REVERBERATION & REVERBERATION TIME - This persistence of sound in an enclosed space due to reflection safety Escape routes should
e routes should be kept clear of all obstructions. Exit doors, Emergency windows, Stairways, The amount of water being supplied can be controlled so you will be also able to save water depending on
is called reverberation and the reverberation time is measured as the interval of time for the sound to fall in
intensity by 60 db from its initial value after the source of sound itself is silenced. HOW TO OPTIMIZE REVERB
TIME-The reverb time of a studio can be optimized by adjusting the amount and placement of sound-
absorbing and sound-reflecting materials in the room. Sound-absorbing materials, such as acoustic foam,
carpet, or curtains, reduce the reverb time by absorbing some of the sound energy. Sound-reflecting
materials, such as wood, metal, or glass, increase the reverb time by bouncing some of the sound energy back
into the room. The goal is to balance the absorption and reflection of sound to create a smooth and even
decay of sound across the frequency spectrum. METHOD OF CUTTING OF AIRBORNE NOISE- Structure-borne
sound can be diminished through the use of a suspended ceiling system, a secondary wall structure, and
raised floors. High-mass structures that incorporate cavities or offset construction can be utilised in order to
prevent the passage of vibrations. ACOUSTIC SHADOW- An acoustic shadow results when sound waves fail
to spread outward due to disruptions or physical barriers such as buildings, geographical obstructions, or
wind currents and can alter our perceptions of events, and can also be controlled to diminishing the impact
of high decibel noises. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SOUND- Direct sound reaches the listener first, before it
interacts with any other surface. The same sound reaching the listener after it reflects from various surfaces
is indirect sound. To be audible a sound reflection arriving up to 30 ms after the direct sound must be
about 10 dB louder. SOUND FOCI AND DEAD SPOT.- When a sound wave is reflected by a concave surface,
large enough compared to the wavelength, it concentrates on a spot where sound pressure rises excessively.
This is called a 'sound focus'. As a consequence, sounds become weak and inaudible at some other spots,
called 'dead spots'. SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT-Sound absorption coefficient is used to evaluate the
sound absorption efficiency of materials. It is the ratio of absorbed energy to incident energy and is
represented by α. If the acoustic energy can be absorbed entirely, then α = 1. DEFECTS OF SOUND- Due to the
reflection of sound two main defects are developed, viz., echoes and reverberation. SPRINKLER SYSTEM- A
sprinkler system consists of pipes along a ceiling that contain water under pressure, with an additional source
of water for a constant flow. FIRE HYDRANT- The upper section, or barrel, of the hydrant is always filled with
water, and each outlet has its own valve with a stem that sticks out the side of the barrel. DRY &WET RISER-
Dry riser: a system of valves and pipe work which enables the fire service to pump water onto upper floors
of a building. Wet riser: a system of valves and pipe work which is kept permanently charged with water,
generally utilising pumps and tanks. CLASSIFICATION-FIRE CLASS A: Ordinary solid combustibles such as
paper, wood, cloth and some plastics. Class B:Flammable liquids such as alcohol, ether, oil, gasoline and
grease, which are best extinguished by smothering. Class C:Electrical equipment, appliances and wiring in
which the use or a nonconductive extinguishing agent prevents injury from electrical shock. ClassD: Certain
flammable metallic substances such as sodium and potassium. These materials are normally not found in
the Medical Center. FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE DESIGN CRITERIA- should have a straight flight, not less than 25
meters in width, and 25 cm treads and risers not more than 19 cm. FIRE ALARM- a set of devices that detect
and alert people to the presence of smoke, fire, carbon monoxide, or other fire-related emergencies. FIRE
RESISTANCE OF MATERIAL-A fire resistant material is one which is designed to resist burning and withstand
heat. An example of a fire-resistant material is one which is used in bunker gear worn by firefighters to protect
them from the flames of a burning building. SIGNAGE INSIDE BUILDING FOR FIRE SAFETY- This particular
signage is designed to safeguard occupants and indicates certain steps that people must take to comply with
fire regulations. Mandatory safety sign includes “fire door keep shut” notice. COMPARTMENTALISTION-The
idea is to divide a structure into "fire compartments", which may contain single or multiple rooms, for the
purpose of limiting the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases, in order to enable the three goals of fire
protection: life safety. property protection. FIXED APPARATUS FOR FIRE FIGHTING- Fire Hose Reels,
Sprinklers And Drenchers ,Wet And Dry Risers,Gas Flooding And Foam Systems. Means of escape for fire
safety Escape routes should be kept clear of all obstructions. Exit doors, Emergency windows, Stairways,
Fire escapes
FIRE PROOF DOOR-Fire doors are specialist doors which have been tested against the elements and purpose-
built to withstand roaring fires for as long as possible. They enable buildings to compartmentalise and delay
the spread of fire from one area to another, and form a crucial part of a passive fire protection strategy.
