "Insert" or "Charts" menu to choose the desired chart type.
Previewing:
● Use the chart preview to ensure it represents the data correctly.
Modifying:
● Click on the chart to access modification options.
● Adjust titles, labels, colors, and other chart elements.

Integrating with Other Software:

1) Copying and Pasting: Easily copy data or charts from spreadsheets to word processors.
2) Embedding: Embed spreadsheet objects in word processors.
3) Hyperlinks: Link cells or charts to web pages for quick access.

Integration allows seamless collaboration and presentation of data across different

software applications.

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 Conditional Formatting: -
Conditional formatting in Excel is a feature that allows you to format cells based on specified
criteria or conditions. This feature helps you visually highlight and interpret data, making it
easier to analyze and understand. With conditional formatting, you can apply various
formatting styles, such as font color, cell background color, or data bars, to cells that meet
specific conditions.

Here's how to use conditional formatting in Excel:

1. Select the Range:

● Highlight the range of cells that you want to apply conditional formatting to.

2. Access the Conditional Formatting Menu:

● Go to the "Home" tab on the Excel ribbon.

3. Choose a Rule:
● Click on "Conditional Formatting" in the toolbar, and a dropdown menu will appear
with various predefined rules. Common rules include:
● Highlight Cells Rules: Rules based on cell values (e.g., greater than, less
than, between).

● Top/Bottom Rules: Highlighting the top or bottom values in a range.

● Data Bars, Color Scales, and Icon Sets: Visual representations of data variations.

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 Assignment-1

4. Set Criteria:
● After selecting a rule, a dialog box will appear where you can specify the criteria.
For example, if you choose "Greater Than" you'll need to enter a value.

5. Format Style:
● Specify the formatting style you want to apply when the condition is met. This can
include font color, cell background color, or other formatting options depending on
the
chosen rule.

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Page 48
6. Apply and OK:
● Click "OK" to apply the conditional formatting. The selected cells will now be formatted
based on the specified conditions.

Here are a few examples of how you might use conditional formatting:

● Highlighting Values Above a Certain Threshold:

● Select the range.
● Choose "Highlight Cells Rules" > "Greater Than."
● Enter the threshold value and choose a formatting style.

● Color Scales for Data Variations:

● Select the range.
● Choose "Color Scales" and select a color scale option.

● Icon Sets for Rating or Status:

● Select the range.
● Choose "Icon Sets" and select the desired icon set.

Conditional formatting is a powerful tool for data visualization and analysis, helping you
quickly identify trends, outliers, or specific conditions within your Excel spreadsheets.

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 Assignment – 2: -

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 Answer

PIVOT TABLE

Double click on the Grand Total to get this sheet.

ASSIGNMENT 3

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QUESTION

Answer:-

QUESTION

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 Sumifs and Countifs

=SUMIFS (sum, range, criteria_range1, criteria1, [cri

=COUNTIFS (criteria_range1, criteria1, [criteria_range2, criteria2]…)

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QUESTION

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 Answer:

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To do this Press
Close a workbook. Ctrl +W
Open a workbook. Ctrl +O
Go to the Home tab. Alt +H
Save a workbook. Ctrl +S
Copy selection. Ctrl +C
Paste selection. Ctrl +V
Undo recent action. Ctrl +Z
Remove cell contents. Delete
Choose a fill color. Alt+ H, H
Cut selection. Ctrl+ X
Go to the Insert tab. Alt+ N
Apply bold formatting. Ctrl+ B
Center aligns cell contents. Alt+ H, A, C
Go to the Page Layout tab. Alt+ P
Go to the Data tab. Alt+ A
Go to the View tab. Alt+ W
Open the context menu. Shift+F10 or

Windows Menu key

Add borders. Alt+ H, B
Delete column. Alt+ H, D, C
Go to the Formula tab. Alt+ M
Hide the selected rows. Ctrl+9
Hide the selected columns. Ctrl+0

