CHAPTER – 4

Studying and Teaching of Political Science

4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Origin and Definition of Political Science and Its Relevance in Academic and Practical
Contexts
4.1.2 Importance of Studying and Teaching Political Science
4.2 The Scope of Political Science
4.3 Approaches of Teaching Political Science
4.4 Challenges and Opportunities in Teaching Political Science
4.5 The Impact of Political Science Education on Society
4.6 Elements of Public Choices and Good Citizenship
4.6.1 Definition of Public Choices and Good Citizenship
4.6.2 Understanding Public Choices in Political Science
4.6.3 Good Citizenship and Its Role in Political Science
4.6.4 Qualities of Good Citizenship
4.6.5 The Interplay between Public Choices and Good Citizenship
4.6.6 Implications for Political Science and Policy-making
4.6.7 Conclusion
4.4 Politics and Power
4.4.1 Definition of Politics and Power in the Context of Political Science
4.4.2 The Interplay between Politics and Power
4.4.3 Implications for Political Science and Policy-making
4.4.4 The Politics and Power Dynamics in the Philippines
4.4.5 Conclusion
4.5 Justice and Roles of Government
4.5.1 Definition of Justice and the Role of Government in the Context of Political Science
4.5.2 Brief Overview of the Significance of Justice and the Role of Government in Shaping
Societies and Governance Structures
4.5.3 Understanding Justice in Political Science
4.5.4 The Interplay between Justice and the Role of Government
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4.5.5 Implications for Political Science and Policy-making
4.5.6 The Roles of the Government in Promoting Justice
4.5.7 Challenges and Reforms in the Philippine Justice System
4.5.8 Conclusion
4.6 Constitutional Framework of the Government
4.6.1 Constitutional Framework and the Role of Government
4.6.2 Implications for Political Science and Governance
4.6.3 Key Elements of the Constitutional Framework of the Government
4.6.4 Implications for Political Science and Governance
4.6.5 Conclusion
4.7 United Nations
4.7.1 Definition of United Nations
4.7.2 Overview of the significance of the UN in the field of political science
4.7.3 The Role of the United Nations in International Politics
4.7.4 Key Bodies of the United Nations
4.7.5 Key Aspects of the United Nations
4.7.6 Implications for Political Science
4.7.7 The Roles of the United Nations in the Philippines
4.7.8 Conclusion
Chapter-4 Studying and Teaching Political Science

CHAPTER – 4

Studying and Teaching Political Science

4.1 Introduction –
Political science, a field of study often considered as the cornerstone of the social
sciences, is a dynamic and complex discipline that explores the multifaceted phenomena of
politics. From the functioning of local governments to the dynamics of international relations,
political science seeks to understand the underlying forces that shape our societies and influence
our collective decision-making processes.
At the heart of political science is the study of power—how it's acquired, exercised, and
distributed within a society. This discipline aims to decipher the mechanisms of governance, the
nature of political institutions, and the behavior of political actors. It delves into the examination
of political ideologies, the analysis of different forms of government, and the impact of public
policies on the well-being of citizens.

4.1.1 Origin and Definition of Political Science and Its Relevance in Academic and
Practical Contexts

Political Science was derived from the Greek word polis which means city-state and the
latin word scire which means science or to know. Therefore, Political Science means the
study of the city-state. However, political scientists define it as a social science dealing with a
systematic study of the state in its essential nature, form, manifestation, organization and
development.
 ARISTOTLE- father of political science
 JEAN BODIN-coined the term political science

Political science, according to Roskin, Cord, Medeiros, and Jones

(2019), is the systematic study of government and politics. It involves the
analysis of political systems, the theoretical and practical applications of
politics, and the examination of political behavior.

Highlighting the scope of political science, Shively (2018) states that it

includes the study of all aspects of politics, from the intricacies of a local
council to the dynamics of global diplomacy. This encompasses various
subfields, including comparative politics, international relations, political
theory, and public administration.
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According to Easton (1953), political science is also concerned with the

authoritative allocation of values for a society.

Political science is the academic discipline that studies politics, governments, and
political behavior. It has significant relevance in both academic and practical contexts, providing
insights into political processes, governance structures, and societal dynamics. The study and
teaching of political science are crucial for understanding and engaging with the complexities of
the political world.

4.1.2 Importance of Studying and Teaching Political Science

The study and teaching of political science hold paramount importance in today's
complex and dynamic world. Studying political science cultivates critical thinking, analytical
skills, and a deep understanding of societal structures. It encourages students to engage with
pressing issues of our times – such as democratic governance, human rights, social justice, and
environmental policy – in an informed and critical manner.

Teaching political science, on the other hand, is a task of equal significance. As

educators, the goal is not simply to impart knowledge but to stimulate thought, encourage debate,
and instill a sense of civic responsibility in students. Effective teaching methodologies, therefore,
are those that foster active learning, promote engagement with real-world scenarios, and
motivate students to apply their knowledge in practical and meaningful ways. These could range
from analyzing case studies and conducting simulations to organizing field trips and encouraging
participation in debates and discussions.

In the larger societal context, the study and teaching of political science play a crucial role in
shaping informed citizens who are capable of constructive political participation. The knowledge
and skills acquired through political science education are not only valuable for pursuing a range
of career opportunities – in government, diplomacy, non-profit organizations, journalism,
academia, to name a few – but they are also essential for active and informed participation in
democratic processes.