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM-(PA system) is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with a
microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a large public. SMOKE DETECTOR-
Smoke alarms detect fires by sensing small particles in the air using a couple of different kinds of technologies.
1.AIR-BORNE NOISE-The noise that comes into building through air from distant sources is called air-borne
noise. A part of it directly enters the hall through the open windows, doors or other openings while another
part enters by transmission through walls and floors. 2.STRUCTURE-BORNE NOISE-The noise which comes
from impact sources on the structural extents of the building is known- as the structure-borne noise. It is
directly transmitted to the building by vibrations in the structure. The common sources of this type of noise
are foot- steps, moving of furniture, operating machinery etc.
SOUND DIFFUSERS-These devices reduce the intensity of sound by scattering it over an expanded area, rather
than eliminating the sound reflections as an absorber would. Traditional spatial diffusers, such as the
polycylindrical (barrel) shapes also double as low frequency traps. Temporal diffusers, such as binary arrays
and quadratics, scatter sound in a manner similar to diffraction of light, where the timing of reflections from
an uneven surface of varying depths causes interference which spreads the sound. QUADRA PYRAMID
DIFFUSER,PYRAMIDAL DIFFUSER,DOUBLE DUTY DIFFUSER,QUADRATIC DIFFUSER. SOUND ABSORBERS
TYPES ACOUSTICAL MATERIAL These sound absorbing acoustical panels and soundproofing materials are
used to eliminate sound reflections • Typical materials are open cell polyurethane foam, cellular melamine,
fiberglass, fluffy fabrics and other porous materials.These materials vary in thickness and in shape to achieve
different absorption ratings depending on the specific sound requirements.TYPES -Acoustical foam
panels,White paintable acoustical wall panelsFabric wrapped panels Acoustical wall coverings,Ceiling tiles
,Baffles and banners for Ceiling,Fiber glass blankets and roll. CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER Conventional fire
sprinklers are designed to create a spherical type of discharge with a proportion of water being thrown
upwards to the ceiling. They are usually made with a universal type deflector, which means they can be used
in either the upright or pendent position. CEILING FLUSH PATTERN- The flush sprinkler is a concealed sprinkler
that is installed pendent, with the base flush to the ceiling. It has an exposed heat-responsive element and
retracted deflectors which drop down to the normal position on actuation. Flush sprinklers are normally used
in hotel lobbies, dining rooms, offices, boardrooms and parts of retail stores. Flush sprinklers are not suitable
for use in atmospheres that are corrosive or subject to a high dust content.Flush sprinklers utilizing chains to
locate the deflector are only suitable for use with level ceilings unless specifically listed otherwise. SIDE WALL
PATTERN-Sidewall fire sprinklers, as the name suggests, protrude from the side of a wall, as opposed to
hanging down from the ceiling. Sidewall fire sprinklers are ideal to use in situations where ceiling access is
limited or where freezing is a potential concern. DRY UPRIGHT PATTERN-Upright Sprinkler: Upright sprinklers
have a spray pattern that appears similar to that of a pendent sprinkler. The difference is that upright
sprinklers are mounted to the top of branch lines or sprigs and installed in such a way that the water spray is
directed upwards against the deflector. Upright sprinklers can be used in dry pipe systems because water
can’t get trapped.ADVANTAGES OF THE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM:It is affordable and completely easy
to set up. You will not be needing to spend much on labor cost for setting it up. There is no requirement of
using many areas of your field for setting up the sprinkler irrigation. The interference with cultivation for
setting up the sprinkler irrigation is very less. So, you will not face a huge loss. Frequent application of water
can be supplied to the plants you will not need to do it yourself. The water distribution will always be equal.
