TIME DOMAIN

REPRESENTATION OF LTI
SYSTEMS
1

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DT UNIT-IMPULSE RESPONSE

 Consider the DT SISO system:

x[n] System y[n]

 If the input signal is 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝞭[𝑛] and the system has

no energy at 𝑛 = 0, the output y[n] = h[n] is called
the impulse response of the system

 [ n] System h[n]
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EXAMPLE
 Consider the DT system described by
y[n]  ay[n  1]  bx[n]
 Its impulse response can be found to be
(a ) b, n  0,1, 2,
n

h[n]  
0, n  1, 2, 3,

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REPRESENTING SIGNALS IN TERMS OF
SHIFTED AND SCALED IMPULSES

 Let x[n] be an arbitrary input signal to a DT LTI

system
 Suppose that 𝑥 𝑛 = 0 for 𝑛 < 0 (𝑛 = −1, −2, … . . . .)
 This signal can be represented as

x[n]  x[0] [n]  x[1] [ n  1]  x[2] [ n  2] 


  x[i ] [n  i ], n  0,1, 2,
i 0

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EXPLOITING TIME-INVARIANCE
AND LINEARITY


y[n]   x[i ]h[n  i ], n  0
i 0
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THE CONVOLUTION SUM

 This particular summation is called the convolution sum


y[n]   x[i ]h[n  i ]
i 0

y[n]  x[n]  h[n]

 This equation is termed as the convolution sum.
 Remark: a DT LTI system is completely described by its
impulse response h[n]

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BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION
OF DT LTI SYSTEMS

 Since the impulse response h[n] provides the

complete description of a DT LTI system, we write

x[n] h[n] y[n]

y[n]  x[n]  h[n]

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THE CONVOLUTION SUM
FOR NON-CAUSAL SIGNALS

 Suppose that we have two signals x[n] and v[n] that

are not zero for negative times (non-causal signals)
 Then, their convolution is expressed by the two-
sided series


y[n]   x[i]v[n  i]
i 

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EXAMPLE: CONVOLUTION OF TWO
RECTANGULAR PULSES

 Suppose that both 𝑥[𝑛] and 𝑣[𝑛] are equal to the

rectangular pulse 𝑝[𝑛] (causal signal) depicted
below

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THE FOLDED PULSE

 The signal 𝑣[−𝑖] is equal to the pulse 𝑝[𝑖] folded

about the vertical axis

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Sliding 𝑣[𝑛 − 𝑖] over 𝑥[𝑖]

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Sliding 𝑣[𝑛 − 𝑖] over 𝑥[𝑖]

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Plot of 𝑥 𝑛 ∗ 𝑣[𝑛]

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Properties of the Convolution Sum

 Associativity
x[n]  (v[n]  w[n])  ( x[ n]  v[ n])  w[ n]
 Commutativity

x[n]  v[n]  v[n]  x[n]

 Distributivity w.r.t. addition

x[n]  (v[n]  w[n])  x[ n]  v[ n]  x[ n]  w[ n]

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PROPERTIES OF THE CONVOLUTION SUM

 Shift property: define

 xq [n]  x[n  q]
v [n]  v[n  q]
 q
 w[n]  x[n]  v[n]

 Convolution with the unit impulse

w[n  q]  xq [n]  v[n]  x[n]  vq [n]

 Convolution with the shifted unit impulse

x[n]   [n]  x[n]

x[n]   q [n]  x[n  q]
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EXAMPLE: COMPUTING
CONVOLUTION WITH MATLAB

 Consider the DT LTI system

x[n] h[n] y[n]

 impulse response:

h[n]  sin(0.5n), n  0
 input signal:

x[n]  sin(0.2n), n  0

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 EXAMPLE: COMPUTING
CONVOLUTION WITH MATLAB

h[n]  sin(0.5n), n  0

x[n]  sin(0.2n), n  0

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EXAMPLE: COMPUTING
CONVOLUTION WITH MATLAB

 Suppose we want to compute y[n] for

n  0,1, , 40
 Matlab code:

n=0:40;
x=sin(0.2*n);
h=sin(0.5*n);
y=conv(x,h);
stem(n,y(1:length(n)))

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EXAMPLE: COMPUTING
CONVOLUTION WITH MATLAB
y[n]  x[n]  h[n]

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CT IMPULSE RESPONSE
 Consider the CT SISO system:

x (t ) System y (t )

 If the input signal isx(t )   (t ) and the system has no

energy at t  0, the output y (t )  h(t ) is called the
impulse response of the system

 (t ) System h (t )

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EXPLOITING TIME-INVARIANCE

 Let 𝑥(𝑡) be an arbitrary input signal with

 Using the shifting property of  (t ) , we may write

x(t )   x( ) (t   )d , t 0
0
 Exploiting time-invariance, it is

 (t   ) System h(t   )

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EXPLOITING TIME-INVARIANCE

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EXPLOITING LINEARITY

x (t ) System y (t )

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THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL

 This particular integration is called the convolution

integral

 This Equation is called the convolution integral of the

system
 Remark: a CT LTI system is completely described by its
impulse response h(t)

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BLOCK DIAGRAM REPRESENTATION
OF CT LTI SYSTEMS

 Since the impulse response h(t) provides the

complete description of a CT LTI system, we write

x (t ) h (t ) y (t )

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EXAMPLE: ANALYTICAL COMPUTATION
OF THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL

 Suppose that x(t )  h(t )  p (t ), where p(t) is the rectangular

pulse depicted in figure

p (t )

0 T t
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EXAMPLE

 In order to compute the convolution integral

we have to consider four cases:

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EXAMPLE
 Case 1:
t0

h(t   ) x( )

t T t 0 T 

y (t )  0
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EXAMPLE
 Case 2:
0t T

h(t   ) x( )

t T 0 t T 
t
y (t )   d  t
0
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EXAMPLE
 Case 3:
0  t T  T  T  t  2T

x( ) h(t   )

0 t T T t 
T
y (t )   d  T  (t  T )  2T  t
t T
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EXAMPLE
 Case 4:
T  t T  2T  t

x( ) h(t   )

0 T t T t 

y (t )  0
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EXAMPLE

y (t )  x(t )  h(t )

0 T 2T t

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PROPERTIES OF THE CONVOLUTION
INTEGRAL
 Associativity

x(t )  (v(t )  w(t ))  ( x(t )  v(t ))  w(t )

 Commutativity
x(t )  v(t )  v(t )  x(t )
 Distributivity w.r.t. addition

x(t )  (v(t )  w(t ))  x(t )  v(t )  x(t )  w(t )

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PROPERTIES OF THE
CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL
 Shift property: define
 xq (t )  x(t  q)
 v (t )  v(t  q)
 q
 w(t )  x(t )  v(t )

 Convolution with the unit impulse

w(t  q)  xq (t )  v(t )  x(t )  vq (t )

 Convolution with the shifted unit impulse

x(t )   (t )  x(t )
x(t )   q (t )  x(t  q)
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PROPERTIES OF THE
CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL
 Derivative property: if the signal x(t) is differentiable,
then it is
d dx(t )
 x(t )  v(t )   v(t )
dt dt
 If both x(t) and v(t) are differentiable, then it is also
2
d dx(t ) dv(t )
2
x(t )  v(t )   
dt dt dt

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REPRESENTATION OF A CT LTI SYSTEM
IN TERMS OF THE UNIT-STEP
RESPONSE
 Let g(t) be the response of a system with impulse
response h(t) when x(t )  u (t ) with no initial
energy at time t  0 , i.e.,

u (t ) h (t ) g (t )

 Therefore, it is

g (t )  h(t )  u (t )
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