4.2 The Scope of Political Science

Political Science is a broad field that encompasses various subfields and areas of study.
Here are some of the major fields within Political Science:
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A. Political Theory: This field focuses on the study of political ideas, concepts, and
ideologies. It examines the works of political philosophers and theorists throughout history
and analyzes different political systems and ideologies.

B. Comparative Politics: This field compares and analyzes different political systems and
institutions across countries and regions. It examines the similarities and differences in
political structures, processes, and policies.

C. International Relations: This field examines the interactions between states,

international organizations, and other actors in the global political system. It focuses on
topics such as diplomacy, foreign policy, international law, and global governance.

D. Public Administration: This field studies the implementation of public policies and the
management of public organizations. It explores topics such as public budgeting,
bureaucracy, public service delivery, and administrative ethics.

E. Public Policy: This field analyzes the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of
public policies. It examines how governments address societal problems and make decisions
that affect public welfare.

F. Political Economy: This field explores the relationship between politics and economics. It
examines how political institutions and processes shape economic policies and outcomes, and
vice versa.

G. Political Sociology: This field studies the relationship between politics and society. It
examines how social structures, groups, and identities influence political behavior, attitudes,
and outcomes.

H. Political Methodology: This field focuses on the development and application of

quantitative and qualitative research methods in political science. It involves statistical
analysis, survey research, experimental design, and other research techniques.

4.3 Approaches to Teaching Political Science

Teaching political science involves various methodologies to engage students and foster
learning. Lectures provide a foundation of knowledge, while seminars and discussions encourage
active participation and critical thinking. Case studies and simulations promote real-world
application of concepts and theories. The use of technology and online platforms enhances
access to resources, encourages collaboration, and facilitates interactive learning experiences.
Chapter-4 Studying and Teaching Political Science
Effective teaching of political science emphasizes the development of critical thinking skills,
encourages students to question assumptions, and promotes the exploration of diverse
perspectives.

4.4 Challenges and Opportunities in Teaching Political Science

Teaching political science faces challenges such as the complexity

of topics, the potential for political biases, and the need to engage
students effectively.

4.5 The Impact of Political Science Education in Society

Political science education has a profound impact on society. It plays a

crucial role in cultivating democratic citizenship by fostering an
understanding of political processes, rights, and responsibilities. Political
science education contributes to societal development by equipping
individuals with the knowledge and skills to engage in informed decision-
making, advocate for change, and participate in democratic institutions.
Case studies demonstrate how political science education influences policy-
making by providing policymakers with evidence-based insights, informing
public debates, and shaping public opinion. It also encourages civic
engagement, social activism, and the pursuit of social justice.

Political Science is a field of study that scrutinizes the theory and practice of politics and
government. It is a discipline that has evolved over centuries, encompassing various sub-
disciplines, such as comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and public
administration.

4.6Elements of Public Choices and Good Citizenship

Public choices and good citizenship are fundamental concepts in the field of
political science. Understanding the interplay between public choices and
good citizenship is crucial for effective governance and the promotion of
democratic values.
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4.6.1 Definition of Public Choices and Good Citizenship
Public choices refer to decisions made by individuals or groups that have an impact on the
public or society as a whole. These choices can range from electing political leaders to
supporting policies, advocating for change, or participating in community initiatives.

Good citizenship refers to the responsibilities, rights, and behaviors expected of individuals
as members of a community or society. It involves actively participating in civic life,
respecting the law, upholding democratic values, and contributing to the well-being of the
community.

4.6.2 Understanding Public Choices

A. Public choices are a core concept in political science, as they shape

public policy and governance. They involve decisions related to taxation,
public spending, regulation, and social welfare programs, among others.
B. Various factors influence public choices, including political ideologies,
public opinion, interest groups, economic considerations, and institutional
structures.
C. Public choices play a crucial role in shaping public policy and
governance, as they determine how resources are allocated and public
goods are provided. They have a direct impact on society, the economy,
and the well-being of citizens.
D. Case studies and examples of significant public choices can include the
passage of landmark legislation, the implementation of major
infrastructure projects, or the adoption of policies addressing social and
environmental issues.

4.6.3 Good Citizenship and Its Role in Political Science

Good citizenship refers to the active engagement, responsibilities, and

rights exercised by individuals in a democratic society.
B. Good citizenship is vital for the functioning of democratic societies, as it
fosters civic participation, political knowledge, and the protection of
individual rights.
C. Good citizenship influences public choices and political processes by
promoting informed decision-making, constructive dialogue, and active
engagement in political affairs.
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 Active participation in public choices is a fundamental aspect of democracy. It allows
individuals to have a voice, express their opinions, and contribute to decision-making
processes. This can be done through voting, engaging in public debates, joining advocacy
groups, or running for public office.

D. Examples of good citizenship impacting public choices can include

grassroots movements advocating for policy change, citizens participating
in public consultations, or individuals engaging in peaceful protests to
express their views.

