alailai i i i i

saaslaala www.Padasalai.Net
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaawww.TrbTnpsc.com
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saa ai i
slala aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d p-BLOCK d
PaPa
a
d sELEMENTS-I
a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

ilai Write aashort

ala1. i i note on i i
anamolous i i
properties ofathe i ifirst element i iof p-block. i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d saslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saslaala d a
dsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 Small size of the first member
 High ionisation enthalpy i and high electronegativity
alailai i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d d a
d d a
d dad d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
 Absence
PaPa PaPa in theirPvalance
of d orbitals aPa shellPaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
2. What is inert pair effect
alailai ilai
aslaaheavier i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala the outer aailaielectrons
saasl‘s’ laailai have a stendency
saas(ns) aslaailai i i
saaslaala inert
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d a
d sIn
a
P Pa reluctance a
post-transition
da
P Pto
ad a d
a
metals,
a
d a d
a a
d a d a
d
P Pa as inert pair a d a
d a
P Paeffect a
todadremain
P Pa a d
P Pa
a
dand
show take part PinPthe bonding, P Pwhich is known
ilai Define a
ala3. ai i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa dad slala
saallotropes d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
PaPa Some elements
PaPa exist inPamore
Pa than one PaPcrystalline
a PaPmolecular
or a PaPa in the same
forms PaPaphysical state.
PaPa
Ex: carbon exists as diamond and graphite.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad
4. Preparation of Borax
Borax i i is a sodium i isalt of tetraboric acid. It iisi obtainedafrom i i colemanite i ore
i by boiling i iits solution
alailai saaslaala carbonate.saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala saslaala saaslaala saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa with d
PaPa
a
sodium
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

ilai Uses of Borax

ala5. i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala
a
P PFor a
a the identification
P Pa a
P Pa a
Pa
metalPions a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa

www.Padasalai.Net
of coloured
 In the manufacture optical
alailai  Aaasaaflux
ai i i i
saaslaala
slala in metallurgy
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

6. Prepare boric acid.

alailai alsaailai i i
saaslaalabe extracted
i i
saslaala
i i
saslaala
i i
saslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa PP
s
adaada Boric acid adaadcan
PP adaada from borax
PP adaadaand colemanite.
PP adaada PP a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O -----Na2SO4 + 4H3BO3
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaPaof boric acid d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d
7. Uses
 It is used in the manufacture of glass, ienamels and pigments.
s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaalai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daada  ItPis ada
aPdaused a d a
d a a d a
d a a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
Pa
as anPantiseptic P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 It is used as a food preservative.
alailai ilai
saaslaaas
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa  ItPisd
aPaused
a
d an eye
d
PaPa
a
dlotion. d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

8. What is burnt alum? i

alailai alailai alalai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a dadsasa
a
P Pa On heating d a
d sasa
P Papotash aluma d a
d
P Pata 475 K loses a d a
d a d
P Pawater of hydration
P Pa
a
d a d a
d
P Pa up. The P a dad a dad
and swells Pa
swollen mass PisPa
known as burnt alum.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslin
i i
saaslaalaNational laailai Sec, School,
saasHr.
i i
saaslaala Tindivanam.
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa Dr.D.EZHILARASAN,
a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad PGT
a d
P Pa
a
d Chemistry,
a d
P Pa
ad a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

i i Kindly
i i Share Your
i i Study Materials
i i to Ouri Email
i Id - padasalai.net@gmail..com
i i i i i i i
 alailai i i i i
saaslaala www.Padasalai.Net
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaawww.TrbTnpsc.com
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

alailai aslaailaon
i i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa9. Writed
PaPa
a
d snote
a Hydroboration
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
Diborane adds on to alkenes and alkynes in ether solvent at room temperature.
alailai (antiaMarkovnikov
i i
saaslaala ai i
slala
saaaddition)
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
B2H6 + 3RCH2 =CH2R ------ B(CH2-CHR)3 + 6H2
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa10. Prepare
d
PaPa
a
d d
Inorganica
d
PaPa benzene d a
d
PaPaor borozole dad
or borazine
PaPa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad

11. Write note

laailai
on McAfee
laailai
Process: laiai
laailai i i i i i i i i i
s
daada
as s
aa as s
aaas asaasal a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
PaPdad PaPdad PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d

alaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsas12. a d
Preparea
d
P Pa Potash a d ad
P Palum
a a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

daadsasa www.Padasalai.Net
alailai
d
PaPa
ad
i i The alunite
saaslaala
 Then d a
d
i or
saaslaala
PaPaalum stonePis
i alum stone
d a
d
i iis powdered.
saaslaala
aPatreated with d ad
PaPexcess
a
 The aluminium hydroxide is converted to aluminium sulphate.
i i
saaslaala d a
d
of sulphuric
PaPa
i i
saaslaala d
acid,PaPa a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPa
a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPa
a
d
i
saaslaala

 A calculated quantity oflapotassium sulphate is added

alailai aslaailai aslaailai asailai aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
dsa  a d
Potash
P Pa
a
d s
a
alum is d a s
a
crystallised.
a
P Pa d It isa da s
a
purified
P Pa d by d a
recrystallisation.
a
P Pa d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

13.
laailaUses
i of Alum ilai i i i i i i i i i i i i i
s a
daada  ItPisadused
s adsaaslaafor a saaslaalaof water
purification
d d d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala d a
dsaaslaala
Pa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
 It is also used for water proofing and textiles
alailai i i
saaslaainladyeing,
i i
saaslaala and leather
ilai
saaslaatanning
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa ItPisadused
a
d a d a
dpaper
a d a
d a dindustries
a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 It is employed to arrest bleeding.
alaailai saa ai i
slala aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsas14. Whatd
PaPa
a
is
d catenation?d
PaPa
a
d sWrite
a the d a
Conditions
PaPa d ared
PaPa
a
dnecessary d
for
PaPa
a
d sacatenation d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

Catenation is an ability ilai of an element to formai chain of atoms.

a s
a aslaailai the valency
a saaslaailaiof element
a s
a aslaais greater a s aslaailaori equalato
than
a sa
lalai
astwo, a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i i
saaslaala a
i
saaslaala
dad a d
P Pa d a
P Pad d a d
P Pa d ad
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d a d
P Pa d
 element should have an ability to bond with itself
 the self-bond must be asi strong as its bond with other elements i i
a laailai a laailai a laalai a laailai a laailai saslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
s
daada s  Kinetics
adaada
s
inertness of s
adaada
s
catenated s
compound
adaada
s towardss
adaada
s other molecules.
adaada d a
d d a
d d a
d
PP PP PP PP PP PaPa PaPa PaPa

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslin
i i
saaslaalaNational laailai Sec, School,
saasHr.
i i
saaslaala Tindivanam.
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa Dr.D.EZHILARASAN,
a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad PGT
a d
P Pa
a
d Chemistry,
a d
P Pa
ad a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

i i Kindly
i i Share Your
i i Study Materials
i i to Ouri Email
i Id - padasalai.net@gmail..com
i i i i i i i
 alailai i i i i
saaslaala www.Padasalai.Net
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaawww.TrbTnpsc.com
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

alaailaiGive one laailai

saasexample ai i
slala of the
saaeach
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsas15. d
aPa a
d
for
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
following d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
i) P
icosogens - Boron
ii) tetragen - Carbon lailai
aslaailai aslaailai a i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
a
dad s
a
P a a
dad s
a
P a daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
P
iii) pnictogen - Nitrogen P

s aslaailai iv) chalcogen

s aslaailai - Oxygen i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daada d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
16. Write note on Fischer Tropsch synthesis
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa The a d
a a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Preaction Pa
ofPcarbon P Pa with hydrogen
monoxide P Pa at a pressureP Pa of less than P Pa50 atm using P Pametal catalysts
P Pa at
500 - 700 K yields saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

aslaailaWhat
i laailai
saasthe aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsa17. a are
d
P Pa
ad usesaof
d
P Pa
a
d ssilicones?
a a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad

o low temperature lubrication and in vacuum pumps, etc...

