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 Contents v

Brief Contents
1 Thinking Geographically 2 8 Political Geography 168

2 Population 32 9 Development 196

3 Migration 56 10 Food and Agriculture 220

4 Folk and Popular Culture 78 11 Industry 246

5 Language 100 12 Services and Settlements 268

6 Religion 122 13 Urban Patterns 292

7 Ethnicity 146 14 RESOURCE Issues 316

v
Contents

1 Thinking geographiCally 2 populaTion

How do geographers describe where things are? Where is the world’s population distributed?
1.1 Welcome to Geography 4 2.1 Population Concentrations 34
1.2 Ancient and Medieval Geography 6 2.2 Population Density 36
1.3 Reading Maps 8
1.4 The Geographic Grid 10 Why does population growth vary among
1.5 Geography’s Contemporary Analytic Tools 12 countries?
2.3 Components of Change 38
Why is each point on Earth unique? 2.4 Population Structure 40
1.6 Place: A Unique Location 14 2.5 The Demographic Transition 42
1.7 Region: A Unique Area 16 2.6 Declining Birth Rates 44

How are different locations interrelated? How might population change in the future?
1.8 Scale: From Global to Local 18 2.7 Population Futures 46
1.9 Space: Distribution of Features 20 2.8 Malthus’s Grim Forecast 48
1.10 Connection: Interaction Between Places 22 2.9 The Epidemiologic Transition 50
2.10 Global Reemergence of Infectious Diseases 52
How do people relate to their environment?
Chapter Review 54
1.11 Earth’s Physical Systems 24
1.12 Human-Environment Interaction 26

Chapter Review 28

vi
 Contents vii

3 MigraTion 4 Folk and popular CulTure

Where are migrants distributed? How are folk and popular culture distributed?
3.1 Global Migration Patterns 58 4.1 Elements of Folk and Popular Culture 80
3.2 Changing Origin of U.S. Immigrants 60 4.2 Origin and Diffusion of Music 82
3.3 Interregional Migration 62 4.3 Origin and Diffusion of Sports 84
3.4 Intraregional Migration 64
How are needs of daily life met in folk and
Why do people migrate? popular culture?
3.5 Reasons to Migrate 66 4.4 Folk and Popular House Styles 86
3.6 Migrating to Find Work 68 4.5 Folk and Popular Food Preferences 88
3.7 Gender and Family 70 4.6 Folk and Popular Clothing Preferences 90

What obstacles do immigrants face? How is the landscape altered by folk and popular
3.8 Undocumented U.S. Immigrants 72 leisure?
3.9 Attitudes Towards Immigrants 74 4.7 Diffusion of Popular Media 92
4.8 Landscapes of Folk and Popular Art and
Chapter Review 76
Leisure 94
4.9 Challenges to Landscapes of Folk and Popular
Culture 96

Chapter Review 98
viii Contents

5 Language 6 Religion

How are languages classified? Where are religions distributed?

5.1 Classifying Languages 102 6.1 Distribution of Religions 124
5.2 Distribution of Languages 104 6.2 Geographic Branches of Religions 126
5.3 Indo-European Languages 106 6.3 Diversity of Universalizing Religions 128
6.4 Origin of Religions 130
How are languages distributed?
6.5 Diffusion of Universalizing Religions 132
5.4 Origin and Diffusion 108
5.5 Dialects 110 How do religions shape landscapes?
5.6 Global Dominance of English 112 6.6 Holy Places in Universalizing Religions 134
5.7 Isolated, Endangered, and Extinct Languages 6.7 Ethnic Religions and the Landscape 136
114
Where are territorial conflicts between religions?
How do languages share space?
6.8 Religious Conflicts: Ireland 138
5.8 French and Spanish in North America 116 6.9 Religious Conflicts: The Middle East 140
5.9 Multilingual States 118 6.10 Jerusalem: Contested Space 142
Chapter Review 120 Chapter Review 144
 Contents ix

7 eThniCiTy 8 poliTiCal geography

Where are ethnicities and races distributed? What is a state?

7.1 Race and Ethnicity 148 8.1 A World of States 170
7.2 Distribution of Ethnicities in the 8.2 Ancient States 172
United States 150 8.3 Nation-States and Multinational States 174
7.3 African American Migration 152 8.4 Challenges in Defining States 176
7.4 Discrimination by Race 154 8.5 Colonies 178

Where are ethnicities and nationalities How are states organized?

distributed? 8.6 Shapes of States 180
7.5 Ethnicities and Nationalities 156 8.7 Boundaries 182
7.6 Combining and Dividing Ethnicities 158 8.8 Governing States 184
8.9 Electoral Geography 186
Where do ethnicities face conflict?
7.7 Ethnic Diversity in Western Asia 160 How do states interact with each other?
7.8 Ethnic Cleansing in the Balcans 162 8.10 Cooperation Among States 188
7.9 Ethnic Competition and Genocide in Africa 164 8.11 Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations 190
8.12 State Support for Terrorism 192
Chapter Review 166
Chapter Review 194
x Contents

9 Development 10 Food and Agriculture

How does development vary among regions? What do people eat?

9.1 Human Development Index 198 10.1 Origin of Agriculture 222
9.2 Standard of Living 200 10.2 Diet 224
9.3 Access to Knowledge 202 10.3 Nutrition and Hunger 226
9.4 Health Indicators 204
9.5 Gender-related Development 206 How is agriculture distributed?
10.4 Agricultural Regions 228
How can countries promote development? 10.5 Comparing Subsistence and Commercial
9.6 Two Paths to Development 208 Agriculture 230
9.7 World Trade 210 10.6 Subsistence Agriculture Regions 232
9.8 Financing Development 212 10.7 Commercial Agriculture Regions 234
10.8 Fishing 236
What are future challenges for development?
9.9 Fair Trade 214 What challenges does agriculture face?
9.10 Millennium Development Goals 216 10.9 Subsistence Agriculture and Population
Growth 238
Chapter Review 218
10.10 Commercial Agriculture and Market Forces 240
10.11 Sustainable Agriculture 242

Chapter Review 244

 Contents xi

11 Industry 12 Services and Settlements

Where is industry clustered? Where are consumer services distributed?

11.1 The Industrial Revolution 248 12.1 Types of Services 270
11.2 Distribution of Industry 250 12.2 Central Place Theory 272
12.3 Hierarchy of Consumer Services 274
What situation factors influence industrial 12.4 Market Area Analysis 276
location?
11.3 Situation Factors in Industry 252 Where are business services distributed?
11.4 Changing Steel Production 254 12.5 Hierarchy of Business Services 278
11.5 Changing Auto Production 256 12.6 Business Services in Developing Countries 280
11.6 Ship by Boat, Rail, Truck, or Air? 258 12.7 Economic Base 282

What site factors influence industrial location? Where are settlements distributed?
11.7 Site Factors in Industry 260 12.8 Rural Settlements 284
11.8 Textile and Apparel Production 262 12.9 Settlements in History 286
11.9 Emerging Industrial Regions 264 12.10 Urbanization 288

Chapter Review 266 Chapter Review 290

xii Contents

13 Urban Patterns 14 RESOURCE Issues

Where are people distributed within urban areas? How are resources being depleted?
13.1 The Central Business District 294 14.1 Nonrenewable Energy Resources 318
13.2 Models of Urban Structure 296 14.2 Energy Production and Reserves 320
13.3 Social Area Analysis 298 14.3 Mineral Resources 322
13.4 Urban Patterns in Europe 300
13.5 Urban Patterns in Latin America 302 How are resources polluted?
14.4 Air Pollution 324
How are urban areas expanding? 14.5 Water Pollution 326
13.6 Defining Urban Settlements 304 14.6 Solid Waste Pollution 328
13.7 Fragmented Government 306
How are resources being conserved?
What challenges do cities face? 14.7 Renewable Resources 330
13.8 Decline and Renewal 308 14.8 The Car of the Future 332
13.9 Suburban Sprawl 310 14.9 Sustainability 334
13.10 Urban Transportation 312
Chapter Review 336
Chapter Review 314
Glossary 338
Credits 344
Index 346