4.6.4 Qualities of Good Citizenship

Good citizenship refers to the responsible and active participation of individuals in their
community or society. Some qualities of good citizenship include:

 Respect for the rights and opinions of others

 Responsibility and accountability
 Active participation in the community
 Honesty and integrity
 Respect for the environment
 Awareness of social issues and willingness to take action

4.6.5 The Implications to Political Science

5 . Studying public choices and good citizenship is significant in political

science as it provides insights into the dynamics of governance, policy-
making, and citizen-state interactions.
6 B. Insights on public choices and good citizenship can inform policy-
making by highlighting the importance of citizen engagement, the need
for inclusive decision-making processes, and the consideration of diverse
perspectives.
7 C. Future research and practice in political science can focus on further
understanding the factors that influence public choices, exploring
innovative methods of citizen participation, and evaluating the impact of
public choices on societal well-being and democratic values.

4.6.4 The Interplay between Public Choices and Good Citizenship

 Good citizenship contributes to informed and responsible public

choices by fostering an engaged and informed citizenry. When
Chapter-4 Studying and Teaching Political Science

citizens actively participate in political processes, policymakers are

more likely to consider diverse perspectives and make decisions that
align with the common good.
 Public choices, in turn, can promote good citizenship by creating
opportunities for citizen engagement, encouraging transparency
and accountability, and respecting the rights and interests of
individuals and communities.
 Case studies illustrating the interplay between public choices and
good citizenship can include instances where public input
influenced policy decisions, or where public dissatisfaction led to
policy reforms.

4.6.8 Conclusion

In conclusion, public choices and good citizenship are intertwined concepts

in the field of political science. Understanding the factors influencing public
choices, the role of good citizenship in shaping public choices, and the
interplay between the two is crucial for effective governance and the
promotion of democratic values. By studying these concepts, policymakers
and researchers can make informed decisions, foster citizen engagement,
and ensure the betterment of societies through responsible public choices
and active citizenship.

4.6.5 Elements of Public Choices

The elements of public choices involve a series of steps that individuals or groups go through
when making decisions that impact the community or society as a whole. These elements
include:

i. Identifying the problem or issue

ii. Gathering information and considering different perspectives
iii. Evaluating options and consequences
iv. Making a decision
v. Implementing the decision
vi. Evaluating the results

Both public choices and good citizenship are interconnected and crucial for the
functioning of a democratic society. Active participation in public choices and fulfilling the
Chapter-4 Studying and Teaching Political Science
responsibilities of good citizenship contribute to the well-being and progress of communities
and nations.

4.7 Politics and Power

Politics and power are closely intertwined concepts that play a significant role in
shaping societies and governing systems.
4.7.4 The Relationship Between Politics and Power
The relationship between politics and power is fundamental to the study of political
science. Politics can be defined as the exercise of power or the distribution of power within a
society. Power, on the other hand, refers to the ability to influence or control the behavior of
others, either through coercion, persuasion, or authority.
Politics and power are closely intertwined because political systems are built on the
allocation and utilization of power. Here are some key aspects of the relationship between
politics and power:

 Power as a Source of Politics

 Power as a Means of Politics
 Power Structures and Political Systems
 Political Institutions and Power
 Power and Policy-Making
 Power and Social Movements
 Power and Political Legitimacy
The relationship between politics and power is complex and multifaceted. It involves the
study of power dynamics, power structures, and how power is acquired, exercised, and
legitimized within political systems. Understanding this relationship is essential for analyzing
political processes, decision-making, and the functioning of political institutions.

4.7.5 Politics

Definition: Politics refers to the activities, actions, and policies used to gain and hold power in a
government or to influence the government's policies and decisions. It involves competition and
negotiation among individuals, groups, and institutions to determine how power and resources
are allocated in a society.

Political Systems: Political systems vary across different countries and cultures. They can range
from democratic systems, where power is held by the people through elections and representative
Chapter-4 Studying and Teaching Political Science
institutions, to authoritarian systems, where power is concentrated in the hands of a few
individuals or a single leader.
Political Parties: Political parties are organizations that represent different ideologies, interests,
and policy positions within a society. They play a crucial role in democratic systems by
competing for power through elections, forming governments, and shaping public policies.
Political Ideologies: Political ideologies are sets of beliefs and values that guide political
thinking and policy-making. They provide frameworks for understanding the role of government,
the distribution of resources, and the relationship between individuals and the state. Examples of
political ideologies include liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and nationalism.
Public Policy: Politics influences the formulation and implementation of public policies, which
are decisions and actions taken by governments to address societal issues. Public policies can
range from economic policies to social welfare programs, environmental regulations, and foreign
relations.
4.7.6 Power
Definition: Power refers to the ability to influence or control the behavior of others, either
through coercion, persuasion, or authority. It is a fundamental aspect of social relationships and
plays a central role in politics.
Types of Power: Power can take various forms, including:
 Coercive Power: Power derived from the ability to apply force, threats, or punishment to
influence others.
 Reward Power: Power derived from the ability to provide rewards or incentives to
influence others.
 Expert Power: Power derived from knowledge, skills, or expertise in a particular domain.
 Referent Power: Power derived from personal charisma, attractiveness, or the ability to
inspire and influence others.
 Legitimate Power: Power derived from a formal position or authority within a social or
political system.
Power Structures: Power is often structured hierarchically in societies and institutions. It can be
concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or distributed among various actors. Power
structures can be formal, such as government institutions, or informal, such as social norms and
cultural practices.
Power Dynamics: Power dynamics refer to the interactions and relationships between
individuals or groups in terms of power. These dynamics can involve struggles for power,
negotiation, coercion, and the exercise of influence.
Accountability and Checks on Power: In democratic systems, mechanisms of accountability and
checks on power are essential to prevent abuses of power. These mechanisms can include
independent judiciary systems, free press, civil society organizations, and electoral processes.
Chapter-4 Studying and Teaching Political Science
It's important to note that politics and power can be both positive and negative forces in
society. While they can enable positive change, promote social justice, and protect individual
rights, they can also lead to corruption, inequality, and abuse of power. The study and
understanding of politics and power are crucial for individuals and societies to navigate and
shape their governance systems effectively.

