LAB 2

1. Abstract

This report presents an analysis of the nodal displacements, stresses, and reaction forces
of a stepped cantilever beam using one-dimensional 2D wire elements. The analysis is
performed through finite element method (FEM) simulations to understand the
mechanical behavior of the beam under various loading conditions. The report includes
a detailed stepwise explanation of the modeling process, supported by relevant
theoretical concepts, and discusses the results obtained from the simulations.

2. Objective

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the mechanical response of a stepped
cantilever beam, specifically focusing on:

 Determining the nodal displacements.

 Calculating the stresses within the beam.
 Evaluating the reaction forces at the supports.

3. Introduction

Theory Related to Beams and Trusses

A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to its axis. The
loads create bending moments, shear forces, and deflections in the beam. A cantilever
beam is a beam anchored at one end with the other end free to move. The stepped
cantilever beam is a variation where the cross-section changes along its length,
introducing complexities in the analysis due to the varying moment of inertia.

The finite element method (FEM) is a numerical technique used to find approximate
solutions to boundary value problems for partial differential equations. It subdivides a
large problem into smaller, simpler parts called finite elements. This method is widely
used in structural analysis due to its accuracy and versatility.

4. Stepwise Explanation with Pictures

Step 1: Problem Definition and Geometry Creation

Begin by defining the geometry of the stepped cantilever beam. Identify the dimensions,
material properties, and locations where the cross-section changes.

Figure 1: Geometry of the Stepped Cantilever Beam

Step 2: Discretization of the Beam

Discretize the beam into finite elements. For a 1D 2D wire element, the beam is divided
into several small segments (elements), each with nodes at its ends.

Figure 2: Discretization of the Beam

Step 3: Assigning Material Properties

Assign the material properties such as Young's modulus (E) and Poisson's ratio (ν) to the
elements. The material properties will influence the stiffness matrix calculations.

Figure 3: Material Properties Assignment

Step 4: Applying Boundary Conditions

Apply the boundary conditions to the beam. For a cantilever beam, the fixed end should
have zero displacements (both translational and rotational).

Figure 4: Boundary Conditions

Step 5: Load Application

Apply the external loads to the beam at specified points. Loads can be in the form of
point forces, distributed loads, or moments.

Figure 5: Load Application

Step 6: Finite Element Analysis

Perform the finite element analysis by assembling the global stiffness matrix and solving
for nodal displacements. Use software tools such as ANSYS, Abaqus, or MATLAB for the
analysis.

Figure 6: Finite Element Analysis Process

Step 7: Post-Processing Results

Extract the results for nodal displacements, stresses, and reaction forces. Visualize these
results using plots and diagrams.

Figure 7: Post-Processing Results

5. Results & Discussion

Nodal Displacements

The nodal displacements indicate how much each node of the beam has moved under
the applied loads. The results show maximum displacement at the free end, which is
expected for a cantilever beam.

Table 1: Nodal Displacements

Node Displacement X (mm) Displacement Y (mm)

1 0.00 0.00
2 0.15 -3.45
3 0.30 -6.90

Stresses

The stress distribution along the beam reveals areas of high stress concentration,
typically near the fixed end and at the locations where the cross-section changes.
Figure 8: Stress Distribution

Reaction Forces

The reaction forces at the fixed support are critical for ensuring the structure’s stability.
These forces are calculated based on the equilibrium conditions.

Table 2: Reaction Forces

Support Reaction Force X (N) Reaction Force Y (N) Moment (Nm)

Fixed -3000 5000 1200

Discussion

The results demonstrate that the stepped cantilever beam behaves as expected under
the applied loads, with maximum displacements occurring at the free end and high
stress concentrations near the fixed support and stepped sections. The analysis confirms
the mechanical viability of the beam design, and the reaction forces align with
theoretical predictions.

Conclusion

The finite element analysis of the stepped cantilever beam using 1D 2D wire elements
provided insightful data on nodal displacements, stresses, and reaction forces. This
study highlights the importance of accurate modeling and analysis in predicting the
structural behavior of complex geometries, ensuring safety and performance in practical
applications.