Preface
Welcome to a new kind of geography textbook!
We live in a visual age, and geography is a highly
visual discipline, so Pearson—the world’s leading
publisher of geography textbooks—invites you to
study human geography as a visual subject.
The second edition of Contemporary Human
Geography builds on the strengths of the first
edition, while responding to user feedback to
make important changes and improvements, and
incorporating innovative new features, current
data, and new information.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
• Quick Response (QR) Codes. Each chapter
opens with an introductory module that
includes a QR code, enabling students on
the go to link smartphones from the book
to various websites relevant to each chapter,
providing easy and immediate access to up-
to-date information, data, and statistics from
sources such as the United Nations or the
U.S. Geological Survey.
• Key Questions and Main Points. Each
chapter module is framed by conceptual
“Key Questions,” which ask students to take
a bigger picture approach to the concept, and
by two “Main Points,” which students should
understand after studying the module. These
Key Questions and Main Points serve as an
outline for the topics covered in the chapter
and are revisited in the end-of-chapter Review.
• New and Revised Cartography. All maps
have been thoroughly updated and optimized
for maximum accuracy and clear presentation
of current data. New projections are used with
fewer distortions.
• Integration of Photos and Text. The best
possible images have been carefully chosen to
complement content and concepts. The second
edition features well over 400 new photos.
Contents xiii
• The latest science, statistics, and associated
imagery. Data sources include the 2010 U.S.
Census and the 2011 Population Reference
Bureau World Population Data. Also
covers recent political conflicts, economic
difficulties, and cultural phenomena such as
Facebook and social networking.
• MapMaster™ Interactive Maps. These
layered thematic interactive maps act as
a mini-GIS, allowing students to layer
different data at global and regional
scales to examine the resulting spatial
patterns and practice critical thinking. The
interactive maps, with associated tasks and
questions, are integrated into select chapter
modules and into all end-of-chapter review
modules, encouraging students to log in to
MasteringGeography to access these exciting
geospatial media to practice visual analysis
and critical thinking.
• Google Earth™ Explorations. Images
integrated into select chapter modules and at
the end of the chapter pose questions to be
answered through Google Earth, the leader in
desktop geospatial imagery.
• Thinking Geographically. These critical-
thinking questions are found at the end of each
chapter, giving students a chance to practice
higher-order thinking.
• Looking Ahead. Each chapter concludes
with a brief preview of the next chapter and
highlights connections between chapters.
• The new MasteringGeography™ platform is
linked to the Key Questions and Main Points
and contains a wide range of assignable and
self study resources and activities designed to
reinforce basic concepts in human geography,
including MapMaster interactive maps, Google
Earth activities, geography videos, and more.
www.MasteringGeography.com
xiii
xiv Preface
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY IS CONTEMPORARY
The main purpose of this book is to introduce
you to the study of geography as a social science
by emphasizing the relevance of geographic
concepts to human problems. It is intended for use
in college-level introductory human or cultural
geography courses. The book is written for students
who have not previously taken a college-level
geography course.
A central theme in this book is a tension
between two important realities of the twenty-
first-century world—globalization and cultural
diversity. In many respects we are living in a
more unified world economically, culturally,
and environmentally. The actions of a particular
corporation or country affect people around the
world. This book argues that, after a period when
globalization of the economy and culture has
been a paramount concern in geographic analysis,
local diversity now demands equal time. People
are taking deliberate steps to retain distinctive
cultural identities. They are preserving little-
used languages, fighting fiercely to protect their
religions, and carving out distinctive economic
roles.
Recent world events lend a sense of urgency
to geographic inquiry. More than a decade into
the twenty-first century, we continue to face wars
in unfamiliar places and experience economic
struggles unprecedented in the lifetimes of students
or teachers. Geography’s spatial perspectives help
to relate economic change to the distributions of
cultural features such as languages and religions,
demographic patterns such as population growth
and migration, and natural resources such as
energy, water quality, and food supply.
For example, geographers examine the
prospects for an energy crisis by relating the
distributions of energy sources and consumption.
Geographers find that the users of energy are
located in places with different social, economic,
and political institutions than the producers of
energy. Geographers seek first to describe the
distribution of features such as the production and
consumption of energy, and then to explain the
relationships between these distributions and other
human and physical phenomena.
CHAPTER ORGANIZATION
Each chapter is organized into between 9 and 12
two-page modular “spreads” that follow a consistent
pattern:
• Introductory module. The first spread
includes a short introduction to the chapter, as
well as an outline of between 9 and 12 issues
that will be addressed in the chapter. The key
issues are grouped into several overarching
Key Questions for that chapter.
• Topic modules. Between 9 and 12 modules
cover the principal topics of the chapter. Each
of these two-page spreads is self-contained and
organized around the Key Questions and Main
Points, making it easier for an instructor to
shuffle the order of presentation. A numbering
system also facilitates finding material on a
particular spread.
• Chapter Review modules. Following the
topic modules are concluding spreads that
review the chapter’s main concepts and
key terms while providing students with
opportunities to interact with media and
engage in critical thinking. The Chapter
Review features include:
o Key Questions. The Key Questions
presented on the introductory spread are
repeated, along with an outline summary
of Main Points made in the chapter that
address the questions.
o On the Internet. URLs are listed for
several useful Internet sites related to the
themes of the chapter.
o Thinking Geographically. A thought-
provoking idea is introduced, based
on concepts and themes developed in
the chapter, along with “essay-style”
questions.
o Interactive Mapping. Using Pearson’s
MapMaster interactive mapping media,
students create maps and answer
questions about spatial relationships
of different data. Teachers have the
option of assigning these questions in
MasteringGeography.
o Explore. Using Google Earth, students
inspect imagery from places around the

world and answer questions based on
their observations. Teachers have the
option of assigning these questions in
MasteringGeography.
o Key Terms. The key terms in each
chapter are indicated in bold type when
they are introduced. These terms are
defined both at the end of the chapter and
at the end of the book.
o Looking Ahead. This feature provides a
bridge from the chapter just concluded to
the one just ahead.
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK’S MEDIA
Contemporary Human Geography 2nd edition
features an innovative integration of media and
connections to the MasteringGeography platform,
giving students and instructors flexible self-study and
assessment options to extend the book with current
data, interactive mapping, and exciting geospatial tools.
• Quick Response Codes. Traditional books
are challenged to provide students with quick
and easy access to original sources and up-to-
date data. Quick Response codes integrated into
the beginning of each chapter help solve this
problem, enabling students to use their mobile
devices to easily and instantly access websites
with current data and information related to
chapter topics.
• MapMaster™ Interactive Maps. Maps are
an important part of the geographer’s toolset,
but traditional print maps are limited in their
ability to allow students to dynamically isolate
or compare different spatial data. Available in
MasteringGeography both for student self-study
and for teachers as assignable and automatically
gradable assessment activities, MapMaster
Interactive Maps act as mini-GIS tools, allowing
students to overlay, isolate, and examine different
thematic data at regional and global scales.
  Select chapter modules and all chapter
review modules from the book present
MapMaster maps, along with activities and
questions, encouraging students to login to
the MasteringGeography Study Area on their
own to explore additional map data layers
to complete the activities and extend their
learning beyond the book’s maps.
Preface xv
  Teachers have the option of assigning
these short answer questions for credit in
MasteringGeography. Teachers also have
access to a separate large suite of MapMaster
activities for each chapter, including hundreds
of multiple-choice questions that can be
customized, assigned, and automatically
graded by the MasteringGeography system,
for a wide range of interactive mapping
assessment activity options.
• Google Earth™. Geobrowser technology
provides unparalleled opportunity for students
to get a sense of place and explore Earth’s
physical and cultural landscapes with mashups
of various data and digital media.
  Select chapter modules and all chapter
review modules of the 2nd edition present
Google Earth imagery and activities,
encouraging students to connect the print
book to this exciting tool to browse the globe
and explore different data, perform visual and
spatial analysis tasks, and extend their learning
beyond the book’s photos and figures.
  Teachers have the option of assigning these
short answer questions for credit, and also
have access to a separate large suite of Google
Earth Encounter activities for each chapter,
including hundreds of associated multiple-
choice questions that can be customized,
assigned, and automatically graded by the
MasteringGeography system.
  For classes not using MasteringGeography,
the Google Earth Encounter activities are also
available via a set of standalone workbooks
and websites (see the Teaching and Learning
Package section of this Preface for more
information).
OUTLINE OF TOPICS
This book discusses the following main topics:
What basic concepts do geographers use?
Geographers employ several concepts to describe
the distribution of people and activities across
Earth, to explain reasons underlying the observed
distribution, and to understand the significance of the
arrangements. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to
ways that geographers think about the world.
xvi Preface
Where are people located in the world?
Why do some places on Earth contain large
numbers of people or attract newcomers whereas
other places are sparsely inhabited? Chapters 2
and 3 examine the distribution and growth of the
world’s population, as well as the movement of
people from one place to another.
How are different cultural groups
distributed?
Geographers look for similarities and differences in
the cultural features at different places, the reasons
for their distribution, and the importance of these
differences for world peace. Chapters 4 through
8 analyze the distribution of different cultural traits
and beliefs and the political challenges that result
from those spatial patterns. Important cultural
traits discussed in Chapter 4 include food, clothing,
shelter, and leisure activities. Chapters 5 through
7 examine three main elements of cultural identity:
language, religion, and ethnicity. Chapter 8 looks at
political problems that arise from cultural diversity.
How do people earn a living in different
parts of the world?
Human survival depends on acquiring an adequate
food supply. One of the most significant distinctions
among people globally is whether they produce
their food directly from the land or buy it with
money earned by performing other types of work.
Chapters 9 through 12 look at the three main ways
of earning a living: agriculture, manufacturing, and
services. Chapter 13 discusses cities, the centers for
economic and cultural activities.
What issues result from using Earth’s
resources?
Geographers recognize that cultural problems
result from the depletion, destruction, and
inefficient use of the world’s natural resources.
Chapter 14 is devoted to a study of issues related to
the use of Earth’s natural resources.
THE TEAM
At this point in the preface, an author usually
goes through the motions of perfunctorily
thanking many people who performed jobs
that resulted in the book’s production. In this
case, collaborative partnership is a better way to
describe the process. Let’s face it, some textbooks
have been slow to adapt to our visual age. This
is because the steps involved in producing most
textbooks haven’t changed much. The book passes
from one to another like a baton in a relay race;
those responsible for producing a book’s graphics
typically start their work only after the author’s
words have been written, reviewed, and approved.
In contrast, this book started as a genuine
partnership among the key editorial and
production teams. Each two-page module was
assembled in the reverse order of traditional
textbooks. Instead of beginning with an author’s
complete manuscript, this book started with
a sketch of a visual concept for each two-page
module in the book. What would be the most
important geographic idea presented on the
spread, and what would be the most effective visual
way to portray that idea? The maps and images
were placed on the page first, and then the text was
written around the graphics.
The traditional separation of editorial and
production personnel did not occur, and in fact the
lines between the two were deliberately blurred.
Key members of the team included Stuart Jackman,
Christian Botting, Anton Yakovlev, Melissa Parkin,
Jonathan Cheney, and Cindy Miller.
Stuart Jackman, Design Director at DK
Education, is the creative genius responsible for
the spectacular graphics. Stuart and the DK team
deserve the lion’s share of the credit for giving this
book the best graphics in geography.
Christian Botting, Geography Editor at Pearson
Education, led the team with both the big picture
and the reality checks. Christian mastered the many
challenges posed by our untraditional workflow.
Anton Yakovlev, Geography Project Manager at
Pearson Education, was the ringmaster. Anton kept
track of what was where and who was doing what, and
joined in the many discussions on design elements.
Senior Development Editor Melissa Parkin and
Executive Development Editor Jonathan Cheney
contributed substantially to this complex and
creative project.
Cindy Miller, Vice President of Higher
Education at the Element division of Thomson
Digital, led the unusually complex task of managing
the flow of copyediting and other production tasks
for this project.