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d
PaPa water proofing d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
o for making clothes

oalaas
ilai insulating i i
material i i
in electrical motor i i other appliances
and i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
dsaaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa

daadsa18. www.Padasalai.Net
o mixed with paints to make them resistant
aslaailaSketch
i
d
PaPa d
laailai
saasstructures
the
a d
PaPa
a
d
aailai
saaslcarbon
of monoxide
d
PaPa
a
d
i i
saaslaala & carbon
d
PaPa
a
d
i i
PaPa
i i
saaslaaladioxidedadsaaslaala d
PaPa
a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPa
a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPa
a
d
i
saaslaala

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d a
d d a
d d a
d dad d a
d dad dad d a
d
19. WritePeaPthyl
a boratePtest aPa (or) HowPaP a you identify
will PaPa borate radical?
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa

alailai Whenasboric
aslaailaiacid oraborate i i
saaslaala salt isdaheated
i i
saaslaala with ethyl
ilai
saaslaaalcohol in presence i i
saaslaala of dconc.
ilai
saaslaasulphuric acid, i i
saaslaalaan ester,
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa d a a d
P Pa d a
P Pa d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d
triethylborate is formed. The vapour of this ester burns with a green edged flame and this reaction is used to

alailai the presence

identify i i of borate.
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

lailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
aasa
daads20. a dad a d a
d a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a dad a dad
Pa you convert
HowPwill P Pa boric acid a boron nitride?
P Pto P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslin
i i
saaslaalaNational laailai Sec, School,
saasHr.
i i
saaslaala Tindivanam.
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa Dr.D.EZHILARASAN,
a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad PGT
a d
P Pa
a
d Chemistry,
a d
P Pa
ad a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

i i Kindly
i i Share Your
i i Study Materials
i i to Ouri Email
i Id - padasalai.net@gmail..com
i i i i i i i
 alailai i i i i
saaslaala www.Padasalai.Net
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaawww.TrbTnpsc.com
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

ilai
alaA aslaa2ilnd
ai period alkali i i laailareaction
i i i aiai ilai i i i
daadsasa
21. hydride
d a
d saof d adsaaslaala metal d(A)
a
d saason d a
d saaslaalacompound
with
d a
d slalBoron
saaof (B)
d a
d
aslaagive
sato d a
d saaslaalaagent (C).
a reducing
d a
d saaslaala
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
Identify A, B and C.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad a
d

Compound i iA i i Compound i iB i i Compound Ci i

alailai saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
Pa a
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
Pa a
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
Lithium hydrideP Diborane Lithium boro hydrideP

alailai i i
saaslaala
(LiH) i i i i
saaslaala (B2H6d) adsaaslaala
i i
saaslaala (LiBH
i i
s4a)aslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

lailai ilai
saaslaawhich
i i
saaslaalafourth dperiod
i i
saaslaalaalkali metal
ilai
saaslaa(A)
iai
saaslaalat
iai
saaslaal(B).
ilai
saaslaasolution aslaaila
aasaA double
daads22. d asalt
d d a
contains
d a
d d a
d on d a
heating
d 500K d a
gives
d a
Aqueous
d d of
d a
d sa(B)
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
gives white precipitate with BaCl2 and gives a red colour compound with alizarin. Identify A and B.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaala
i
daadsasa a
P Padad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad

alailai i i (A) alailai i i i i (B) alailai i i i i i

daadsasa d a saaslaala asasa asaaslaala a saaslaala asasa a saaslaala a saaslaala a saaslaala
PaPa d PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d PaPdad d
PaPa d d
PaPa d d
PaPa d