REVERBERATION & REVERBERATION TIME - This persistence of sound in an enclosed space due to reflection
Fire escapes
FIRE PROOF DOOR-Fire doors are specialist doors which have been tested against the elements and purpose-
built to withstand roaring fires for as long as possible. They enable buildings to compartmentalise and delay
the spread of fire from one area to another, and form a crucial part of a passive fire protection strategy.
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM-(PA system) is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with a
microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a large public. SMOKE DETECTOR-
Smoke alarms detect fires by sensing small particles in the air using a couple of different kinds of technologies.
1.AIR-BORNE NOISE-The noise that comes into building through air from distant sources is called air-borne
noise. A part of it directly enters the hall through the open windows, doors or other openings while another
part enters by transmission through walls and floors. 2.STRUCTURE-BORNE NOISE-The noise which comes
from impact sources on the structural extents of the building is known- as the structure-borne noise. It is
directly transmitted to the building by vibrations in the structure. The common sources of this type of noise
are foot- steps, moving of furniture, operating machinery etc.
SOUND DIFFUSERS-These devices reduce the intensity of sound by scattering it over an expanded area, rather
than eliminating the sound reflections as an absorber would. Traditional spatial diffusers, such as the
polycylindrical (barrel) shapes also double as low frequency traps. Temporal diffusers, such as binary arrays
and quadratics, scatter sound in a manner similar to diffraction of light, where the timing of reflections from
an uneven surface of varying depths causes interference which spreads the sound. QUADRA PYRAMID
DIFFUSER,PYRAMIDAL DIFFUSER,DOUBLE DUTY DIFFUSER,QUADRATIC DIFFUSER. SOUND ABSORBERS
TYPES ACOUSTICAL MATERIAL These sound absorbing acoustical panels and soundproofing materials are
used to eliminate sound reflections • Typical materials are open cell polyurethane foam, cellular melamine,
fiberglass, fluffy fabrics and other porous materials.These materials vary in thickness and in shape to achieve
different absorption ratings depending on the specific sound requirements.TYPES -Acoustical foam
panels,White paintable acoustical wall panelsFabric wrapped panels Acoustical wall coverings,Ceiling tiles
,Baffles and banners for Ceiling,Fiber glass blankets and roll. CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER Conventional fire
sprinklers are designed to create a spherical type of discharge with a proportion of water being thrown
upwards to the ceiling. They are usually made with a universal type deflector, which means they can be used
in either the upright or pendent position. CEILING FLUSH PATTERN- The flush sprinkler is a concealed sprinkler
that is installed pendent, with the base flush to the ceiling. It has an exposed heat-responsive element and
retracted deflectors which drop down to the normal position on actuation. Flush sprinklers are normally used
in hotel lobbies, dining rooms, offices, boardrooms and parts of retail stores. Flush sprinklers are not suitable
for use in atmospheres that are corrosive or subject to a high dust content.Flush sprinklers utilizing chains to
locate the deflector are only suitable for use with level ceilings unless specifically listed otherwise. SIDE WALL
PATTERN-Sidewall fire sprinklers, as the name suggests, protrude from the side of a wall, as opposed to
hanging down from the ceiling. Sidewall fire sprinklers are ideal to use in situations where ceiling access is
limited or where freezing is a potential concern. DRY UPRIGHT PATTERN-Upright Sprinkler: Upright sprinklers
have a spray pattern that appears similar to that of a pendent sprinkler. The difference is that upright
sprinklers are mounted to the top of branch lines or sprigs and installed in such a way that the water spray is
directed upwards against the deflector. Upright sprinklers can be used in dry pipe systems because water
can’t get trapped.ADVANTAGES OF THE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM:It is affordable and completely easy
to set up. You will not be needing to spend much on labor cost for setting it up. There is no requirement of
using many areas of your field for setting up the sprinkler irrigation. The interference with cultivation for
setting up the sprinkler irrigation is very less. So, you will not face a huge loss. Frequent application of water
can be supplied to the plants you will not need to do it yourself. The water distribution will always be equal.
The amount of water being supplied can be controlled so you will be also able to save water depending on
the necessity and requirements of plants. The sprinkler irrigation is suitable for setting up in all types of soil.
This system can be used for other purposes as well such as cooling during high temperature.