4.7.7 Politics and Power in the Philippines

Politics and power in the Philippines have a significant impact on the country's
governance, society, and development.

A. Political Landscape

 Democratic System
 Political Parties
 Political Dynasties

B. Power Dynamics

 Concentration of Power
 Patronage Politics
 Influence of Money
 Power and Media

C. . Governance and Accountability

 Checks and Balances: The Philippine Constitution establishes checks and balances
among the three branches of government to prevent the abuse of power.
 Corruption: Corruption remains a significant challenge in the Philippines. Efforts to
combat corruption have been made through the establishment of anti-corruption bodies
such as the Ombudsman and the Commission on Audit. However, more work is needed
to strengthen transparency, accountability, and the rule of law.
 Civil Society and Activism: Civil society organizations and grassroots movements play a
vital role in advocating for good governance, human rights, and social justice in the
Philippines.
Chapter-4 Studying and Teaching Political Science

D. Challenges and Reforms

 Political and Electoral Reforms

There have been ongoing discussions about political and electoral reforms in the
Philippines, including proposals to address issues such as political dynasties, campaign
finance reform, and strengthening political party systems.
 Decentralization
The Philippines has implemented decentralization measures to devolve power
and decision-making to local government units. This aims to promote local autonomy and
enhance public service delivery.
 Peace and Conflict
The Philippines faces challenges related to peace and conflict, including armed
conflicts with insurgent groups and separatist movements. Resolving these issues requires
political negotiations, peacebuilding efforts, and inclusive governance.

It is important to note that politics and power in the Philippines are dynamic and
complex, influenced by historical, cultural, and socio-economic factors. Understanding the
intricacies of the Philippine political landscape is crucial for promoting good governance,
democracy, and inclusive development.
4.7.8 The Politics and Power Dynamics in the Philippines

The politics and power dynamics in the Philippines can be characterized by several key
takeaways:
 Political Dynasties
The Philippines has a history of political dynasties, where political power is
concentrated within a few influential families.
 Clientelism and Patronage
 Influence of Money and Wealth
 Political Parties
The major political parties in the Philippines include:
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a) Liberal Party (LP)

The Liberal Party is one of the oldest political parties in the Philippines. It is
associated with liberal ideology and has traditionally advocated for social justice, human
rights, and democratic governance. Notable members include former Presidents Benigno
Aquino III and Fidel V. Ramos.
b) Nacionalista Party (NP)
The Nacionalista Party is one of the oldest and largest political parties in the
Philippines. It has a conservative ideology and has been influential in Philippine politics
since the pre-World War II era. Notable members include former Presidents Manuel L.
Quezon and Ferdinand Marcos.
c) Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban)
PDP-Laban is a political party that gained prominence in recent years. It is
associated with President Rodrigo Duterte and his administration. PDP-Laban advocates
for federalism, anti-crime measures, and populist policies.
d) Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC)
The Nationalist People's Coalition is a centrist political party in the Philippines. It
was founded by businessman Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. and has a diverse membership. The
NPC has been known for its pragmatic approach to governance and coalition-building.
e) United Nationalist Alliance (UNA)
United Nationalist Alliance is a coalition of political parties formed in 2012. It
includes various politicians and groups with diverse ideologies. UNA aims to promote
nationalism, good governance, and inclusive development.
f) Hugpong ng Pagbabago (HNP)
Hugpong ng Pagbabago is a regional political party based in the Davao region. It
was founded by Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte-Carpio, daughter of President Rodrigo
Duterte. HNP focuses on regional development and supports the policies of the Duterte
administration.
g) Akbayan Citizens' Action Party
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Akbayan is a progressive political party that advocates for social justice, human
rights, and democratic reforms. It has been active in promoting marginalized sectors and
advancing progressive policies.

h) Aksyon Demokratiko
Aksyon Demokratiko is a centrist political party that promotes good governance,
transparency, and citizen participation. It has been involved in various political coalitions
and alliances.

It's important to note that political affiliations and alliances in the Philippines can be fluid,
with politicians often switching parties or forming coalitions based on political expediency or
strategic considerations. The landscape of political parties in the Philippines continues to evolve,
and new parties may emerge or gain prominence in the future.

 Influence of Popularity and Celebrity

Popularity and celebrity status can have a significant impact on political success in the
Philippines. Candidates with high name recognition, often from the entertainment industry or
sports, can attract a significant following

 Influence of Traditional and Cultural Factors

Traditional and cultural factors, such as regionalism, ethnicity, and religion, can influence
political dynamics in the Philippines.

