VYDEHI SCHOOL OF

EXCELLENCE
Affiliated to CBSE, Delhi
Vydehi campus, Whitefield, Bengaluru
Karnataka

PHYSICS (042)
Project on:
Variations in current flowing in a circuit
containing LDR because of variations.
Year: 2024-25

Submitted to Submitted by – Anshika Prasad

Ms. Namita Sahu Class – XII A

P a g e 1 | 10
 VYDEHI SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ANSHIKA PRASAD of class XII-A has

successfully completed the project on TO STUDY THE VARIATIONS
IN CURRENT FLOWING IN A CIRCUIT CONTAING A LDR
BECAUSE OF VARIATIONS under the guidance of MS. NAMITA
during the academic year 2024-25 in partial fulfillment of PHYSICS
practical examination conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of the Principal Signature of the teacher in charge of the

batch

Signature of the external examiner Signature of the internal

examiner

P a g e 2 | 10
External examiner no:

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I want to express my most sincere thanks and gratitude to Mrs.

Namita, my physics teacher, who's valuable feedback and
guidance in this project was a major contribution. Her constant
motivation and advice were the foundation to this project.

Next, I'd like to thank Mrs. Sinia, our principal ma'am, for
extending support and co-ordination whenever possible which
aided in the productive and successful completion of this
project.

Finally, I'd like to thank everyone who helped me directly, or

indirectly in the completion of this project

P a g e 3 | 10
 INTRODUCTION:-
The general-purpose photoconductive cell is also known as LDR – light
dependent resistor. It is a type of semiconductor and its conductivity changes
with proportional change in the intensity of light. There are two common types
of materials used to manufacture the photoconductive cells. They are Cadmium
Sulphide (CdS) and Cadmium Selenide (CdSe). Extrinsic devices have
impurities added, which have a ground state energy closer to the conduction
band - since the electrons don't have as far to jump, lower energy photons

(i.e. longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are sufficient to trigger the
device. Two of its earliest applications were as part of smoke and fire detection
systems and camera light meters. The structure is covered with glass sheet to
protect it from moisture and dust and allows only light to fall on it.
APPLICATIONS:-
 The photoresistor is generally used in detecting the presence and intensity
of light

P a g e 4 | 10
 Used in automatic lights that switch on and off according to light
 Simple Smoke Detector Alarm, Clock with automatic light
 Optical circuit design
 Photo proximity switch
 Laser-based security systems
 Solar Street Lamps
 Camera light meters
 Clock radios
 Can be used in Dynamic Compressors, some compressors use LDR and
LED connected to the signal source to create changes in signal gain.

LIMITATIONS :-
 LDRs require a few milliseconds or more to respond fully to the changes
in light intensity, i.e. they require a few seconds to return to their normal
resistance once the light source is removed.
 The sensitivity of a Light-dependent resistor varies with the light
wavelength. If the wavelength is outside a certain range, it will not affect
the resistance at all.
 Light-dependent resistors have lower sensitivity than photodiodes and
phototransistors.

P a g e 5 | 10
 AIM :-
To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit flowing in a circuit
containing a LDR because of a variation:
(a) In the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR
(Keeping all the maps at a fixed distance).
(b) In the distance of an incandescent lamp, (of fixed power), used to
‘illuminate’ the LDR

APPARATUS :-
(i) A light dependent resistor
(ii) A battery of 6V
(iii) A source of light(as lamps 25W, 40W, 60W, 100W and 200W)
(iv) A Multimeter (Micro Ammeter)

THEORY :-
Light dependent resistor is a resistor whose resistance changes with the intensity
of light incident on it.
It is made of cadmium sulphide. The resistance of LDR is 10mΩ (in full dark)
and to about 10−4 MΩ (in day light). The resistance of LDR decreases with
increase in in the intensity of light.

P a g e 6 | 10
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

PROCEDURE:-
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in in circuit diagram.
2. Now set the knob of multimeter on the point marked current.
3. Place a thick piece of black paper on the LDR, so that no light falls on
LDR. Record the current in multimeter.
4. Remove the black paper from the LDR. Record the current in multimeter
in presence of normal light in the laboratory and determine the resistance
of LDR by using, R = V/I
5. Now measure the resistances LDR by placing a lamp of 25W over it.
6. Now measure the resistances for all lamps say 40W, 60W, 100W and
200W by replacing 25W lamp one by one.
7. Now, select any one lamp (say 60W) and move it towards the LDR for a
distance 10cm and note the electric current in the multimeter.
8. Move the same lamp towards the LDR to a distance of 8 cm and again
record the current.
9. Similarly, record the current in the multimeter for the distance 6cm, 4cm
and 2cm.

P a g e 7 | 10
 OBSERVATIONS:-
1. The EMF of the battery –
2. Range of Multimeter –
3. LC of Multimeter –
4. Zero error multimeter –
5. The distance of all lamps from LDR =
Table 1 for different power lamps
S. Mode of Incident Electric Current(I) Resistance
No Light (mA) R = V/I
1. With black paper
2. Lamp of 25W
3. Lamp of 40W
4. Lamp of 60W
5. Lamp of 100W
6. Lamp of 200W

Table 2 for a lamp placed at different distances

S. Distance between Current I (mA) Resistance
No source and LDR R= V/I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6. Power of Lamp = ……….W

P a g e 8 | 10
 CONCLUSIONS:-
1. From table 1, it is concluded that electric current flowing through a
circuit containing LDR increases with the increase in the power
(Intensity) of the lamps. Hence the resistance of LDR decreases.
2. From table 2, it is concluded that the electric current flowing in a circuit
containing LDR increases with decrease in the distance between source of
fixed power and LDR. Hence, as the distance between light source and
LDR increases the resistance of the LDR decreases and vice-versa.

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The source of light must be adjusted so that light falls normally on the
LDR.
2. Select suitable range of current in multimeter.
3. Source of light must radiate light continuously.
4. Connect LDR carefully to the voltage source.
5. The distance between source and LDR measured accurately.

P a g e 9 | 10
 BIBLIOGRPAHY:-
1. https://www.electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/learn-
electronics/ldr-light-dependent-resistors-basics#:~:text=Q%3A
%20What%20are%20the%20applications,cells%2C%20and
%20automatic%20lighting%20systems
2. NCERT Physics
3. Comprehensive Practical Physics

P a g e 10 | 10