DISADVANTAGES OF THE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM:The cost investment cost required for purchasing
the equipment of the sprinkler irrigation system is high.Using the sprinkler irrigation for supplying saline
water can result in problems to arise.For spraying water droplets evenly there is a requirement of constant
water supply.There is a chance of water getting evaporated from the sprinkler irrigation when the
surrounding environment is windy and high in terms of humidity. There is a chance of the nozzles of the
sprinklers getting clogged due to the deposit of debris and sediments from water that is used.There is a
requirement of continuous power supply for operating the sprinkler irrigation system
FIRE CONSULTANT -The Architect of the project will be responsible for making provisions for fire protection
and fire fighting measure as provided in this Chapter and for that she / he may consult an expert in this field,
as in case of other professionals for structural, sanitary and others. AIR-CONDITIONING a) Air- conditioning
system should be installed and maintained so as to minimise the danger of spread of fire, smoke or fumes
thereby from one floor of fire area to another or from outside into any occupied building or structure. b) Air
-Conditioning systems circulating air to more than one floor area should be provided with dampers designed
to close automatically in case of fire and thereby prevent spread of fire or smoke. Such a system should also
be provided with automatic controls to stop fans in case of fire, unless arranged to remove smoke from a fire,
in which case these should be designed to remain in operation. c) Air- conditioning system serving large places
of assembly (over one thousand persons), large departmental stores, or hostels with over 100 rooms in a
single block should be provided with effective means for preventing circulation of smoke through the system
in the case of fire in air filters or from other sources drawn into the system even though there is insufficient
heat to actuate heat smoke sensitive devices controlling fans or dampers. Such means shall consist of
approved effective smoke sensitive controls. FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS- Buildings shall be planned,
designed and constructed to ensure fire safety and this sha1l be done in accordance with part IV Fire
Protection of National Building Code of India, unless otherwise specified in these Bye-Laws. In the case of
buildings (identified in Bye-Laws No. 7.1) the building schemes shall also be cleared by the Chief Fire Officer.
WET SYSTEM The simplest and most widely used application. The pipework is permanently charged with
water. It is only suitable in premises, where temperatures remain above zero, although small sections of
exposed pipework could be protected by trace element heating. The maximum number of sprinklers on one
control valve is 1000.DRY SYSTEM an air charged system applied to unheated premises such as warehousing,
where winter temperatures could drop below zero. The maximum number of sprinklers on one control valve
is 250, but this may increase to 500 if the air controls include an accelerator
ALTERNATIVE WET & DRY SYSTEM-essentially a wet system, but due to the slightly slower response time as
air precedes water on discharge, the pipework is charged with water for most of the year and only air charged
in winter. The maximum number of sprinklers is the same as a dry system.
the necessity and requirements of plants. The sprinkler irrigation is suitable for setting up in all types of soil.
This system can be used for other purposes as well such as cooling during high temperature.
DISADVANTAGES OF THE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM:The cost investment cost required for purchasing
the equipment of the sprinkler irrigation system is high.Using the sprinkler irrigation for supplying saline
water can result in problems to arise.For spraying water droplets evenly there is a requirement of constant
water supply.There is a chance of water getting evaporated from the sprinkler irrigation when the
surrounding environment is windy and high in terms of humidity. There is a chance of the nozzles of the
sprinklers getting clogged due to the deposit of debris and sediments from water that is used.There is a
requirement of continuous power supply for operating the sprinkler irrigation system
FIRE CONSULTANT -The Architect of the project will be responsible for making provisions for fire protection
and fire fighting measure as provided in this Chapter and for that she / he may consult an expert in this field,
as in case of other professionals for structural, sanitary and others. AIR-CONDITIONING a) Air- conditioning
system should be installed and maintained so as to minimise the danger of spread of fire, smoke or fumes
thereby from one floor of fire area to another or from outside into any occupied building or structure. b) Air
-Conditioning systems circulating air to more than one floor area should be provided with dampers designed
to close automatically in case of fire and thereby prevent spread of fire or smoke. Such a system should also
be provided with automatic controls to stop fans in case of fire, unless arranged to remove smoke from a fire,
in which case these should be designed to remain in operation. c) Air- conditioning system serving large places
of assembly (over one thousand persons), large departmental stores, or hostels with over 100 rooms in a
single block should be provided with effective means for preventing circulation of smoke through the system
in the case of fire in air filters or from other sources drawn into the system even though there is insufficient
heat to actuate heat smoke sensitive devices controlling fans or dampers. Such means shall consist of
approved effective smoke sensitive controls. FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS- Buildings shall be planned,
designed and constructed to ensure fire safety and this sha1l be done in accordance with part IV Fire
Protection of National Building Code of India, unless otherwise specified in these Bye-Laws. In the case of
buildings (identified in Bye-Laws No. 7.1) the building schemes shall also be cleared by the Chief Fire Officer.