Many others have contributed to the success
of this project. At DK, Anthony Limerick, Senior
Designer, helped create the book’s distinctive layouts.
Sophie Mitchell, Publisher at DK Education, provided
the strategic vision for the design team. At Spatial
Graphics, Kevin Lear and Andy Green developed the
maps and line art throughout the book.
At Pearson Education, Managing Editor
Gina Cheselka and Production Project Manager
Maureen Pancza were a major organizing force in
the nonstandard production workflow. Editorial
Assistant Bethany Sexton organized the substantial
reviewing process for the project. Marketing
Manager Maureen McLaughlin expertly created
the marketing package for this unique book. Media
Producer Ziki Dekel managed the production
of the MasteringGeography program and senior
Media Producer Angela Bernhardt managed the
production of MapMaster interactive maps.
REVIEWERS
I would like to extend a special thanks to my
colleagues who served as reviewers on the first and
second editions, as well as on overlapping material
from Introduction to Contemporary Geography:
Roger Balm, Rutgers University
Joby Bass, University of Southern Mississippi
Steve Bass, Mesa Community College
David C. Burton, Southmoore High School
Michelle Calvarese, California State University, Fresno
Craig S. Campbell, Youngstown State University
Edward Carr, University of South Carolina
Carolyn Coulter, Atlantic Cape Community College
Stephen Davis, University of Illinois, Chicago
Owen Dwyer, Indiana University-Purdue University,
Indianapolis
Leslie Edwards, Georgia State University
Caitie Finlayson, University of Florida
Preface xvii
Barbara E. Fredrich, San Diego State University
Piper Gaubatz, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Daniel Hammel, University of Toledo
James Harris, Metropolitan State College of Denver
Leila Harris, University of Wisconsin
Susan Hartley, Lake Superior College
Marc Healy, Elgin Community College
Scot Hoiland, Butte College
Wilbur Hugli, University of West Florida
Anthony Ijomah, Harrisburg Area Community College
Karen Johnson-Webb, Bowling Green State
University
Oren Katz, California State University, Los Angeles
Marti Klein, Saddleback College
Olaf Kuhlke, University of Minnesota, Duluth
Peter Landreth, Westmont High School
Jose López-Jiménez, Minnesota State University,
Mankato
Claudia Lowe, Fullerton College
Ken Lowrey, Wright State University
Jerry Mitchell, University of South Carolina
Eric C. Neubauer, Columbus State Community College
Ray Oman, University of the District of Columbia
Lynn Patterson, Kennesaw State University
Tim Scharks, Green River Community College
Debra Sharkey, Cosumnes River College
Wendy Shaw, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
Laurel Smith, University of Oklahoma
James Tyner, Kent State University
Richard Tyre, Florida State University
Daniel Vara, College Board Advanced Placement
Human Geography Consultant
Anne Will, Skagit Valley College
Lei Xu, California State University, Fullerton
Daisaku Yamamoto, Central Michigan University
Robert C. Ziegenfus, Kutztown University of
Pennsylvania
xviii Contents

About the Author

Dr. James M. Rubenstein received his B.A. from
the University of Chicago in 1970, M.Sc. from the
London School of Economics and Political Science
in 1971, and Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University
in 1975. He is Professor of Geography at Miami
University, where he teaches urban and human
geography. Dr. Rubenstein also conducts research
in the automotive industry and has published three
books on the subject—The Changing U.S. Auto
Industry: A Geographical Analysis (Routledge);
Making and Selling Cars: Innovation and Change
in the U.S. Auto Industry (The Johns Hopkins
University Press); and Who Really Made Your Car?
Restructuring and Geographic Change in the Auto
Industry (W.E. Upjohn Institute, with Thomas
Klier). Dr. Rubenstein is also the author of The Cultural Landscape, the bestselling textbook for college and
high school human geography, as well as Introduction to Contemporary Geography. He is a semiamateur,
semiprofessional painter and displays his work at galleries in Maryland and Ohio. Winston, a lab-husky
mix with one brown eye and one blue eye, takes Dr. Rubenstein for long walks in the woods every day.
This book is dedicated to Bernadette Unger, Dr. Rubenstein’s wife, who has been by his side through
many books, as well as to the memory of his father Bernard W. Rubenstein. Dr. Rubenstein also gratefully
thanks the rest of his family for their love and support.

About Our Sustainability Initiatives

Pearson recognizes the environmental challenges facing this planet, as well as
acknowledges our responsibility in making a difference. This book is carefully
crafted to minimize environmental impact. The ­binding, cover, and paper come
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www.pearson.com/responsibility.

