THEME:SPLIT PANELS

Prepared: Balgabayev Abdulahmet - Murat Arsen

Panel - a prefabricated element of a wall with a
thickness of 200 to 400 mm, a height of at least
one floor, a length equal to one or two modules
corresponding to the pitch of the transverse
walls. Load-bearing, self-supporting and
curtain walling walls of a house of any number
of floors are erected from large panels.
In a large-panel house with load-bearing
external walls, panels the size of a room are
used, v The rigidity and stability of the house
between the outer wall and the ceiling is
achieved by welding embedded parts using
overlays made of steel rods or sheet steel 5-6
mm thick. The embedded part is a steel plate
with an anchor made of a round rod or strip
steel welded to it.
 INTRODUCTION
In this article we will talk about the types of modern solar cells and the latest technologies for the
production of photocells offered by leading manufacturers. We will also list some of the newest
popular solar panels using these innovations that are already available for sale.
Split panel combines advantages of other sampling methods (including repeated, cross-sectional,
and rotating sample) and provides us with rich, convenient, and practical information, being widely
applied in many fields
In experiments with economic principles survey, researchers typically consider statistical models
that allow complex relationships. Due to the complex statistical model requirements, data should
be collected to estimate the statistical model parameters.
 Solar panels using the latest innovations
Most panel manufacturers offer a
range of models, these can be
monocrystalline and polycrystalline
product options with different power
ratings.
Over the past few years, the efficiency
of panels has increased significantly
due to many advances in technology
and materials used to make solar
panels.
Currently, there are 8 main
technologies for the production of
highly efficient solar panels:
· PERC (Passivated Emitter
Rear Cell) - dielectric layer on the
back of the cell;
· Bifacial - Bilateral;
· Multi Busbar - Multiline;
· Split panels – Half panels;
· Dual Glass - Frameless, with
double glass;
· Shingled Cells - Non-breaking
elements;
Five major types of solar panels using the latest solar PV cell
technology in 2020:
 Split panels – New half solar panels

Another recent innovation is the use
of half-size cells instead of full-size
square cells and moving the junction
box to the center of the module.
Thereby dividing the solar panel
into 2 smaller panels of 50% area,
each of which operates in parallel.
This has many benefits, including
increased productivity due to
reduced resistive losses through the
busbars (suspension collectors).
Because each cell is half the size, it
produces half the current at the same
voltage, which means the bus width
can be reduced by half, reducing
cell shadowing and loss.
 Reducing current also results in lower cell temperature, which in turn reduces the
potential formation and severity of hot spots due to local shading, contamination, or cell
damage.
Additionally, the shorter distance to the center of the
panel at the top and bottom improves overall
efficiency, increasing the power output of a
similarly sized panel to 20W. Another advantage is
that by partially shading the top or bottom of the
panel, the shaded portion does not affect the
electricity production from the other half of the solar
array.

Through innovative solutions, solar panel kits for
the home and large installations are continually
making improvements in efficiency, reducing
shading and increasing reliability, with several
manufacturers now offering performance
guarantees of up to 30 years.
With all the new options available when choosing
modern solar panels, it's worth doing some
research before investing in a solar installation. In
our full solar panel review article, we'll cover how
to choose a reliable solar panel and what to look Trina Solar, along with many other manufacturers,
for. recently began offering thin round bus cells called
multi-bus (MBB) as an option on a number of
modules for 2019.
 Bifacial - Bifacial Solar Panels
Bifacial solar cell technology has been around for several years, but is now starting to become popular as the cost of
producing very high quality monocrystalline cells continues to fall. Double-sided elements absorb light from both
sides of the panel and under these conditions can produce up to 27% more energy than traditional single-sided
panels. Double-sided solar panels typically use glass on the front side and a transparent polymer layer on the back to
seal the cells. It allows reflected light to enter from the back of the panel.
 Double-sided modules can also have
a glass back layer, which has a longer
lifespan and can significantly reduce
the risk of failure, which is why some
manufacturers now offer a 30-year
warranty on their products.
Double-sided modules absorb
reflected sunlight from the back side
of the panel:
Traditionally, bifacial solar panels
have only been used in ground-
mounted installations where sunlight
is easily reflected off surrounding
surfaces, particularly snowy areas.
Although it has been proven that they
work well when installed on light-
colored surfaces, which can increase
output by up to 10%.
SMART PANELS AND POWER OPTIMIZERS
A technology that is becoming increasingly
popular is adding DC power optimizers to the
solar panel.
Optimizers, along with microinverters, are
commonly known as MLPE (Module Level
Power Electronics), which consist of small
power conversion units attached directly to
solar panels.
Optimizers are designed to supply the optimal
voltage for maximum power generation.
If a panel is shaded, dirty, or malfunctioning,
resulting in low voltage or current, optimizers
can bypass or compensate for poor panel
performance to provide optimal voltage to the
inverter.
Power optimizers from companies like Tigo
and SolarEdge have been available as an
optional component for many years,
but now both SolarEdge and Tigo are
developing panels with integrated optimizers
in a junction box on the back.
 Along with numerous cell improvements to improve efficiency, there
are also new technologies to improve reliability and performance over
the expected 25-year life of a solar module. Solar panels can be
subject to extreme stress due to high winds, vibrations, extreme heat
and freezing temperatures causing expansion and contraction.

This can lead to microcracks, hot spots, and PID (Potentially Induced
Degradation) components, resulting in reduced performance and
accelerated failure.
Conclusion
In this paper, we discuss how to determine the
optimal proportion of a series of cross-sections in all
samples to minimize survey design efficiency in the
analysis-of-variance model, which can be applied
directly in sampling. First, we derive a theorem for
choosing the optimal pro portion of a series of
cross-sections in all samples, irrespective of the
parameters of interest and budget. In addition, our
results show that, compared to a pure series of
cross-sections or pure panel, the gains from
choosing split panel can be substantial.
REFERENCES
Alvarez, J. and M. Arellano (2003). The time series and cross-section asymptotics of dynamic panel data
estimators. Econometrica 71, 1121–1159.
Alvarez, J. and M. Arellano (2004). Robust likelihood estimation of dynamic panel data models. Working
Paper No 0421, CEMFI.
Arellano, M. (2003). Discrete choices with panel data. Investigaciones Econ ́omicas 27, 423–458.
Arellano, M. and S. Bond (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an
application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies 58, 277–297.
Arellano, M. and S. Bonhomme (2009). Robust priors in nonlinear panel data models. Econometrica 77,
489–536.
Arellano, M. and S. Bonhomme (2012). Identifying distributional characteristics in random coefficients
panel data models. Review of Economic Studies 79, 987–1020.
Arellano, M. and J. Hahn (2006). A likelihood-based approximate solution to the incidental parameter
problem in dynamic nonlinear models with multiple effects. Unpublished manuscript.
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