WET SYSTEM The simplest and most widely used application. The pipework is permanently charged with
water. It is only suitable in premises, where temperatures remain above zero, although small sections of
exposed pipework could be protected by trace element heating. The maximum number of sprinklers on one
control valve is 1000.DRY SYSTEM an air charged system applied to unheated premises such as warehousing,
where winter temperatures could drop below zero. The maximum number of sprinklers on one control valve
is 250, but this may increase to 500 if the air controls include an accelerator
ALTERNATIVE WET & DRY SYSTEM-essentially a wet system, but due to the slightly slower response time as
air precedes water on discharge, the pipework is charged with water for most of the year and only air charged
in winter. The maximum number of sprinklers is the same as a dry system.
REVERBERATION & REVERBERATION TIME - This persistence of sound in an enclosed space due to reflection
is called reverberation and the reverberation time is measured as the interval of time for the sound to fall in
intensity by 60 db from its initial value after the source of sound itself is silenced. HOW TO OPTIMIZE REVERB
TIME-The reverb time of a studio can be optimized by adjusting the amount and placement of sound-
absorbing and sound-reflecting materials in the room. Sound-absorbing materials, such as acoustic foam,
carpet, or curtains, reduce the reverb time by absorbing some of the sound energy. Sound-reflecting
materials, such as wood, metal, or glass, increase the reverb time by bouncing some of the sound energy back
into the room. The goal is to balance the absorption and reflection of sound to create a smooth and even
decay of sound across the frequency spectrum. METHOD OF CUTTING OF AIRBORNE NOISE- Structure-borne
sound can be diminished through the use of a suspended ceiling system, a secondary wall structure, and
raised floors. High-mass structures that incorporate cavities or offset construction can be utilised in order to
prevent the passage of vibrations. ACOUSTIC SHADOW- An acoustic shadow results when sound waves fail
to spread outward due to disruptions or physical barriers such as buildings, geographical obstructions, or
wind currents and can alter our perceptions of events, and can also be controlled to diminishing the impact
of high decibel noises. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SOUND- Direct sound reaches the listener first, before it
interacts with any other surface. The same sound reaching the listener after it reflects from various surfaces
is indirect sound. To be audible a sound reflection arriving up to 30 ms after the direct sound must be
about 10 dB louder. SOUND FOCI AND DEAD SPOT.- When a sound wave is reflected by a concave surface,
large enough compared to the wavelength, it concentrates on a spot where sound pressure rises excessively.
