Photogrammetry Horizontal Photogrammetn Picture plate (Positive) Camera plate (Negative) Scale of photo = x xX By Ashish Kumar |@) @me_ashishsirImportant terminolo Zz Camera Axis camera axis is the line passing through centre of camera lens and perpendicular to both plates (positive and negative) > | Picture/ Positive | it is the plane perpendicular to camera axis at the focal distance in Plate front of the lens. 3 | Image/ Negative | it is the plane in which images of points in the object space of the Plate lens are focused. 4 | Principal point (K) it is defined as the intersection of camera axis with either the picture plane (positive) or the camera plane ( negative). The camera shutter controls the interval of time during which light is allowed to pass through the lens. Since the aircraft moves at high 3 Shutter speed, a fast speed shutter is required to prevent blurring the image caused by camera vibrations and the forward motion of the aircraft. 6 Dig A diaphragm is placed between the lens elements and acts as a phragm physical opening of the lens system. A filter consist of a pieces of coloured glass placed in front of lens. 7 It filters stray light (blue and violet) in the atmosphere caused by haze and moisture. It also protects the lens from the flying particles in the environment. By Ashish Kumar |@) @me_ashishsirVertical. Photogrammetr Vertical photograph: when axis of camera coincides with the direction of gravity Tilted photograph: When axis of camera is unintentionally tilted from vertical (generally less than 3° Angle) Oblique Photograph: When axis of camera is intentionally tilted from vertical. Line drawn on map to represent the track of flight. Flying Height: Elevation of exposure station above datum (Mean Sea Level) yy WLM By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsirImportant terminolo Exposure Station: (O) An exposure station is the point in space occupied by the camera lens at the instant of exposure. Altitude: It is the elevation of aircraft above the earth’s surface. Principal point :(K) it is the point of intersection of axis of camera and plane of aerial photo. Isocentre: (i) It is the point on aerial photograph in which the bisector of the angle of tilt meets the photograph. Nadir point: (N) It is the point on an aerial photograph where plumb line dropped from the front point pierces the photograph. By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsirScale of Vertical Photograph Photo Distance Scale of Photo = ——-? — "ance Ground Distance ka eP Seal hoto = —= — cale of photo KA Hoh f= Focal Length of camera H = Flying height h = Elevation of ground/ Terrain ka = length on photo KA = Length on ground Note: Elevation of ground may not be same at all the points, hence in case of undulation average elevation (Ayq) is taken. . is Scalt = ———— ‘cale of photo Hevea, By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsirHorizontal Distance Scale =p aes ee Similarly X= thex, Y= tBey, nue invent rine AB= (Xa = Xp)? + Ya — Vp)? © @me_ashishsir By Ashish KumarRelief Displacement Displacement of any point on photograph from its true orthographic position due to height of object is called relief displacement. From AOka & AOKA R- H=h TH Th From AOka,& AOK,A, N% =| he, RCONTI... Releif Displacement = d r= Tt NY from principal point d=r-r, t d- ees : “AnH a. = H-H+h |, Rf*h a Rf Gone \°> Gam her d= A I If tower is standing on ground of r elevation Rayg, Then | her : tS ae HohS, Radial distance of image By Ashish Kumar © @me_ashishsirFlight Planning In Aerial survey, Photographs are taken such that, it must be overlapped on previously taken photo in two directions as below; * End to End Overlap (Longitudinal)- In the direction of flight line * Side to Side Overlap (Transverse)- in transverse to the flight line Stereo Pair By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsir$ + 60% -70% Overlap 4@- -® between photos : { (forwarrd overlap) » 3. 25% - 40% overlap between flight lines --g- (lateral overlap) y By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsirNo of Photos to Cover a Given Area r= [sos sass) Case-1: Area Given (L x B) Case-2: Area Given A No of photographs in each strip L = G1 G=Pst No of Strips required Ny B *. PAS Nz Total No. of Photos Required N=N,xN; Where; P, = End to end Overlap P,,= Side to side Overlap S = Scale of photo = length of photo b= Width of photo Total no of photographs required (Approx.) A N=— a Where; A= Total Area of ground a = Ground Area covered by each Photo (-p)Sl x (1-p,) Sb as = Cp) A-py) S71 b By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsirCONTI... Air Base The distance covered by two successive exposure is known as Air base Interval between re If the ground speed of the aircraft is V km/h and the ground distance covered between exposure along the flight line L km, Interval between exposure Drift Drift is caused by the failure of the photograph to stay on the predetermined flight line. It is due to wind in the direction normal to the flight line. Crab Angle formed between the flight line and edge of the photograph in the direction of flight is called Crab. By Ashish KumarParallax m --- Air Base (B) . Ground By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsirR = Where; aS) £1 = First Exposure B = Length of Air Base £2 = Second Exposure f= Focal Length A =Top of Tower H = Flying Height B = Bottom of Tower hypp=Elevation of Top of Tower N; = Nadir point of First Exposure Asottom = Elevation of Bottom of Tower N2= Nadir point of Second Exposure Ptop= Parallax for Top a,= Image of Top of tower at first exposure Peottom = Parallax for Bottom MSL = Mean Sea Level a= Image of Top of tower at second exposure | b,,= Photo Base(Mean Principal Base) The principal Base or Photographic base is the distance between the principal point of a photograph and the position of transferred principal point of its next photograph obtained as a result of stereoscopic fusion. Photo Mean Principal Base:(b,,) By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsirDerivation Parallax of a point is the displacement of the image of the point on the two successive exposures. And the difference between the displacements of the images of two points on successive exposures is called the difference in parallax between two points. ba Ff — Hb, = fB eB fB Prop = H — Prop: PBottom _ He ha +Ap = Hbm PBottom Py elk AS Hby, Ar ——_— es Pp Heh, A h P Bottom By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsirCONTI... Lo Hb, Ap = 2. P * Hooton —AR H—Ppoetom Dh oe Hb, (H — hgottom —H + Rgottom +4 h) PS ~(H = Mpottom —4 B) CH — hizottom) 3 Hbyn Ah (H — hgottom —A h) (H — Rgottom) Ap Exact Relation | Approximate Relation -_ 2 (H hgottom) A p Ni (H- Azoteom)* AP b,,H + (H — hgottom) AP ~ b,H By Ashish Kumar |@ @me_ashishsir