xviii

The Teaching and
Learning Package
This edition provides a complete human geography
program for students and teachers.
For Students and Teachers:
MasteringGeography with Pearson
eText www.masteringgeography.com
The Mastering platform is the most effective and
widely used tutorial, homework, and assessment
system for the sciences. It helps instructors
maximize class time with customizable, easy-to-
assign, and automatically graded assessments that
motivate students to learn outside of class and
arrive prepared for lecture. These assessments
can easily be customized and personalized for an
instructor’s individual teaching style. The powerful
gradebook and diagnostic features provide unique
insight into student and class performance even
before the first test. As a result, instructors can
spend class time where students need it most.
The Mastering system empowers students to
take charge of their learning through activities
aimed at different learning styles, and engages
them in learning science through practice and
step-by-step guidance–at their convenience, 24/7.
MasteringGeography offers:
o Assignable activities that include MapMaster
interactive maps, geography videos, Encounter
Human Geography Google Earth Explorations,
Thinking Spatially and Data Analysis activities,
end-of-chapter questions, reading quizzes, Test
Bank questions, and more.
o Student study area with MapMaster interactive
maps, geography videos, glossary flashcards,
“In the News” RSS feeds, reference maps, an
optional Pearson eText, and more.
Contents xix
MasteringGeography icons are integrated within
the chapters of the text to highlight various online
self-study media.
MasteringGeography with Pearson eText gives
students access to the text whenever and wherever
they can access the Internet. The eText pages look
exactly like the printed text, and include powerful
interactive and annotation functions, including
links to the multimedia.
Teaching College Geography: A Practical
Guide for Graduate Students and Early
Career Faculty (0136054471)
This two-part resource provides a starting point
for becoming an effective geography teacher from
the very first day of class. Divided in two parts,
Part One addresses “nuts-and-bolts” teaching
issues. Part Two explores being an effective teacher
in the field, supporting critical thinking with GIS
and mapping technologies, engaging learners in
large geography classes, and promoting awareness
of international perspectives and geographic issues.
Aspiring Academics: A Resource Book
for Graduate Students and Early Career
Faculty (0136048919)
Drawing on several years of research, this set of
essays is designed to help graduate students and
early career faculty start their careers in geography
and related social and environmental sciences.
Aspiring Academics stresses the interdependence
of teaching, research, and service—and the
importance of achieving a healthy balance of
professional and personal life—while doing
faculty work. Each chapter provides accessible,
xix
xx The Teaching and Learning Package
forward-looking advice on topics that often cause
the most stress in the first years of a college or
university appointment.
Practicing Geography: Careers for
Enhancing Society and the Environment
(0321811151)
This book examines career opportunities for
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book illustrates the value of geographic expertise
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case studies of geographers at work.
AAG Community Portal
This Web site is intended to support community-
based professional development in geography and
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both books. The activities can be used in workshops,
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programs offered on campus or within an academic
department. You can also use the discussion boards
and contributions tool to share advice and materials
with others. The Web site is found at
www.personhighered.com/aag/.
For Students:
Goode’s World Atlas, 22nd edition,
by Rand McNally (0321652002)
Goode’s World Atlas has been the world’s premiere
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It features over 250 pages of maps, from definitive
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Television for the Environment Life
Human Geography Videos on DVD
(0132416565)
This three-DVD set is designed to enhance any
human geography course. It contains 14 complete
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Television for the Environment Earth
Report Geography Videos on DVD
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This three-DVD set is designed to help students
visualize how human decisions and behavior have
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struggles for electricity in China and Africa, these 13
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Television for the Environment Life
World Regional Geography Videos on
DVD (013159348X)
From Television for the Environment’s global Life
series, this two-DVD set brings globalization and
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video programs highlight matters such as the
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the lives of immigrants living in the United States
trying to aid family still living in their native
countries, and the European conflict between
commercial interests and environmental concerns.
Encounter Human Geography Workbook
and Website by Jess C. Porter (0321682203)
For classes that do not use MasteringGeography,
Encounter Human Geography provides rich,
interactive explorations of human geography

concepts through Google Earth. Students explore
the globe through themes such as population,
sexuality and gender, political geography,
ethnicity, urban geography, migration, human
health, and language. All chapter explorations are
available in print format as well as online quizzes,
accommodating different classroom needs. All
worksheets are accompanied with cooresponding
Google Earth media files, available for download
for those who do not use MasteringGeography, from
http://www.mygeoscienceplace.com.
Dire Predictions: Understanding Global
Warming by Michael Mann and Lee R. Kump
(0136044352)
For any science or social science course in need of a
basic understanding of IPCC reports. Periodic reports
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) evaluate the risk of climate change brought
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For TEACHERS:
Instructor Resource DVD for
Contemporary Human Geography,
2nd edition (0321819233)
The Instructor Resource DVD provides high-quality
electronic versions of photos and illustrations form
the book in JPEG, pdf, and PowerPoint formats,
as well as customizable PowerPoint lecture
The Teaching and Learning Package xxi
presentations, Classroom Response System
questions in PowerPoint, and the Instructor Resource
Manual and Test Bank in MS. Word and TestGen
formats. For easy reference and identification, all
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Instructor Resource Manual (download
only) for Contemporary Human
Geography, 2nd edition, by Jacqueline
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New to the second edition, the Instructor Resource
Manual, is intended as a resource for both new
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TestGen® Computerized Test Bank
(download only) for Contemporary
Human Geography, 2nd edition, by Tim
Scharks and Iddi Adam (0321792408)
TestGen is a computerized test generator that lets
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a variety of customized formats. This Test Bank
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are correlated to the revised U.S. National
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outcomes. The Test Bank is available in Microsoft
Word, and is importable into Blackboard.
http://www.pearsonhighered.com/irc
Modular springboard
With an innovative integration of visuals, text, active learning tools, and
online media, Contemporary Human Geography, Second Edition is a
modular and highly graphical springboard to human geography—ideal for
contemporary students and learning styles.

10 Food and Agriculture

how is agriculture distributed?

When you buy food in the supermarket, are you reminded of a farm? Not likely. The meat
is carved into pieces that no longer resemble an animal and is wrapped in paper or plastic What challenges does Scan to
film. Often the vegetables are canned or frozen. The milk and eggs are in cartons. agriculture face? acceSS the
Un’s food and
Providing food in the United States and Canada is a agricUltUre
What do people eat? data
vast industry. Only a few people are full-time farmers,
and they may be more familiar with the operation of
computers and advanced machinery than the typical
factory or office worker is.
10.4 agricultural regions
Every chapter is organized around conceptual
“Key Questions,” which ask students to take a bigger
The mechanized, highly productive American or
10.5 comparing Subsistence and
Canadian farm contrasts with the subsistence farm
commercial agriculture
found in much of the world. In China and India, more 10.9 Subsistence agriculture
griculture and
10.6 Subsistence agriculture regions
egions Population growth
than half of the people are farmers who grow enough

picture approach to the concept, with each module

food for themselves and their families to survive, 10.7 commercial agriculture regions
egions 10.10 commercial
ommercial agriculture
griculture and
10.1 origin of agriculture
with little surplus. This sharp contrast in agricultural 10.8 fishing Market forces
f
10.2 diet
practices constitutes one of the most fundamental 10.11 Sustainable agriculture
griculture
10.3 nutrition and hunger
differences between the world’s developed countries
and developing countries.
framed by two unique “Main Points,” which students
should understand after reading the module.

ORGANIC FARM,
KASRAWAD, INDIA

220 221

M10_RUBE8248_02_SE_C10.indd 220-221
What challenges does 01/12/11 10:01 PM

The book’s modular organization consists

What do people eat? agriculture face? of chapters made up of self-contained two-
page spreads, a reliable presentation that
offers the instructor flexibility. Each module
How is agriculture distributed? uses integrated visuals, text, active learning
tools, and online media, to effectively convey
the concept at hand.