 Role of Civil Society and Activism

Civil society organizations and activism play a crucial role in shaping political discourse
and advocating for social and political change in the Philippines.
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4.8 Justice and Roles of Government

Justice and the role of government in the Philippines context are crucial elements in
ensuring a fair and equitable society.
4.8.4 Definition of Justice
The word "justice" has its roots in the Latin word "justitia" and the Old French word
"justice." Both of these words ultimately derive from the Latin word "jus," which means "law"
or "right."

The Latin word "justitia" referred to the quality of being just or righteous and was
associated with the concept of upholding the law and ensuring fairness. It was often personified
as a goddess in Roman mythology, known as Justitia or Iustitia, who was depicted as
blindfolded and holding scales and a sword, symbolizing impartiality, weighing evidence, and
delivering judgment.
The Old French word "justice" entered the English language in the 12th century and
retained its meaning of fairness, righteousness, and adherence to the law.
Justice can be defined as the principle of moral rightness based on fairness, equality, and
the impartial treatment of individuals. It involves the fair and equitable distribution of
resources, opportunities, and benefits, as well as the fair adjudication of disputes and the
punishment of wrongdoing.

4.5.2 Types of Justice

There are several different types or dimensions of justice that are commonly discussed:

A. Distributive Justice
Distributive justice deals with the fair allocation of resources, opportunities, and rewards
within a society. It examines how wealth, income, and other goods should be distributed among
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individuals and groups. Theories of distributive justice range from egalitarian approaches that
advocate for equal distribution to those that prioritize merit or need-based distribution.

B. Retributive Justice
Retributive justice focuses on the punishment of wrongdoing and the restoration of
balance or fairness. It involves the proportional punishment of individuals who have violated
laws or ethical norms. Retributive justice aims to ensure that offenders receive the punishment
they deserve and that victims and society are provided with a sense of justice.
C. Restorative Justice
Restorative justice emphasizes repairing the harm caused by wrongdoing and restoring
relationships between offenders, victims, and the community. It seeks to address the root causes
of crime and promote healing, reconciliation, and rehabilitation. Restorative justice processes
often involve dialogue, mediation, and community involvement.
D. Procedural Justice
Procedural justice concerns the fairness and transparency of the processes by which
decisions are made and actions are taken. It focuses on ensuring that individuals are treated
fairly and have a voice in decision-making procedures. Procedural justice involves principles
such as impartiality, transparency, accountability, and the right to a fair trial.
E. Social Justice
Social justice addresses systemic inequalities and seeks to create a more equitable and
just society. It examines the distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges among
different groups. Social justice advocates for the elimination of discrimination, oppression, and
barriers to equal participation and access to basic rights and services.

4.5.3 Theories of Justice

Various theories have been proposed to explain the concept of justice and how it should
be achieved. Some of the prominent theories include:

 Utilitarianism
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Utilitarianism emphasizes the maximization of overall happiness or well-being as the basis
for justice. It focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number of people and seeks to
minimize suffering and maximize pleasure.
 Rawlsian Justice
John Rawls proposed the theory of justice as fairness, which prioritizes the principles of
equal basic liberties, fair equality of opportunity, and the difference principle.
 Libertarianism

Libertarian theories of justice prioritize individual liberty and property rights. They argue
that justice is achieved through the preservation of individual freedom and limited government
intervention.

 Communitarianism

Communitarian theories of justice emphasize the importance of community values,

traditions, and collective goals.

4.5.4The Roles of the Government in Promoting Justice

1. Justice System

 Judicial Independence
The Philippines has an independent judiciary that serves as the pillar of the justice
system. The judiciary is responsible for interpreting and applying the law, resolving disputes, and
ensuring the protection of rights and liberties.
 Legal Framework
The Philippine legal system is based on a civil law tradition influenced by Spanish and
American legal systems. The Constitution, laws, and legal codes provide the framework for the
administration of justice.

 Courts
The court system in the Philippines consists of various levels, including the Supreme
Court, Court of Appeals, Regional Trial Courts, and Municipal Trial Courts. These courts handle
civil, criminal, and administrative cases.
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- Rule of Law: The rule of law is a fundamental principle in the Philippine justice system. It
ensures that laws are applied equally to all individuals, regardless of their status or influence.
The rule of law promotes accountability, fairness, and the protection of rights.
2. Role of Government

 Legislation
The legislative branch is responsible for drafting, debating, and passing laws that align
with the principles of justice and address societal needs.
 Law Enforcement
The government is responsible for maintaining law and order through law enforcement
agencies, such as the Philippine National Police (PNP).
 Prosecution
The government, through the Office of the Prosecutor, is responsible for prosecuting
individuals accused of committing crimes. Prosecutors gather evidence, present court cases, and
seek justice on behalf of the state and the victims.
 Correctional System
The government operates the correctional system, which includes prisons and
rehabilitation facilities. The aim is to ensure the rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders into
society while upholding their rights and providing a safe environment.
 Legal Aid and Access to Justice
The government plays a role in providing legal aid services, particularly for marginalized
and vulnerable individuals who may have limited access to legal representation.