lailai i i
saaslaala agent.
i i
saaslaala withdan ai i
slala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
aasaCO is aadreducing
daads23. ad a d a
dJustify a adsaaexample.
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa

s
daada
as www.Padasalai.Net
laailai
CO - relatively
d
PaPa
adsaaslaailai
high tendency
d
PaPa
a
d s
a aslaailai
to be oxidised
d
PaPa
a
d s
a aslaailai
Example: In the extraction of iron ore, haematite Fe2O3
to formi carbon
d
PaPa
a
d s
a aslaalai
d
PaPa
dioxide.
a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPa
a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPa
a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPa
a
d
i
saaslaala

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

lailai laailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
aasaDescribe
daads24. dthe
a
d saasstructure of adiborane.
d d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa
 Two BH2 units are linked by two bridged hydrogens.
ai i aailai laailai i i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa
l
a l a
d a
d aaslhas
sIt eightaB-H
d adsaasbonds. d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
 It has only 12 valance electrons and are not sufficient to form normal covalent bonds.
alailai asThe aslaailaboron
i aailai
sps3aslhybridised.
is a i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa d a d
PaPa d a d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
 Four 2c-2e bond (B-H bond)

alailai  Two i 3c-2e

i i i
bondal(B-H-B bond)alailai i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa dadsaaslaala d a
d sasaala d a
d sasa d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala dadsaaslaala dadsaaslaala
a a
P Pa The fourPterminal
Pa a
Pa are normal a
P Pacovalent bonds a
P Pa(2c-2e bond). a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa
B-H Pbonds
 Thei remaining fouri electrons havei to be used forithe bridged bonds. Hence, these bonds are i
alailai a laailai a laalai a laalai a laalai a laalai a laailai a laailai la a
asaasal
daadsasa s
aa s
PaPdad3c-2e bonds.
s
aa
PaPdad
s
The bridging
s
aada
s
PaPdhydrogen
s
aa s
PaPdadare in a plane.
atoms
s
aa
PaPdad
s s
aa
PaPdad
s s
aa
PaPdad
s
PaPdad

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslin
i i
saaslaalaNational laailai Sec, School,
saasHr.
i i
saaslaala Tindivanam.
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa Dr.D.EZHILARASAN,
a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad PGT
a d
P Pa
a
d Chemistry,
a d
P Pa
ad a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

i i Kindly
i i Share Your
i i Study Materials
i i to Ouri Email
i Id - padasalai.net@gmail..com
i i i i i i i
 alailai i i i i
saaslaala www.Padasalai.Net
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaawww.TrbTnpsc.com
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

ilai ilai i i i i i i i i i i i i
alaWrite
25. a notesaaslaaon zeolites.asaaslaalai saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
 Zeolites are three-dimensional crystalline solids containing aluminium, silicon, and oxygen in their regular 3D
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d a
d
framework.
P Pa a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

 They are hydrated sodium alumino isilicates with general formulaiNaO.(Al 2O3).x(SiO 2).yH2O i
s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai s aslaalai saslaailai s aslaalai s aslaailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
daada d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
ada d
PaPa
a
d a d
PaPa
a
d a
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d
(x=2 to 10; y=2 to 6).

alailai alailai alailai i i

saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaZeolites
daadsasa havePporous
a daadsasastructure
ad
P Pa
a
d& Si and Al
a d a
d
atoms
P Pa are d a
d
tetrahedrally
a
P Pa d a
d
coordinated
a
P Pa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
P P
 Zeolitesi are similar to clay minerals but they differ in their crystalline structure.i i
s aslaailai s aslaalai saslaailai saslaailai s aslaailai s aslaailai saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daada aadad a d
aa a
d a d a
d a
PaPastructure Plooks d
aPa a
d a d
PaPa
ada d a
d
PaPa of a network d a
d d
PaPa of interconnected
PaPa
a
d
P PZeolites haveP aP 3D crystalline like a honeycomb consisting