To do this Press
Open the Format Cells dialog box. Ctrl+1

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Format fonts in the Format Cells dialog box. Ctrl +Shift +F or Ctrl
+Shift +P
Edit the active cell and put the insertion point at the end of its
F2
contents. Or, if editing is turned off for the cell, move the insertion
point into the formula bar. If editing a formula, toggle Point mode
off or on so you can use the arrow keys to create a reference.
Insert a note.
Shift+F2
Open and edit a cell note.
Shift+F2
Insert a threaded
Ctrl+Shift+F2
comment.
Ctrl+Shift+F2
Open and reply to a threaded comment.
Open the Insert dialog box to insert blank cells. Ctrl +Shift +Plus sign
(+)
Open the Delete dialog box to delete selected cells. Ctrl +Minus sign (-)
Enter the current time. Ctrl +Shift +Colon (:)
Enter the current date. Ctrl +Semicolon (;)
Switch between displaying cell values or formulas in the worksheet. Ctrl +Grave accent
(`)
Copy a formula from the cell above the active cell into the cell or Ctrl +Apostrophe (')
the formula bar.
Move the selected cells. Ctrl +X
Copy the selected cells. Ctrl +C
Paste content at the insertion point, replacing any selection. Ctrl +V
Open the Paste Special dialog box. Ctrl +Alt
+V
Italicize text or remove italic formatting. Ctrl +I or Ctrl+3
Bold text or remove bold formatting. Ctrl +B or Ctrl+2
Underline text or remove underline. Ctrl +U or Ctrl+4
Apply or remove strikethrough formatting. Ctrl+5
Switch between hiding objects, displaying objects, and displaying
Ctrl+6
placeholders for objects.
Apply an outline border to the selected cells. Ctrl +Shift

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 +Ampersand sign
(&)

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 Remove the outline border from the selected cells. Ctrl +Shift
+Underscore (_)
Display or hide the outline symbols. Ctrl+8
Use the Fill Down command to copy the contents and format of the Ctrl +D
topmost cell of a selected range into the cells below.
Apply the General number format. Ctrl +Shift +Tilde
sign (~)
Apply the Currency format with two decimal places (negative Ctrl +Shift +Dollar
numbers in parentheses). sign ($)
Apply the Percentage format with no decimal places. Ctrl +Shift +Percent
sign (%)
Apply the Scientific number format with two decimal places. Ctrl +Shift +Caret
sign (^)
Apply the Date format with the day, month, and year. Ctrl +Shift+ Number
sign (#)
Apply the Time format with the hour and minute, and AM or PM. Ctrl +Shift +At sign
(@)
Apply the Number format with two decimal places, thousands Ctrl +Shift
separator, and minus sign (-) for negative values.
+Exclamation point
(!)
Open the Insert hyperlink dialog box. Ctrl +K
Check spelling in the active worksheet or selected range. F7
Display the Quick Analysis options for selected cells that contain data. Ctrl +Q
Display the Create Table dialog box. Ctrl +L or Ctrl +T
Open the Workbook Statistics dialog box. Ctrl +Shift +G

UNIT – 5
Presentation Software
The interface of a presentation package, such as Microsoft PowerPoint or Google Slides,
typically consists of a set of tools and features that allow users to create, edit, and present
slides. Here's an overview of the key elements and tasks associated with presentation
software:

Page 59
 Interface of Presentation Package:

1. Creating a Presentation:
● Open the presentation software.
● Choose to start a new presentation or use a template.
2. Opening and Saving Presentations:
● Open existing presentations or create new ones.
● Save presentations to a local drive or cloud storage.

Professional Look of the Presentation:

1. Working in Different Design & Views:

● Design Views: Choose from different design themes for your slides.
● Slide Sorter View: Rearrange and organize slides.
● Normal View: Edit individual slides.
2. Working with Slides:
● Add, duplicate, delete, and rearrange slides.
● Apply transitions between slides for a smooth flow.

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 Formatting and Editing:

1. Text, Image, and Paragraph Formatting:

● Format text for font, size, color, style, and alignment.
● Adjust image size, position, and style.
● Modify paragraph spacing, indentation, and bullets.
2. Checking Spelling and Correcting Typing Mistakes:
● Use the spell-check feature to identify and correct spelling errors.
● Proofread content to ensure accuracy.
3. Making Notes Pages and Handouts:
● Add speaker notes for each slide.
● Generate handouts with multiple slides per page for distribution.
4. Drawing and Working with Objects:
● Insert shapes, lines, and other drawing objects.
● Group, ungroup, and arrange objects on the slide.
5. Adding Clip Art and Other Pictures:
● Insert clip art or import images from your computer.
● Adjust and format images to suit the presentation.

Designing Slide Shows:

1. Designing Slide Layouts:

● Choose from various slide layouts to present information effectively.
2. Running and Controlling a Slide Show:
● Start the slideshow from the beginning or a specific slide.
● Navigate through slides using keyboard or mouse controls.
3. Printing Presentations:
● Print slides, notes pages, or handouts.
● Customize print settings such as slide order and number of slides per page.

Presentation software offers a range of tools to create visually appealing and engaging
slideshows. Utilizing various design options, views, and formatting features can help achieve a
professional and polished look for your presentations.

Assignment:

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Page 62
Answer:-

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Page 64