4.5.5Challenges and Reforms in the Philippine Justice System

Challenges and Reforms

 Judicial Backlog
The Philippine justice system faces challenges, including a significant backlog of cases
and delays in the resolution of disputes. Addressing this backlog requires efforts to enhance court
efficiency, improve case management, and provide adequate resources.
 Corruption
Corruption remains a challenge in the Philippine justice system. Efforts to combat
corruption include strengthening anti-corruption bodies, promoting transparency, and ensuring
the independence and integrity of the judiciary.
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 Human Rights
Protecting and promoting human rights is an essential aspect of justice. The government
has a responsibility to uphold human rights, address human rights violations, and ensure
accountability for perpetrators.
 Legal Reforms
Ongoing legal reforms aim to improve the justice system in the Philippines. These
reforms include measures to enhance access to justice, modernize court processes, and strengthen
alternative dispute-resolution mechanisms.
It is important to note that justice is a collective responsibility, and the government alone
cannot ensure justice for all. Civil society, non-governmental organizations, the media, and
citizens all have a role to play in promoting justice, advocating for reforms, and holding the
government accountable.

4.6 Constitutional Framework of the Government

` The constitutional framework of a government refers to the structure, principles, and
rules outlined in a country's constitution. It establishes the fundamental principles and guidelines
for the functioning of the government, the distribution of powers, and the protection of individual
rights and freedoms.
Constitutions serve as the supreme law of the land, providing a framework for
governance and ensuring the accountability of the government to its citizens. Here are some key
elements of the constitutional framework:

1. Separation of Powers
The constitutional framework often includes a system of separation of powers, which
divides the functions of the government into three branches: the executive, legislative, and
judicial branches.
2. Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
Constitutions typically include a bill of rights or a declaration of fundamental rights and
freedoms. These provisions outline the basic rights and liberties of individuals, such as freedom
of speech, religion, and assembly, as well as protections against discrimination and arbitrary
government actions.
3. Structure of Government
The constitutional framework defines the structure and organization of the government. It
may outline the composition and powers of the executive branch, including the head of state, the
head of government, and the cabinet. It also establishes the structure and powers of the
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legislative branch, such as the parliament or congress, and the judicial branch, including the
courts and their jurisdiction.
4. Electoral Systems
Constitutions often provide guidelines for the electoral process, including the
establishment of an independent electoral commission, the principles of free and fair elections,
and the qualifications and procedures for voting and candidacy. These provisions ensure
democratic representation and the accountability of elected officials.

5. Amendment Procedures
The constitutional framework typically includes procedures for amending the
constitution itself. These procedures outline the process for making changes to the constitution,
ensuring that it can adapt to the changing needs and values of society while maintaining a stable
and legitimate framework for governance.
6.Supremacy of the Constitution
One of the key principles of the constitutional framework is the supremacy of the
Constitution over all other laws and government actions. This principle ensures that the
government operates within the limits set by the Constitution and that laws and actions that
violate the Constitution can be challenged and struck down by the judiciary.

The specific elements and provisions of the constitutional framework can vary across
countries and political systems. They are often influenced by historical, cultural, and political
factors, reflecting the unique needs and values of a particular society.

The constitutional framework of the Philippine government is outlined in the 1987

Constitution, which serves as the supreme law of the land. It establishes the structure, powers, and
limitations of the government, as well as the rights and responsibilities of citizens.

4.6.1Key Elements of the Constitutional Framework of the Philippine Government

A. Three Branches of Government:

 Executive Branch
The executive branch is headed by the President, who serves as both the head of state and
the head of government. The President is elected by popular vote and serves a single six-year
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term. The executive branch is responsible for implementing and enforcing laws, formulating
policies, and managing the administration of the government.
 Legislative Branch
The legislative branch is vested in the Congress of the Philippines, which is composed of
two chambers: the Senate, which is the upper house of the Philippine Congress and consists of
24 senators, and the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Philippine Congress. The
Congress is responsible for making laws, approving the national budget, and conducting
oversight of the executive branch. Senators are elected nationally, while representatives are
elected from specific districts.
 Judicial Branch
The judicial branch is independent and separate from the executive and legislative
branches. It is headed by the Supreme Court, which is composed of a Chief Justice and 14
Associate Justices. The judiciary is responsible for interpreting the law, resolving disputes, and
ensuring the protection of rights and liberties.
B. Bill of Rights
The Philippine Constitution includes a Bill of Rights that guarantees fundamental rights
and freedoms to all individuals. These rights include the right to life, liberty, and property;
freedom of speech, religion, and the press; the right to due process and a fair trial; and protection
against unreasonable searches and seizures, among others. The Bill of Rights serves as a
safeguard against abuses of power and upholds the principles of justice and equality.
C. Local Government
The Philippine Constitution provides for local government units (LGUs) as an essential
component of the governance structure. LGUs have the power to create their own laws and
policies, subject to the limitations set by the Constitution and national laws. They are responsible
for local governance, public services, and development within their respective jurisdictions.
D. Checks and Balances
The Philippine Constitution establishes a system of checks and balances to prevent the
abuse of power and ensure accountability. Each branch of government has specific powers and
functions that serve as checks on the other branches. For example, the President can veto
legislation passed by Congress, which can then be overridden by a two-thirds vote of both
houses. The Supreme Court has the power of judicial review, allowing it to declare laws or
executive actions unconstitutional.
E.Amendments
The Philippine Constitution can be amended through a process outlined in Article XVII
of the Constitution. Amendments may be proposed by Congress or by a constitutional
convention. Proposed amendments must be ratified by a majority vote in a national referendum.
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Certain provisions, such as those related to the form of government, national territory, and basic
rights, have more stringent requirements for amendment.