alailai iai cages. alailai

saaslaaland
tunnels i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a
P Padad a d
P Pa
a
d sasa
a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad
 Use: In the removal of permanent hardness of water
i
alalai i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
daadsasa d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
26. WritePaaPnote
a PaPa nature ofPp-block
on metallic aPa PaPa
elements. PaPa PaPa PaPa PaPa

alailai The tendency i i

saaslaala of andelement
i i
saaslaala to form alaa
saa
i i by losing
cation
s la
i i
saaslaalaelectrons aailai as metallic
saisaslknown
i i
saaslaala character.
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pa
ad a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d ad
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
ad

s
daada
as www.Padasalai.Net
and ihence
laalai
This character depends on the ionisation energy. Generally on descending a group the ionisation energy decreases

In p-block,
non-metals.
the metallic
d a
d saaslaailai
PaPathe elements
character increases.
d a
d
i i
saaslaala
PaPapresent in lower d a
d
PaPa left part
i i
saaslaala
PaPd a
d
i i
saaslaala
a metals while
are
d a
d saaslaala
i i
PaPa the elements d a
d
i i
saaslaala
PaPa in the upper d ad
PaPa right part
i i
saaslaala
PaPda
are
ad
i
saaslaala

lailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
aasa Boronadoes
daads27. d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a dad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa not react a
P Pdirectly with
PP a
hydrogen. P Pa one method
Suggest P Pa to prepare a
diborane
PP from a 3.
P PBF P Pa
Boron does not react directly with hydrogen. However, it forms a variety of hydrides called boranes. The simplest
ailai i i ilai ilai i i i i ailai ilai i
a l
borane is diborane
daadsasa d a
d saaslaal-aB2H6. Other
d a
d saaslaalarger boranes
d a
d saaslaacan dadsaaslaalafrom diborane.
be prepared
d a
d saaslaalaTreatment
dad slagaseous
saaof dadsaaslaatrifluoride
boron
d a
dsaaslaala
with
PaPa around 450
sodium hydride PaPaK gives diborane.PaPa To prevent PaPsubsequent
a PaPa
pyrolysis, PaPa diboranePis
the product aPtrapped
a PaPa
immediately.

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad a d
P Pa
a
d
28. AlCl3 behaves like a Lewis acid. Substantiate this statement.
alailai alailai aailai
saasldeficient aiai
slalincomplete
ai i
slala of central
ai i i i
saaslaala as Lewis
slala atomdbehave aslaailai i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaAlCl daadsa3sabeing electron
d
PaPa
a
d
due
d
PaPa
a
d saato d
PaPa
a
d saaoctet
PaPad a
d saametal
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
adsaacids. d
PaPa
a
d
P
 In AlCl3 it forms three bonds and hence outer shell has 6 electrons.
ai i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
l
a l a
daadsasa PaAl saaslaala
daadneeds d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala
P aPa electronsPto
twoPmore aPacomplete its a
PP a
octet. a
P Pa electron from
So, it needs a
P Pa outside and a
PPitaexist in dimer a
P Paform

and form i ibond withaCl i atom and completei i its octet.

alailai saaslaala saslaala
i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslin
i i
saaslaalaNational laailai Sec, School,
saasHr.
i i
saaslaala Tindivanam.
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa Dr.D.EZHILARASAN,
a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad PGT
a d
P Pa
a
d Chemistry,
a d
P Pa
ad a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

i i Kindly
i i Share Your
i i Study Materials
i i to Ouri Email
i Id - padasalai.net@gmail..com
i i i i i i i
 alailai i i i i
saaslaala www.Padasalai.Net
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
ilai
saaslaawww.TrbTnpsc.com
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

