NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY

OF TECHNOLOGY

PRACTICAL FILE
On
Current mode techniques for signal
processing (ECEVE22)
Electronics and Communication Engineering
MTech E-VLSI

Under Guidance of:

Dr. SHWETA GAUTAM
(Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering)

Submitted by:

Shashank(2023PEV3220)

1
 INDEX
S.No Topic Date

1) To implement Gilbert in multiplier cell.

2) To verify the Translinear Principle using Square

Divider Circuit.

3) Verification of constant bandwidth variable gain

property of an OMA based instrumentation
amplifier

4) Spice studies on translinear log domain filter

and to determine frequency response, transient
analysis

5) To implement inverting and non-inverting amplifier

 EXPERIMENT-01

Aim: To implement Gilbert in multiplier cell.

1. To perform DC transfer characteristics and find the range of maximum input
signal which can be applied to Vx and Vy.
2. Application as a tone busted generator. Apply a square wave of low frequency
50 Hz at Vx and sine wave of high frequency 1 kHz at Vy.
3. Application as squarer/frequency doubler by giving some input signals verify
operation as a frequency doubler.

Software Used: LTSPICE

Design Parameters: PNP BJT 2N2222, NPN BJT 2N222
Theory:
A Gilbert multiplier cell is a type of analog circuit that can perform four quadrant
multiplication of two input signal. It is widely used for frequency conversion in radio systems,
as it produces output signal proportional to the product of the input signals.
A Gilbert multiplier cell consists of 2 cross-coupled emitter-coupled pair in series with an
emitter coupled pair. The Output current of the cell is a precise algebraic product of its two
differential analog current inputs.
The Gilbert cell is essentially a balanced modulator that multiplies two input signals together,
producing an output signal that represents the product of the two inputs. This cell typically
consists of four transistors arranged in a differential configuration, where the modulation
signal is applied to the base of one transistor pair and the carrier signal to the other. The
differential configuration ensures high linearity and suppression of unwanted harmonics. The
Gilbert multiplier cell is widely used in various RF and communication systems, such as
mixers, modulators, and demodulators, due to its excellent performance in frequency
conversion and its ability to handle high-frequency signals with minimal distortion. Its
versatility and reliability make it a crucial component in modern analog integrated circuits.
1.Multiplier

Schematics Diagram: DC analysis

Waveform

2.Tone Burst Generator

Schematics Diagram: Transient analysis
Waveform

3.Squarer/frequency multiplier
Schematics diagram: Transient response

Waveforms
Results: We verify Gilbert’s cell multiplier as:
1. tone burst generator
2. Frequency multiplier
3. squarer.
 EXPERIMENT-02

Aim: To verify the Translinear Principle using Square Divider Circuit.

Software Used: LTSPICE
Design Parameters: PNP BJT 2N2222, NPN BJT 2N222
Theory: The translinear principle involves exploiting logarithmic relationship between
currents and voltages in semiconductor devices. This principle is particularly used in
designing analog circuits that operate in the exponential and or logarithmic domain.
Translinear circuits are often employed in applications such as analog signal processing,
voltage to frequency converter, and analog computing.
The basic idea behind the translinear principle is to use the inherit exponential characteristics
of bipolar transistor or MOS transistor to perform mathematical operations such as
multiplication, division, exponentiation and logarithm. This allows for the creation of
compact and efficient analog circuits that can perform complex mathematical functions with
relatively and simple circuitry.
One common example of a circuit based on a translinear principle is the Gilbert cell, which is
used in the implementation of analog multipliers. The Gilbert utilizes matched pairs of
transistors to exploit the exponential characteristics and achieve multiplication of two inputs
currents.
Translinear Circuit

Schematics diagram: DC Analysis

Waveform

Schematics diagram: Transient Analysis

Waveform

Result: Using square circuit based on translator we verified the translator principle
1. Using DC characteristics, we varied ix From 1mA to 1mA to verify squaring action.
2. Using transient response, we also verified squaring action. 15 KHz
 EXPERIMENT-03
Aim: Verification of constant bandwidth variable gain property of an OMA based
instrumentation amplifier .

Software Used: LTSPICE

Design Parameters: NPN Q2N222A, PNP Q2N2907A

Theory: An Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) based instrumentation amplifier

(IA) is a sophisticated electronic circuit widely used in precision measurement and sensor
interfacing applications. The IA employs OTAs as its main building blocks to achieve high
input impedance, high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), and excellent gain accuracy.
The OTA serves as a voltage-controlled current source, converting the differential input
voltage into a proportional differential output current. The IA typically consists of three
operational amplifiers and several precision resistors configured in a differential amplifier
topology.
Verification of the constant bandwidth variable gain property of an Operational
Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) based instrumentation amplifier (IA) involves
experimental validation to ensure that the IA maintains a consistent bandwidth across various
gain settings. This verification typically entails measuring the frequency response of the IA
under different gain configurations while keeping the input signal amplitude constant. By
sweeping the input signal frequency and observing the corresponding output, one can
determine whether the bandwidth remains constant as the gain is adjusted. This validation
process requires careful calibration of the IA circuit, precise measurement equipment such as
signal generators and oscilloscopes, and rigorous analysis of the obtained data.

Schematic: AC analysis
Waveform:

Conclusion:
OMA Based amplifier is simulated and constant bandwidth property is verified.
 EXPERIMENT-04
Aim: Spice studies on translinear log domain filter and to determine frequency response,
transient analysis .

Software Used: LTSPICE

Design Parameters: NPN Q2N222A

Theory: Translinear log-domain filters are a type of analog filter that utilize transistors
operating in the subthreshold region to achieve logarithmic response characteristics. These
filters are particularly useful for applications such as audio signal processing and
physiological signal processing, where a logarithmic frequency response is desired.
Determining the frequency response of a translinear log-domain filter involves analyzing how
the filter processes signals of varying frequencies. Typically, this is done by applying an AC
(alternating current) signal at the input of the filter and measuring the output signal across a
range of frequencies. The frequency response is then characterized by plotting the magnitude
and phase of the output signal as functions of frequency. The frequency response analysis
provides valuable insights into the filter's behavior, including its passband, stopband, cutoff
frequency, bandwidth, and any resonance or peak frequencies. Engineers can use this
information to optimize the filter design for specific frequency ranges or applications,
ensuring that it meets the desired performance criteria. Additionally, comparing simulated
frequency response results with theoretical calculations or experimental measurements helps
validate the accuracy of the filter model and refine the design further if needed.

Circuit diagram:

Fig 1- Translinear log-domain first order LPF

Schematic:DC Analysis

Waveforms:
Schematic:AC Analysis

Waveform
Schematic: Transfer function

OUTPUT
Results ft value at different bias current
1m = 0.2%
100u = 2.30%
500u = 0.52%
200u = 1.2%