It's important to note that the constitutional framework of the Philippine government is
designed to promote democracy, protect individual rights, and ensure the separation of powers.
However, challenges and debates surrounding constitutional interpretation, governance, and
reforms continue to shape the Philippine political landscape. This summary provides a general
overview of the constitutional framework of the Philippine government. The actual text of the
1987 Constitution contains more detailed provisions and specific guidelines for governance.

4.7 United Nations

The United Nations is a significant subject of study within political science. Political
science examines the theory and practice of politics, including the study of international relations
and global governance.
The United Nations provides a rich field of study within political science, allowing
scholars to explore various aspects of international relations, global governance, and the
challenges of addressing global issues. Through the study of the UN, political scientists gain
insights into the complexities of global politics and the possibilities for international cooperation.

4.7.1 Definition of United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization founded in 1945, after the end
of World War II. It was established to promote peace, security, and cooperation among nations.
The UN serves as a platform for member countries to discuss and address global issues, ranging
from conflicts and human rights violations to climate change and poverty.

4.7.2 Key Aspects of the United Nations

Here are some key aspects of the United Nations:

A. Structure
The UN consists of six main organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the
Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the
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Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). Each organ has specific roles and
responsibilities within the organization.
B. General Assembly
The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the UN, where all member states
have equal representation. It discusses and makes decisions on a wide range of global issues,
including peace and security, development, and human rights. Each member state has one vote.
C. Security Council
The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace and security. It
has 15 members, including five permanent members (China, France, Russia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States) with veto power, and ten non-permanent members elected by
the General Assembly for two-year terms. The Security Council can impose sanctions,
authorize military interventions, and establish peacekeeping missions.
D. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
ECOSOC focuses on promoting economic and social development worldwide. It
coordinates the work of various specialized agencies, programs, and funds within the UN
system. ECOSOC also plays a crucial role in monitoring and implementing the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs).

E. Secretariat
The Secretariat is the administrative arm of the UN, headed by the Secretary-General. It
carries out the day-to-day work of the organization, including providing support to the other
organs, implementing decisions, and managing peacekeeping operations.
F. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the UN. It settles legal disputes between
member states and provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized
UN organs or agencies.
G. Peacekeeping Operations
The UN conducts peacekeeping operations in areas affected by conflicts to maintain
peace and security. These operations involve military, police, and civilian personnel from
member states working together to facilitate peace processes, protect civilians, and support the
rebuilding of institutions.
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H. Human Rights
The UN plays a crucial role in promoting and protecting human rights globally. The UN
Human Rights Council, along with other specialized agencies and mechanisms, monitors
human rights situations, investigates violations, and advocates for the rights of individuals and
vulnerable groups.
I. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
In 2015, the UN adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes
17 SDGs. These goals aim to address various global challenges, such as poverty, inequality,
climate change, and sustainable development. The UN works with member states, civil society,
and other stakeholders to achieve these goals by 2030.
J. Membership
The UN has 193 member states, which are sovereign nations recognized by the
international community and headquartered in New York City. Membership is open to all
peace-loving states that accept the obligations of the UN Charter and are willing to fulfill their
responsibilities as members of the organization.

It's worth noting that the United Nations faces challenges and criticisms, particularly
about decision-making processes, representation, and effectiveness. Nonetheless, it remains a
crucial arena for international collaboration, serving as a platform for collectively addressing
global issues.

4.7.3 Roles of the United Nations in the Philippines

The United Nations (UN) plays a significant role in the Philippines, addressing various
issues and supporting development. Here is a comprehensive discussion on the connection
between the United Nations and the Philippines:

A. Development Cooperation

 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The Philippines, along with other UN member
states, has committed to achieving the SDGs by 2030. The SDGs encompass a broad range of
goals, including poverty eradication, quality education, gender equality, climate action, and
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sustainable development. The UN supports the Philippines in aligning its national
development plans and policies with the SDGs.
 UN Agencies and Programs: Several UN agencies and programs operate in the Philippines,
providing technical assistance, expertise, and funding to support various development
initiatives. These agencies include the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization (WHO), and United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), among others.

B. Human Rights and Social Justice

 Human Rights Monitoring: The UN plays a role in monitoring and promoting human
rights in the Philippines. The UN Human Rights Council and its mechanisms, such as
Special Rapporteurs, conduct investigations, issue reports, and provide recommendations
on human rights issues in the country.
 Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution: The UN supports peacebuilding efforts in the
Philippines, particularly in conflict-affected areas such as Mindanao. The UN has
facilitated peace negotiations and provided technical assistance in implementing peace
agreements, promoting social cohesion, and addressing the root causes of conflict.

C. Disaster Response and Resilience:

 Natural Disasters: The Philippines is prone to natural disasters, including typhoons,

earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. The UN, through its agencies such as the United
Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the
International Organization for Migration (IOM), provides support in disaster response,
emergency relief, and building resilience to natural hazards.
 Climate Change: The Philippines is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.
The UN supports the country in addressing climate change through initiatives such as the
Green Climate Fund (GCF) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC). The UN also assists in capacity-building, climate change adaptation,
and mitigation efforts.