alailai alailai ilai

saaslaaaccess aiai and its three
slal2s
saaits
i i
saaslaala2p orbitals ailai
slabond,
saato aslaailasp
i 3 i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa PaFurthermore,
daadsasa Aldamust
PaPa d both
d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d soditadsuses
PaPa
a hybridization
d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
P
(one 2s and three 2p orbitals), giving it four bonding orbitals (one of which is empty as AlCl3). This allows it
alailai i i
saaslaalaa fourthdbond
ilai
saaslaaand aailai
saaasltetrahedral
i i
saaslaala as AlCl ai i
sla. la
saa−4
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a
to
d
P Pa
aform
d a
P Pa
ad acquire
a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
structure
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad ad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
 With one empty orbital and three electron-withdrawing Cl atoms attached, the compound is thus an electron-
alailai i i
saaslaala at the dAl aslaailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa acceptor
d
PaPa
ad PaPa
adsacenter.
PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
By definition those which accepts electrons are called Lewis acids. So AlCl3 is a Lewis acid.
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
ad a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad ad a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

 Example: Friedel-Crafts Acylation reaction shows the Lewis Acid behaviour of Al in i AlCl 3
s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai s alsaailai salsaailai s alsaailai s alsaalai i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daada a d
P Pa
ada a d
P Pa
a
d a a d
P Pa
a
d a a d
P Pa
a
d a a d
P Pa
a
d a a d
P Pa
a
d a a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad

alaila
29. i
Differences laailai
saasbetween
i i
saaslaala and Diamond
Graphite i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
Diamond Graphite
alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

daadsa2. www.Padasalai.Net
1. less stable

aslaailai
dad
i i
saaslaala
PaPa hard and do
It is very d a
d
PaPnot
a conducts
i i
saaslaala d a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPaelectricity PaPa
a
d
i i
saaslaala
most stable

d
PaPand
It is soft a
d
a conducts
i i
saaslaala d a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPaelectricity PaPa
a
d
i i
saaslaala d
PaPa
a
d
i
saaslaala

ilai
aslaaThe laailai in diamond i i i i ilai ai i i i i i i
daadsa3. carbon
d a
dsaasatoms d a
d saaslaala are spd3adhybridised
saaslaala dadsaaslaaThe carbon
d a
d saaatoms d a
d saaslaala are spd2adhybridised
slala in diamond saaslaala d a
d saaslaala
a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa a
P Pa

4. The carbon atoms i i are bonded i i to four neighbouring The

ilai carbon aatoms i i are bonded i to
i three neighbouring
aslaailai saaslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala saaslaacarbon saslaala saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsacarbon d
atoms
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d a
atoms
PaPa d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
5.Use: cutting glasses Use: as a lubricant
lailai aiai
slalFullerenes
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
aasaWrite note
daads30. a d a
d saaon
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa P Pa
 discrete molecules such as C32, C50, C60, C70, etc..
alailai ilai
saaslaastructures
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa cage d
PaPa
a
like
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d PaPad a
d PaPad a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d
 The C60 molecules have a soccer ball like structure and is called buckminster fullerene or buckyballs.
alailai saslaala
i i i i
saaslaala consists laailai
saasof
i i
saaslaala ai i
slala 12 five
saaand
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa ItPhas
aPdaadaafused ring a structure
d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d 20 six
a membered
d
P Pa
a
d rings
a
P Pad a
d a
P Pad a
dmembered a rings.
d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
a
d
 Each carbon atom is sp hybridised 2

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
ad d
PaPa
a
d d
PaPa
a
d

alailai i i
saaslaala
i i
saaslaala aailai
saaslin
i i
saaslaalaNational laailai Sec, School,
saasHr.
i i
saaslaala Tindivanam.
i i
saaslaala
i
saaslaala
daadsasa Dr.D.EZHILARASAN,
a d
P Pa
a
d a d
P Pa
ad PGT
a d
P Pa
a
d Chemistry,
a d
P Pa
ad a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d a
P Pad a
d a d
P Pa
a
d

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i i Share Your
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