34 Where is the world’s population distributed? 2 Population 35

2.1Population Concentrations
2.1.4A EUROPE 2.1.4 FOUR POPULATION CLUSTERS
The four regions display some similarities. Most of the people in these regions
Europe contains one-ninth of the world’s people. The region
live near an ocean or near a river with easy access to an ocean, rather than in the
includes four dozen countries, ranging from Monaco, with
interior of major landmasses. The four population clusters occupy generally low-
Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in four regions. 1 square kilometer (0.7 square mile) and a population of
lying areas, with fertile soil and temperate climate.
32,000, to Russia, the world’s largest country in land area
Humans avoid clustering in harsh environments. when its Asian land portion is included.
2.1.4B EAST ASIA
Three-fourths of Europe’s inhabitants live in cities.
Human beings are not distributed uniformly across Earth’s surface (Figure 2.1.1). A dense network of road and rail lines links settlements. One-fifth of the world’s people live in East Asia. This concentration includes the world’s most
Human beings avoid clustering in certain physical environments, especially those that Europe’s highest population concentrations are near the populous country, the People’s Republic of china. The chinese population is clustered near
major rivers and coalfields of Germany and Belgium, as well the Pacific coast and in several fertile river valleys that extend inland, such as the Huang and
are too dry, too wet, too cold, or too mountainous for activities 2.1.1 POPULATION as historic capital cities like London and Paris. the Yangtze. Much of china’s interior is sparsely inhabited mountains and deserts. Although
such as agriculture (Figure 2.1.2). dISTRIBUTION The region’s temperate climate permits cultivation of a china has 25 urban areas with more than 2 million inhabitants and 61 with more than 1
The clustering of the world’s population can be displayed on Persons per square
kilometer
variety of crops, yet Europeans do not produce enough food million, more than one-half of the people live in rural areas where they work as farmers.
for themselves. Instead, they import food and other resources In Japan and South Korea, population is not distributed uniformly either. Forty percent of
a cartogram, which depicts the size of countries according to 1,000 and above 5–24 from elsewhere in the world. The search for additional the people live in three large metropolitan areas—Tokyo and Osaka in Japan, and Seoul in
population rather than land area, as is the case with most maps 250–999 1–4 resources was a major incentive for Europeans to explore South Korea—that cover less than 3 percent of the two countries’ land area. In sharp contrast
and colonize other parts of the world during the previous six to china, more than three-fourths of all Japanese and Koreans live in urban areas and work at
(Figure 2.1.3). Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants are clus- 25–249 below 1
centuries. Today, Europeans turn many of these resources into industrial or service jobs.
tered in four regions—East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, 150° 120° 90° 60°
manufactured products. 60° 90°
and Europe (Figure 2.1.4). ARCTIC OCEAN ARCTIC OCEAN 2.1.4c SOUTHEAST ASIA
120° 150° 180°
A third important Asian population
0° 30°
cluster is in Southeast Asia. A half
2.1.2A COLd LANdS
billion people live in Southeast
RORAImA, BRAzIL
Much of the land near the North and South Asia, mostly on a series of islands
poles is perpetually covered with ice or the that lie between the Indian and
60°
2.1.2 SPARSELY ground is permanently frozen (permafrost). The Pacific60°N
oceans. These islands include
POPULATEd REgIONS polar regions are unsuitable for planting crops, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New
Human beings do not live in few animals can survive the extreme cold, and Guinea, and the Philippines. The
large numbers in certain physical few human beings live there. largest concentration is on the island
environments. of Java, inhabited by more than 100
2.1.2B dRY LANdS million people. Indonesia, which
consists of 13,677 islands, including
Areas too dry for farming cover approximately Java, is the world’s fourth most
20 percent of Earth’s land surface. Deserts populous 30°N country.
generally lack sufficient water to grow crops that 2.1.1c WET LANdS Several islands that belong to the
could feed a large population, although some Philippines contain high population
people survive there by raising animals, such as Lands that receive very high levels of
concentrations, and people are also
camels, that are adapted to the climate. Although precipitation, such as near Brazil’s Amazon
clustered along several river valleys
dry lands are generally inhospitable to intensive River shown in the image, may also be sparsely
and deltas at the southeastern
inhabited. The combination of rain and heat PACIFIC
agriculture, they may contain natural resources OCEAN tip of the Asian mainland, known
useful to people—notably, much of the world’s rapidly depletes nutrients from the soil and thus
as Indochina. Like china and
oil reserves. hinders agriculture.
South Asia, the Southeast Asia
0° 0°EQUATOR
concentration is characterized by a
ATLANTIC high percentage of people working
RUSSIA
OCEAN INDIAN
OCEAN as farmers in rural areas.
CHINA JA PAN
U N ITE D STAT E S PA KISTAN PACIFIC
OCEAN
TROPIC O
BA N G L A D E S H
ME X ICO
30° 30°S
INDIA
0 1,000 2,000 Miles
NIGERIA 90° 0° 30° 180°
60° 120°
B RA ZIL
0 1,000 2,000 Kilometers vARANASI, INdIA
2.1.2D HIgH LANdS 2.1.4D SOUTH ASIA
INDON ESI A
The highest mountains in One-fifth of the world’s people live in South Asia, which includes India,
90° Pakistan, Bangladesh,
the world are steep, snow and the island of Sri Lanka. The largest concentration of people within South Asia lives along
covered, and sparsely settled. 60° 30° a 1,500-kilometer (900-mile) corridor from Lahore, Pakistan, through India and Bangladesh to
Countries with populations over 100 million are labeled. the Bay of Bengal. Much of this area’s population is concentrated along the plains of the Indus
However, some high-altitude
plateaus and mountain regions are more densely and Ganges rivers. People are also heavily concentrated near India’s two long coastlines—the
2.1.3 POPULATION CARTOgRAm populated, especially at low latitudes (near the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east.
The population cartogram displays the major population clusters of Europe, and East, South, and Southeast equator) where agriculture is possible at high To an even greater extent than the chinese, most people in South Asia are farmers living in
Asia as much larger, and Africa and the Western Hemisphere as much smaller than on a more typical equal- elevations. rural areas. The region contains 18 urban areas with more than 2 million inhabitants and 46 with
area map, such as the large one in the middle of these two pages. more than 1 million, but only one-fourth of the total population lives in an urban area.

xxii M02_RUBE8248_02_SE_C02.indd 34-35 01/12/11 10:02 PM

Another random document with
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 "Here's the Forest Boundary," said Jacob, "and now we'll get to the
Warren House yonder, rest a bit and start for home.'

"I always feel sorry to turn at the end of a great day," she answered,
"and this is the greatest day, but one, that ever I have lived."

He kissed her.

"And that one was the day you asked me to marry you, Jacob."

"Don't I know it?"

The Warren House stood before them under a ragged sycamore. It was
almost the loneliest inhabited dwelling in Devon, and its squat, white face
peered out upon the wilderness from under a black, tar-pitched roof. The
rabbit warrens spread on either hand and the dwelling lay in the protection
of a tumulus that piled up to the northward.

"I love this forgotten place," declared Bullstone. "In some moods—not
now, but once when I was younger and less content than now—I've thought
it would be a very good place to live, beyond the fret and cark of life."

But Margery shivered.

"I'd have to be broke in mind and body and not wishful to live at all,
before I'd live here," she said.

Indeed the spot was somewhat melancholy and calculated to chill a

cheerful spirit. Death seemed to have made this place a home. Evidences of
mortality stared round about. In one corner of the little yard was a heap of
bones, and suspended from a low bough of the sycamore, there hung a
flayed horse by a hook.

"I'm sorry for my pretty Auna that she has to pass up here," declared
Margery. "She must be properly glad to wind away down into our beautiful
valley and come to Red House and Shipley Bridge."

"You should see Auna Head," he answered,—"that's where she rises, in

a desert of bog and cotton grass under Ryder's Hill. Lonesome there if you
like. Hardly will you hear a bee booming and never see colt or head of kine.
Nothing but the pad marks of a fox and the sweep of his brush in the mud.
We'll ride up some Sunday when I've got your pony. Now let's go in, and
you'll see two men that are so nearly content as ever I knew men to be, for
all their loneliness. Father and son they are."

"I know them well enough," she answered, "I've often met 'em coming
in with rabbits when I was exercising the dogs."

"The deuce you have! And never told me?"

She smiled at him.

"Benny Veale's a good-looking chap, and his father's a fine old man and
kindly."

"I'm hearing things," exclaimed Jacob.

"You get to talk to a lot of people out with the puppies. Everybody's so
interested in them."

"And interested in you, I reckon. Well, you won't walk puppies and talk
to strangers much longer."

Now came a riot of life in the shape of the warrener's dogs. Half a dozen
lean, wiry creatures, barking and gambolling, ran before a man. They
worked for him on the warren, and the dead horse represented meals to
come. They wagged their tails and saluted the Irish terriers in friendship.
Benny Veale followed them—a sun-tanned, red lad in a blue sailor's jersey
and long boots. He was carrying a dozen dead rabbits, but threw them down
and saluted the visitors.

"Who'd have thought to see you, Mr. Bullstone!" he exclaimed, grinning

at Margery.

"Where's the governor?" asked Jacob.

"He'll be along direckly minute."

 "Can you give us a cup of tea, Ned?"

"Ess I can, then; I'll make it."

"How's the rabbits?"

"No lack—just getting busy again; but us don't do much for a fortnight
yet."

He lifted his voice and shouted.

"Here's Mr. Bullstone come up over, father."

Then an old, bent man appeared from the hillocks of the warren. He
walked with a long stick and was bowed in the back and lame; but he
revealed a cheerful countenance and proved an elderly edition of his son,
though his red hair was nearly white and had dwindled to little patches
above his ears. Upon his head not a hair remained.

He beamed from a mouth wherein teeth were few.

"So here's the she!" he said, first shaking Margery's hand. "And I wish
you both luck I'm sure. 'Tis a terrible blow to Benny I can tell you, for he's
been chattering about you, Miss, ever since he first catched sight of you
along with the little dogs."

Benny did not hear this jest: he had gone in to prepare tea; but Jacob did
hear and little liked it.

"You're getting too old for this place and this job," he said. "About time
you took your bones down to the village, Frederick."

"Granted," answered Mr. Veale. "I did ought to be gone; but I say that
every winter, and yet find myself up for one more season come summer
again. I'm better this year than what I was last."

"You look very well indeed, Mr. Veale," declared Margery.

 "The point of the wedge is in," confessed Frederick humorously. "Death
have got it among my bones, and will hammer it home in God's good time;
but my vitals is all working very suent yet, and if I sleep a lot, I'm
wonderful between whiles."