D.Peacekeeping and Security

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 Peacekeeping Operations: The Philippines has contributed troops to UN peacekeeping
missions around the world. Filipino peacekeepers have been deployed to conflict zones to
help maintain peace and security, provide humanitarian assistance, and support post-
conflict reconstruction efforts.
 Counterterrorism: The UN collaborates with the Philippines in countering terrorism and
violent extremism. This includes capacity-building, sharing of best practices, and
supporting efforts to address the root causes of terrorism.

E.Policy Advocacy and International Cooperation

 Multilateral Diplomacy: The Philippines actively participates in the UN General

Assembly, where it engages in multilateral diplomacy, advocates for its national interests,
and contributes to global discussions on various issues.
 International Cooperation: The UN provides a platform for the Philippines to engage
with other member states, exchange knowledge and experiences, and collaborate on
global challenges such as poverty reduction, public health, migration, and sustainable
development.
It is important to understand that the United Nations' participation in the Philippines is a
joint effort between the government, civil society, and other stakeholders. Although the UN
offers assistance and knowledge, the primary obligation for enforcing policies and accomplishing
development objectives rests with the Philippine government and its institutions.

4.8 Techniques and Strategies in Studying and Teaching Political Science

Here are specific examples for each strategy and technique in teaching the topics related to
the Studying and Teaching of Political Science:

 Interactive Discussions

Example: Divide students into small groups and assign each group a political scenario
to analyze. Encourage them to discuss and debate the ethical implications of the decisions
made in the scenario, fostering critical thinking and collaborative problem-solving.

 Case Studies
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Example: Present a case study on a recent political event in the Philippines, such
as a controversial policy decision. Ask students to analyze the stakeholders involved, the
impact on society, and propose alternative solutions based on political science theories.

 Debates and Role-Playing

Example: Organize a debate on a current political issue in the Philippines, such as

human rights violations. Assign students to argue for and against specific viewpoints,
encouraging them to research, articulate their arguments, and engage in respectful discourse.

 Multimedia Resources

Example: Show a documentary on the history of the United Nations and its role in
global governance. After watching, facilitate a discussion on the effectiveness of
international organizations in promoting peace and cooperation among nations.

 Guest Speakers

Example: Invite a local government official to speak to the class about their
experience in policymaking and governance. Allow students to ask questions and gain
insights into the practical applications of political science concepts.

 Field Trips

Example: Organize a field trip to the Supreme Court or a legislative assembly in

the Philippines. Students can observe court proceedings or legislative sessions to
understand the role of these institutions in upholding justice and making laws.

 Critical Analysis

Example: Assign students a research project to analyze a landmark court case

related to justice in the Philippines. Students should critically evaluate the legal
arguments, implications of the decision, and the impact on society to develop their
analytical skills.

 Group Projects
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Example: Task student groups with creating a policy proposal to address a social
justice issue in the Philippines. Each group must conduct research, present their proposal,
and defend their recommendations, promoting teamwork and an in-depth understanding
of policy-making processes.

 Technology Integration

Example: Use an online simulation platform to simulate a United Nations

conference on a global crisis. Students can role-play as delegates from different countries,
negotiating solutions and experiencing the complexities of international diplomacy.

 Assessment Variety

Example: Instead of a traditional exam, assess students' understanding of political

theories through a role-playing debate where they embody different political theorists and
defend their perspectives. This approach evaluates comprehension while promoting
engagement and active learning.

By implementing these specific examples of strategies and techniques, educators

can create a stimulating and inclusive learning environment that fosters critical thinking,
empathy, and practical application of political science concepts among students.
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References:

 Easton, D. (1953). The Political System. An Inquiry into the State of

Political Science. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
 Goodin, R. E., & Klingemann, H. D. (2007). A New Handbook of Political
Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

 American Political Science Association

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 International Political Science Association

 Political Science Association of the Philippines

 University of California, Berkeley - Political Science

 American University - School of Public Affairs

 University of Oxford - Department of Politics and International Relations

 University of Cambridge - Department of Politics and International Studies

 Center for Civic Education - Public Choices

 National Constitution Center - The Importance of Public Choices

 US Department of State - Being a Good Citizen

 The Balance Small Business - The Role of Citizenship in Society

 The Aspen Institute - What is Good Citizenship?

 National Association of Secondary School Principals - The Many Dimensions of Good

Citizenship

 Encyclopedia Britannica - Politics

 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Political Power

 ThoughtCo - What is Politics?

 The Balance - The Role of Politics in Government

 BBC Bitesize - Power and Authority

 National Geographic - Power and Politics

 The Guardian - The Relationship Between Power and Politics

 Philippine Constitution

 Supreme Court of the Philippines

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 Philippine National Police

 Department of Justice

 United Nations Development Programme - Justice and the Rule of Law in the Philippines

 World Justice Project - Rule of Law Index 2020

 Asian Development Bank - Justice Sector Reform in the Philippines

 Department of the Interior and Local Government

 Constitutional Commission of the Philippines

 World Justice Project - Rule of Law Index 2020

 United Nations Official Website

 United Nations General Assembly

 United Nations Economic and Social Council

 United Nations Human Rights

 United Nations in the Philippines

 United Nations Development Programme - Philippines

 United Nations Children's Fund - Philippines

 World Health Organization - Philippines

 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

 United Nations Peacekeeping - Philippines

 United Nations Human Rights Council - Philippines

 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - Philippines

 United Nations Counter-Terrorism Office - Philippines

 United Nations Peacebuilding Commission – Philippines

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