DIFFERENT LOSSES FOR PUMPS AND TURBINES

NAME - BINIT MANDAL

ROLL - 16800720008
SUBJECT – ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE OF FLUID MACHINES
SEMESTER - 8TH
DEPARTMENT - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (ME)
COLLEGE - SAROJ MOHAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (DEG. DIV )
PUMP: INTRODUCTION
1. A pump is a device that moves liquids , gases or slurries. It moves liquids or gases from lower pressure to
higher pressure, and overcomes this difference in pressure by adding energy to the system.
2. A pumps converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.

TURBINE: INTRODUCTION

1. Turbines are devices that convert the energy of fluid into mechanical energy.
2. The fluid can be water, steam, flue, gas etc.
3. The energy of the water can be in the form of potential or kinetic energy.
4. Steam turbine and gas turbine uses the thermal energy of steam and flue gas respectively.
PUMP PROBLEM AREAS
CAUSE OF PUMP PROBLEM
 DIFFERENT LOSSES OF A PUMP
Hydraulic Losses:
1. These are the losses occurred by the fluid flowing in the pump.

2. These losses are further classified into:

a. Circulatory Flow Loss

b. Fluid Friction Loss

c. Shock Loss or Eddy Losses

A. Circulatory Flow Loss

1. Due to the flow taking place between two adjacent vanes, relative high pressure is formed along leading edge of the vane indicated by (+) and in the
trailing edge of the blade relatively low pressure is formed, indicated by (-).

2. Slip (delta Cx)= The difference in two whirl velocities is called Slip.

3. Slip Factor=The | sigma x=C’x^2/Cx^2 whirl velocities is called Slip Factor.

B. Fluid Friction at flow Passages

1. This loss depends on the area in contact with the fluid flow and the roughness magnitude of the surface. The loss can be considered to vary as the
square of the velocity.

2. Centrifugal pump incurs head loss due to friction.

C. Shock Loss
1. This loss occurs due to improper entry angle of the flow with repect to the blade angle.

2. At design conditions this loss is zero and increases at reduced or increased flow from normal values.
 Non-Hydraulic Losses
1. Non-hydraulic losses are the losses which occur in the mechanical components of the pump.

2. They are classified into:

a. Leakage Losses- (i) Internal leakage loss, (ii) External leakage loss.

b. Mechanical Losses.
Internal Leakage Loss
Due to improper clearances between the impeller and the casing, some water after receiving the
energy at the impeller may not exit at the pump outlet.
External Leakage Loss
Leakage loss in the thrust balance devices, gland sealing and clearances between cut water and
casing and bearing seals.
Mechanical Loss

1. Mechanical losses are the losses due to disc friction between impeller and liquid which fills the
clearance spaces between impeller and casing.

2. These are also the losses due to mechanical friction in bearings, packing glands etc.
WAYS TO REDUCE FLOW
WAYS TO INCREASE FLOW
CLASSIFICATION OF LOSSES OF A PUMP
 DIFFERENT LOSSES OF A TURBINE
Head Loss (hf):- Head loss is potential energy that is converted to kinetic energy. Head
losses are due to the frictional resistance of the piping system (pipe, valves, fittings,
entrance and exit losses). Unlike velocity head, friction head cannot be ignored in system
calculations. Values vary as the square of the flow rate. Head losses can be a significant
portion of the total head. The importance of head loss depends upon the magnitude of the
total head. For example, an error of 6 ft (1.8 m) in estimating 2600 ft (780 m) of head is
insignificant while an error of 6 ft (2 m) in estimating 30 ft (9 m) of head for a crude oil
transfer pump could be significant.
 SHAFT POWER LOSS
1. Power available at the propeller shaft is known as Shaft Power, and the loss of
this power is known as Shaft Power Loss.
2. Only a part of indicated power is available at the shaft because of the various
frictional losses such as piston ring,cross head, top end bearing etc.
3. It is measured by the formula: Sp=2*pi*N*T
Where, T=torque, measured by torsion meter
N=revolution per second of the engine.

Bearing Friction Loss

Bearing friction loss is the loss that occurs between the rotating shaft and the
bearing that is supporting the shaft. There are many types of bearings like plain,
ball roller, hydrodynamic etc.