They entered a rough, unclean kitchen cumbered with trappers' tools.

Jacob was not at ease and regretted that they had come. He cut short Benny
in some simple gallantries and having drunk a cup of tea, declared that they
must push forward.

But Mr. Veale protested.

"Bide a bit," he said, "and smoke your pipe. Us don't have visitors very
oft I warn 'e."

"I do trust you be going to ask us to the wedding, Miss," ventured

Benny, who could not take his eyes off Margery's face.

"I'd like for you to come," she answered. "I hope there will be a brave
rally of neighbours I'm sure."

"You'll be married from the post-office, of course," assumed Benny's

father. "Trust Mr. and Mrs. Huxam to do it in good order. But be she willing
to go to Church, or can the Chosen Few hold lawful marriage?"

"It's going to be in Church, because Mr. Bullstone's Church of

England," explained Margery.

"And when do it happen, Miss?" asked Benny.

"Next November."

Jacob gave each man a fill from his pouch and the talk ran for a time on
dogs; then he rose to depart.

"Well, may your love adventures all turn out well and fine," said Mr.
Veale, "and the Lord remember you and be good to the pair of you."
 Benny shyly took a sprig of white heath from a jam jar, where it stood
in water.

"Found it yesterday. Please accept of it, Miss."

She thanked him and guessed he had intended to present it on the

following day, when it was probable they would have met at Shipley Bridge
—she with her puppies, he with a cart of rabbits on his way to Brent. But
before Huntingdon Warren House was lost on their homeward way, Jacob
asked her to drop the flower.

"I don't like that sort of nonsense," he said. "The young man made a
hole in his manners offering it, in my opinion. I'll forgive him this time,
because he used to be a sailor and they don't know better."

Margery instantly flung away the blossoms.

"A mannerless oaf," added Jacob, "else he'd have known wiser than to
stare at you as though you were a show. I'll ask you not to take note of him
if you meet him again without me."

Margery wondered and her heart beat a little quicker.

"Isn't he a good sort of man?" she asked.

"For all I know; but the woman that's going to marry me needn't trouble
whether any other man's good or not."

"That's true," she said, smiling to herself. "I never thought about how
good you were when I began to love you—only how wonderful and
precious. Love don't take much account of goodness or badness I reckon."

"Very often not, till too late."

"Then it's a bit of added fortune to fall in love with a right good man,"
she said.

"Safest no doubt. But I wasn't quite like you. I did take into account
your goodness; and I wouldn't have let myself love you, as I do love you, if
you hadn't been better than gold. If I'd found you were light and didn't take
life seriously, I should still have been interested in you and anxious for your
future and wishful to advance it; but I shouldn't have fallen in love with
you, Margery."

"You fright me when you say that," she answered, "because we all know
lovers can't see straight; and now I shall fear you'll find me not half so good
as you think."

"There—there; now you're fishing for praise! You know yourself very
well; and if you hadn't been my sort, you wouldn't have fallen in love with
me. And don't you be fearing I'm too serious and like to bore you. I love life
and the good things of life, though work's the best of them and wears best.
But we won't miss the junkettings and revels now and then; though with
your upbringing, I shouldn't wonder if you proved a thought more stiff-
starched than I, for all my age and experience."

They chatted very joyously together and then a good thing happened,
for in the shaking moss, where a spring was born and bubbled up out of the
granite, Jacob marked a piece of bog heather, white as snow, and though he
had to wade half up his leggings to get it, he did not hesitate.

"There!" he said, "there's your white heather, and now you've got your
luck from me and none else."

"I'll treasure it up for ever and ever," she said. "I've got my luck from
you—that's a true word in the sight of God; and I hope a time is coming
when you'll say you've got your luck from me."

"Luck's a poor word," he answered. "I've got my new life from you,
Margery. All that's coming means you—all."

"Who laughed at me and said I was talking poetry on Ugborough?" she

asked, with the evening light on her dark hair and in her eyes.

Jacob put his arm round her.

"What I say isn't poetry—unless God's truth be poetry," he answered.

 So they came home together beside the river.

CHAPTER III

THE RESCUE

Two persons, ignorant of each other's presence, sat nigh the river on a
windy day in October. The latter rains had fallen, the springs were unsealed.
Each rillet was swollen to a gushing stream and the rivers ran in torrents.
North and south they shouted from their drowned fountains and hurried a
mighty volume of cherry red and spumy water back again to the Channel
and the Severn Sea, whence it had come.

Auna, running riotously high above her summer bed, hung dead sticks
and withered foliage on inundated branch and bough, to mark her progress
and leave a signal of her autumn frolic. She shouted, wild as a mænad, and
leapt from rock to rock, swirling here, flinging wide, glassy billows there,
and submerging each familiar stock and stone along her banks. The height
of the freshet was over and the river had already fallen a foot from her
torrent of the day before. Now sunshine filled the valley, while the fires of
the fall flashed on oak and beech and the last of the rowan berries.

On Shipley Bridge sat a man smoking and waiting to keep an

appointment. He was to meet Benny Veale from the warrens, and beside
him, in a limp heap of grey and white fur, lay a dozen dead rabbits.

Adam Winter, the new tenant of Shipley Farm, was a man of thirty with
a fair, commonplace face. He stood only five feet eight, but was well built
and strongly put together. He wore a small moustache and a little patch of
sandy whisker before each ear. His pale blue eyes were kindly, the
expression of his face amiable, easy and rather wistful.

He had failed at Brent and lost half his capital, an inheritance from his
dead father; and now he was trying his luck again on a smaller place, with
the moorman's privileges of turbary and grazing. A maiden aunt kept house
for him, and his right hand was an elder brother, Samuel Winter, a man
weak-minded and lacking in self-control, yet resolute to work, happy in
solitude and not difficult to manage.

Adam had made a start and being of a temperate and reflective nature in
most affairs of life, faced the future without fear. He was not ambitious, or
concerned to do much more than keep his aunt and brother and himself in
solvency. Five years earlier he had been in love in a tepid fashion, but his
romance came to nothing and its failure left him cast down for a short while
only. He soon recovered, but revived no ambition to wed.

Here, then, he lingered with the sun on his back, appreciated the gentle
warmth, smoked his pipe, listened to the thunder of the river in the gorge
beneath him and perceived that the granite bridge vibrated to its rough
challenge.

A heavy network of boughs hid the valley above him. Otherwise he had
observed the only other occupant of the spot, where sat Margery on her
favourite ledge, now only just clear of the water. The pool beneath her
remained calm no more, but was alive and dancing and deep. The bottom
had disappeared in the peat-soaked current, and little argosies of spume
trembled here with bursting bubbles, while half the backwater was hidden
under the honey-coloured churnings of the river. Her favourite, smooth
reaches were no longer smooth; her laughing stickles were drowned. All
heaved and rolled with unwonted weight of waters, and against the deep
baying of the river, Margery's puppies lifted their shrill yap. Above her
crossed the arms of oak and ash; upon the banks the fern was down and the
tawny brakes spread sodden purple under much rain. Beneath this point,
Auna narrowed to a cleft, where an augmented waterfall now tumbled into
the gully below.
 Margery sat and brooded, for the day was one of eventful character in
her life. To-morrow her reign as kennel-maid at Red House would end; she
was to return home and not reappear until after her marriage. Happiness
dominated her mind; yet there were regrets. Never again would she wear
doublet and hose; and that grieved her, for she loved this attire and
marvelled why women should be denied such seemly and convenient
raiment. It was a small thing, yet not to be relinquished without sighs. And
she would be queen of the puppy dogs no more. The busy, russet creatures,
growing sturdy now and ripe for discipline, still made her the centre of their
activities and joys. Their eyes were ever uplifted to her, for she was their
god—the benignant power that ordered their world, chastened them,
cheered them and encouraged them, applauded them, made games for them,
flung fir cones for them, consoled them in disaster, shared their joy, filled
their little, ever hungry bellies.

Now they nosed her and squeaked into her ears, while she sat with
elbows on knees and chin in hands as motionless as the grey stones.

"Oh, you duckies!" she said aloud, "how am I going to say good-bye to
you even for six weeks? But half of you will be sold and out in the world
before I come back."

She pushed them away and the pups scattered to pursue their pleasure.
They were wide awake to the meaning of water and she felt no fear for
them, but concentrated on herself and the days to come.

There stole into her heart a feeling that the past had been too good to
continue long.

"It isn't often what's good turns into what's better," thought Margery.
"My days can't be so perfect for ever, if what mother says is true."

Then suddenly, without one preliminary monition, Mrs. Huxam's

prophecy was confirmed, and the rag of many colours that men call life rent
for Margery and revealed a new thing.

She heard a sudden howl of terror from a puppy, and leaping up, saw
one of her charges in the river. Two playing on the bank had rolled together
at water's brink, and in a moment one was over. The current tumbled the
small thing away and swept him into the main channel. He now bore down
upon Margery, who stood ten yards below, and she perceived that the sole
way to save him must be by wading to the central tide, where it gleamed
between two shallows a few yards above the fall. If she failed, the terrier
would certainly go over and make an end of himself. He was drowning
already, with terrified eyes and black nose lifted, while he swept downward
like a dead leaf, beating the water with his paws.

She did not hesitate, but dashed in at once, knee deep, thigh deep, all
unconscious of the forces against her. She intercepted the little lump of red
hair, grabbed him, and then, finding herself powerless to stem the heaving
water, took both hands to the puppy and flung him five yards to the bank.
Happily he fell light on broken fern, where he lay shivering, shaking and
weeping till his brothers found him.

To plunge before the stream had been easy but, against the flood water,
return proved impossible for Margery. The river converged and held her
now at the centre of the current, where its energies were concentrating for
the fall. She heard the roar behind her and felt fierce hands thrusting her
backwards toward it. She strove to fight forward, but her long, slim legs
were not built to oppose such power. She swayed, and as she lifted one foot,
the other was instantly swept from under her. Now she was up to her waist
and in another two seconds off her feet and rolled over. A yard above the
waterfall her head and shoulders were heaved up and she tried to catch a
rock in vain. Then she screamed, with the terror of sudden death in her
voice, and a moment later vanished in the great, amber-coloured roll of the
river, as it swept to its fall.

Her cry had been heard, though it seemed doubtful whether a human
being could survive that shattering drop, even if the rocks were merciful.
But Adam Winter caught the shriek and, jumping to his feet and peering
under the boughs, was just in time to see a human arm and leg thrust from
the resounding arc of the waterfall and hurled into the welter of foam
beneath. He knew the place and wasted no time. He judged that some
foolhardy boy had fallen into the water and been swept to destruction; but
the scream made it clear that the victim had come to his ordeal with plenty
of life in him.

Winter scrambled down the bank, flinging off his coat as he did so. If
any thought passed through his mind as he automatically rushed to his task,
it was one of annoyance that he should be called to a business so
unpleasant. The discomfort troubled him more than the danger; indeed for
him there was little danger. He jumped over a bank into the river, found it
reach to his middle and then ploughed up from the shallow end of the hole
to the deep water under the fall. The place was dark and full of the din of
the water. He saw a hand sweep up and disappear; then he left the ground
and swam a few strokes to the boiling dance of the foam.

Good fortune favoured Adam, for he came straight upon Margery's

floating body, held her before she sank again, got his shoulder under her
and so swam the little distance necessary to reach foothold. Then he stood
up, gripped her round the waist and presently carried her clear of the river.
Not till he found her hair all over his face did he know that he had saved a
woman. He brushed it away and recognised Margery; then, in great dread
that he carried a corpse, set out with her to the Red House. His own place
was nearer, but Adam felt impelled up the valley.

The girl remained quite unconscious. She was not heavy and he made
good way, finding time to wonder what had brought her into the river. Then
the puppies appeared and crept in doubt and dismay round him. To see their
god limp, silent, still, thus carried in a man's arms, appalled them. They
barked and whimpered, but would not lose sight of their guardian and
followed in an agitated company at Winter's heels.

Thus they came, until Bullstone, proceeding under the fir trees to find
Margery, suddenly discovered her in Winter's arms. The blood surged up to
his face; he stared; he snorted and then charged forward.

"What in God's name——?" roared Jacob; then he dropped his ash

sapling and almost snatched the unconscious girl from Adam.

"Fell into the river and went over the rocks into the pool," said the
younger man quietly. "Please the Lord she ain't dead. I don't think she is."
 Jacob was panting.

"For any man but me to touch her!" he almost groaned, to himself rather
than the rescuer.

Winter stared and stopped. He was about to explain events, but Jacob
strode away, the puppies streaming behind him.

He lifted his voice and bawled for help before he reached his door. Then
Mrs. Bullstone hastened and found him already beside the kitchen fire. He
lowered Margery to the ground, bade his mother undress her and went for
brandy.

Returning with it he found the sufferer had regained consciousness. She

could not speak but her eyes were open. She drank; then Jacob went for
blankets and within ten minutes had left the house, hastened to the stables
and saddled a horse. He quickly galloped off to Brent for a doctor and
Margery's mother.

In time they arrived, to a turmoil of talk and tears from Mrs. Bullstone
—a dislocated, agitated upheaval in which Judith Huxam and her daughter
alone preserved calm. The physician found Margery bruised and cruelly
shaken, but without a broken bone. There was concussion, how severe he
could not immediately determine.

He directed them and asked a question of Jacob before leaving.

"How did she get in the water? Not intentionally I hope?"

For the last time that day Bullstone was staggered beyond reason.

"'Intentionally?' Good God, doctor, she's engaged to marry me!" he said.

Then happened a strange thing, for in the morning, Margery proved already
better after sleep, and sitting beside a convalescent sweetheart, Bullstone
was reminded of one he had forgotten.

With deep emotion he came to her and gasped to see how small
Margery appeared, sitting up with a pink shawl round her shoulders and her
hair down.

Out of his joy and to steady himself, he blamed her—even assuming an

angry manner.

"Properly mad, and must mean a screw loose in you," he said. "To go
into a raging torrent like that for a puppy! You never thought of me."

"Of course I thought of you," she answered in a weary, little voice. "It
was your dog and I had to save it. But in truth I thought of nothing. I was in
the water before I began to think."

The threatened shadow seemed still to hang over her. Her voice was
weak and her manner listless.

"I'd give ten years of my life if it had been me who rescued you," he
said. "It's proper gall to think that any other man did it."

"You must forgive him—for my sake, Jacob."

"Forgive him! The mischief is that I'm under a life-long obligation now,
and he may be the sort to rub it in. Not that he'll need to. I shan't forget that
my debts are for ever beyond payment."

"Have you thanked him?"

"Not yet."

She was silent and then expressed a desire that startled her lover.

"No more have I. But I'm not going to let the day pass before I do."

"I'll say all there's need to say."

"No, Jacob. Life's life. I'm properly thankful not to be drowned. Think
what he's done for me! If you say a word against, you'll vex me, and I
mustn't be vexed."
 The subject dropped while she talked of her accident—such of it as she
remembered; but she felt desirous to know the exact sequel, and that only
Adam Winter could tell her. When Jacob put her off and told her to trust
Winter to him, she became quite silent. Then she asked him to leave her.

He went and presently the doctor called and gave a good report. He, too,
brought discomfort, for Margery had repeated her wish to thank Adam
Winter, and begged that she might do so immediately. She was wilful and
strangely insistent, as it seemed to Jacob. Her mother, however, supported
her and held it a right thing to happen. The doctor therefore advised that Mr.
Winter should see her before she slept. He had found Margery so
completely recovered that there was no need to call again.

"Keep her in bed one more day, and then let her get up and stop by the
fire," he said. "Youth will never cease to astonish me."

Jacob Bullstone went to Shipley Farm after midday dinner and

summoned Adam Winter.

"You've done more than I can pay, as you well know," he said, "and
that's granted; but if it's ever in my power to lessen the obligation, I gladly
shall, for I little like to be in any man's debt."

"No need to talk that way. There's no debt and no obligation. Who
wouldn't have done the same? Didn't Miss Huxam go in the water herself
after a puppy? We do these things, not for any return, but because we must.
I'd have done as much for a sheep—so would you. I hope she's out of
danger?"

"She's wishful to see you—nothing will do but she thanks you herself
this instant moment."

"No need at all."

"So I say—no hurry anyway; but that's her will and she must be obeyed,
if you please."
 "Them caught from the grave like that did ought to be humoured," said
Adam's aunt. She was a little woman with grey hair and a red face.

"I'll come, then, if it must be so," said Winter. "The green plover be
back, and I shot a brace this morning. Will she accept 'em?"

"No, thanks; I'll get a bird or two for her presently."

The men returned together. Their walk had been silent on Jacob's part,
while Adam related the particulars of the rescue.

"I properly thank you," said Margery, when they ascended to her room
and Adam took a chair in the window, while Bullstone stood with his hands
in his pocket at the foot of the bed and Judith Huxam sat beside it.

"We'll never, never forget it, Jacob and me," continued Margery.

"I hope you will, then," answered the farmer. "Why such a noise about
it? Duty's duty. In fact 'twas more of a pleasure than a duty, I'm sure, and if I
hadn't much feared you was a goner, I should have enjoyed the fun."

Jacob's eyes were restless, he frowned and moved about. Then he turned
his back and examined some family photographs on Margery's mantelshelf.

"To save a life is a great thing, Mr. Winter," said Mrs. Huxam. "Now,
whatever your own life's got in store for you, you can always remember that
you had a hand, under God, in keeping a human creature alive."

"The puppy's no worse," declared Margery, "and if he knew which it

was, Jacob would never part with it. But we never shall know, for I don't
remember which I saved. You must be terrible strong to have faced that
awful water. It took me like a leaf."

"Wasn't the water's fault," he answered. "Young women can't go playing

about with the rivers in flood. A little item like you was bound to be swept
away."

"It's a wonderful thing to look at a man who's saved your life," said
Margery.
 "Wish I was a finer object," he replied.

Jacob hid his emotion, but had to speak and occupy himself. The invalid
was nursing two young puppies from the last litter. She had demanded
something to play with.

"Best let me take them back," he said. "Mustn't keep Mr. Winter—he's a
busy man. And mustn't spoil young dogs. Bless it, you're cuddling them as
if they was a brace of babbies!"

"They are babbies," answered Margery, "and if you can't cuddle

babbies, what should you cuddle?"

She was wilful still and continued to speak in a tired, small voice.

"Are you fond of dogs?" she asked, and Adam declared that he was.

"What's life without 'em, I say," he answered.

"So do I," she replied. "Jacob can't see the human side of dogs—no, you
can't, Jacob. He's all for discipline."

"Quite right too," declared Winter. "You must put into the heart of a dog
his bounden duty from the first, else he'll grow up a nuisance to himself and
everybody else. Work did ought to be found for every dog. If it ain't, they
think life's all play and that makes 'em selfish."

"Jacob's the whole law and the prophets about dogs," asserted Margery.
"They're blessed creatures and nothing's too good for them—you know you
think so, Jacob."

"They haven't got souls, however," explained Mrs. Huxam, "and you
had no sort of right, Margery, to run the risk of drowning for a dog."

"Some dogs have got far bigger souls than some men," answered her
daughter; "and you've only got to look in their eyes to see 'em."

"That's a wicked thing to say, and I'm sorry you said it," replied Judith.
"It shows your mind is wandering still and there's fever left in your brain.
So these men had best to be gone. You forget your religion, Margery."

The girl was silenced, but Adam Winter, who did not fear Mrs. Huxam,
ventured on a doubtful joke.

"The dogs have got religion anyway," he assured them, "for I'm sure the
little ones worship your darter, ma'am; and the big ones worship Mr.
Bullstone."

"'Tis a great thing to search to the heart of a dog," murmured Margery,

"and nobody ever did that like Jacob."

Adam Winter, conscious that his last remark had annoyed Mrs. Huxam,
though she did not answer it with words, got up to go his way.

"Mustn't bide no more," he said. "And I hope you'll soon be down house
and as right as rain, Miss."

She stretched out a hand and he took it and stood a moment on his way
to the door.

"Mind you come to our wedding," bade Margery. "I will have you there;
there wouldn't have been a wedding at all but for you."

"I'll gladly come, be sure."

He went through the door, and Bullstone followed without speaking.

BOOK I
 CHAPTER I

JEREMY

The market town of Brent differed but little from like boroughs linked
by the artery of the railroad to centres greater than themselves. It grew,
reacted to the ordinary stimuli and, upon discovery of Dartmoor as a
healthful resort of pilgrimage, enlarged its borders to meet increasing
demand.

An environment was created after the usual pattern, and from the village
centre of shops and cottages, there extended good roads on which stood
single and semi-detached houses with gardens about them. The class of
shop improved to serve the class of customer; the atmosphere thickened
from its primitive simplicity. Change increasingly dominated Brent,
creating an environment wherein to be honest and fearless grew more
difficult, while cowardice and hypocrisy were encouraged by the nature of
things.

Human capacity was displayed at its customary levels; greed and creed,
after the inevitable rule, dominated the minds of men and women and
infected the minds of the children. Education progressed, but its evidences
were often painful, and, along with it, things worthy of preservation
departed for ever. Modern education promotes selfishness and egotism in
the pupil, but neglects any valuable formative influence on character—the
result of that narrow and unimaginative type of man and woman foremost
in the ranks of the certified teachers.

Ambition at Brent was only understood in terms of cash; among many

of the young men and women cleverness became only another name for
cunning. They were brought up, generation after generation, on the ideals of
their parents, which proved a far more penetrative principle than the
teaching of their schools. Then dawned class consciousness and class
prejudice; and the fresh point of view took shape in creation of new values
and animosities. The timid admired the bold, who had courage to scant his
service, yet draw his wages. The worker who robbed his employer,
confident that trade unionism would support him in any open conflict,
became the hero of the shop; while the employer retaliated without patience
or perspicuity. Thus worthless and unsocial ideals were created in minds
upon the way to adolescence.

The church stood in the midst—architecturally a very beautiful and

dignified object. Its significance otherwise only related to form and
ceremony. So many had ceased to go, that the timorous began to feel they,
too, might stay away without suffering in reputation, or trade. There were
various chapels, also, and a few spirits reflected the past and professed
obsolescent opinions, while a small minority still actually practised them.

Of such were the postmistress and her husband, Judith and Barlow
Huxam. To the Chosen Few they belonged—the woman from her birth, the
man by adoption; for Judith insisted, as a condition of marriage, that
Barlow must join her particular sect and he, much in love and of no deep
convictions, did not hesitate to oblige her. And still the pair worshipped
with that mournful denomination, while the Chosen Few lived up to their
proud title and became yearly fewer. This fact brought sorrow, but not
surprise, to Mrs. Huxam. Fewer, indeed, were chosen, for the good reason
that fewer deserved to be. She took a long view, and though admitting that
her own generation was painfully distinguished by a lack of just persons in
all classes, yet hoped that better times might be coming and subsequent
humanity provide a more handsome inheritance for the Kingdom.

Apart from her religious predilections, Mrs. Huxam was stern, but
reasonable. She knew that offences must come, while regretting that more
appeared to come from Brent than most other places. She was not
censorious, though glad to remember that the mills of God always ground
small in the long run; and she never wavered in conviction that all was for
the best and divinely preordained.

Her husband she honoured and respected, and indeed he was a man
worthy of respect and honour. He had earned admiration and applause, for
to have lived with Judith through thirty-five unclouded years argued great
gifts of patience and philosophy on the part of Mr. Huxam. They worked in
perfect amity and their drapery establishment was still the most important
shop in Brent.
 Judith felt prouder of her own family than her husband's, and a slight to
any member of the clan was an affront upon herself. A bachelor brother
lived at Plymouth. He owned trawlers and prospered, letting it be known
that his niece, Margery, would some day inherit his possessions. Mrs.
Huxam's father, Tobias Pulleyblank, a saddler, had been dead ten years, and
her mother passed a year earlier. But other Pulleyblanks still flourished
round about. They lifted steadfast lights on a naughty world, and nothing
had disappointed Judith Huxam more than to find that Pulleyblank blood
was not pre-potent in the veins of her own boy and girl. They both lacked
that steel of character and indomitable will power she herself possessed;
and though Margery Bullstone, the elder child, married to a prosperous
man, had done her duty and given her mother just cause for gratification
and contentment, of Jeremy, her son, this could not be admitted.

It happened that Jeremy Huxam's parents were now dwelling on this

subject, for, upon the following day, Jeremy was due to return home. Once
more he had been tried in the ranks of men and found wanting.

Barlow and his wife were in bed. They retired early and, as a rule,
conversed for an hour on the interests of the day before sleeping. When Mr.
Huxam stretched his hand for a little box beside him and took a
mucilaginous lozenge for his 'tubes,' that was the signal that conversation
must cease and sleep be sought.

"Jeremy certainly is a puzzling man," he confessed, "and I wish there

was more of you in him and less of me. He's not altogether soft, and he's not
altogether lazy, and he's always civil spoken and respectful, and everybody
likes him; yet what does he amount to? A dead weight on our hands, and no
sooner, after unheard-of efforts, do we launch him into deep water, than he's
back on the beach again."

"It's lack of purpose," said Judith. "He's like one of them ants you see in
the woods. They'll tug and tug and wander this way and that, pulling along
a scrap of rubbish; and they'll climb up a stone and fall off a score of times
and get no forwarder. Yet you can't deny the creatures are busy enough. Of
Jeremy you can only say that he's himself and made as his Maker willed
him to be. He'll never treat time like a servant, but let it master him. That's
what our Thomas understood, though only a child when he died."