This is called a 'sound focus'. As a consequence, sounds become weak and inaudible at some other spots,
called 'dead spots'. SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT-Sound absorption coefficient is used to evaluate the
sound absorption efficiency of materials. It is the ratio of absorbed energy to incident energy and is
represented by α. If the acoustic energy can be absorbed entirely, then α = 1. DEFECTS OF SOUND- Due to the
reflection of sound two main defects are developed, viz., echoes and reverberation. SPRINKLER SYSTEM- A
sprinkler system consists of pipes along a ceiling that contain water under pressure, with an additional source
of water for a constant flow. FIRE HYDRANT- The upper section, or barrel, of the hydrant is always filled with
water, and each outlet has its own valve with a stem that sticks out the side of the barrel. DRY &WET RISER-
Dry riser: a system of valves and pipe work which enables the fire service to pump water onto upper floors
of a building. Wet riser: a system of valves and pipe work which is kept permanently charged with water,
generally utilising pumps and tanks. CLASSIFICATION-FIRE CLASS A: Ordinary solid combustibles such as
paper, wood, cloth and some plastics. Class B:Flammable liquids such as alcohol, ether, oil, gasoline and
grease, which are best extinguished by smothering. Class C:Electrical equipment, appliances and wiring in
which the use or a nonconductive extinguishing agent prevents injury from electrical shock. ClassD: Certain
flammable metallic substances such as sodium and potassium. These materials are normally not found in
the Medical Center. FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE DESIGN CRITERIA- should have a straight flight, not less than 25
meters in width, and 25 cm treads and risers not more than 19 cm. FIRE ALARM- a set of devices that detect
and alert people to the presence of smoke, fire, carbon monoxide, or other fire-related emergencies. FIRE
RESISTANCE OF MATERIAL-A fire resistant material is one which is designed to resist burning and withstand
heat. An example of a fire-resistant material is one which is used in bunker gear worn by firefighters to protect
them from the flames of a burning building. SIGNAGE INSIDE BUILDING FOR FIRE SAFETY- This particular
signage is designed to safeguard occupants and indicates certain steps that people must take to comply with
fire regulations. Mandatory safety sign includes “fire door keep shut” notice. COMPARTMENTALISTION-The
idea is to divide a structure into "fire compartments", which may contain single or multiple rooms, for the
purpose of limiting the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases, in order to enable the three goals of fire
protection: life safety. property protection. FIXED APPARATUS FOR FIRE FIGHTING- Fire Hose Reels,
Sprinklers And Drenchers ,Wet And Dry Risers,Gas Flooding And Foam Systems. Means of escape for fire
is called reverberation and the reverberation time is measured as the interval of time for the sound to fall in
intensity by 60 db from its initial value after the source of sound itself is silenced. HOW TO OPTIMIZE REVERB
TIME-The reverb time of a studio can be optimized by adjusting the amount and placement of sound-
absorbing and sound-reflecting materials in the room. Sound-absorbing materials, such as acoustic foam,
carpet, or curtains, reduce the reverb time by absorbing some of the sound energy. Sound-reflecting
materials, such as wood, metal, or glass, increase the reverb time by bouncing some of the sound energy back
into the room. The goal is to balance the absorption and reflection of sound to create a smooth and even
decay of sound across the frequency spectrum. METHOD OF CUTTING OF AIRBORNE NOISE- Structure-borne
sound can be diminished through the use of a suspended ceiling system, a secondary wall structure, and
raised floors. High-mass structures that incorporate cavities or offset construction can be utilised in order to
prevent the passage of vibrations. ACOUSTIC SHADOW- An acoustic shadow results when sound waves fail
to spread outward due to disruptions or physical barriers such as buildings, geographical obstructions, or
wind currents and can alter our perceptions of events, and can also be controlled to diminishing the impact
of high decibel noises. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SOUND- Direct sound reaches the listener first, before it
interacts with any other surface. The same sound reaching the listener after it reflects from various surfaces
is indirect sound. To be audible a sound reflection arriving up to 30 ms after the direct sound must be
about 10 dB louder. SOUND FOCI AND DEAD SPOT.- When a sound wave is reflected by a concave surface,
large enough compared to the wavelength, it concentrates on a spot where sound pressure rises excessively.
This is called a 'sound focus'. As a consequence, sounds become weak and inaudible at some other spots,
called 'dead spots'. SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT-Sound absorption coefficient is used to evaluate the
sound absorption efficiency of materials. It is the ratio of absorbed energy to incident energy and is
represented by α. If the acoustic energy can be absorbed entirely, then α = 1. DEFECTS OF SOUND- Due to the
reflection of sound two main defects are developed, viz., echoes and reverberation. SPRINKLER SYSTEM- A
sprinkler system consists of pipes along a ceiling that contain water under pressure, with an additional source
of water for a constant flow. FIRE HYDRANT- The upper section, or barrel, of the hydrant is always filled with
water, and each outlet has its own valve with a stem that sticks out the side of the barrel. DRY &WET RISER-
Dry riser: a system of valves and pipe work which enables the fire service to pump water onto upper floors
of a building. Wet riser: a system of valves and pipe work which is kept permanently charged with water,
generally utilising pumps and tanks. CLASSIFICATION-FIRE CLASS A: Ordinary solid combustibles such as
paper, wood, cloth and some plastics. Class B:Flammable liquids such as alcohol, ether, oil, gasoline and
grease, which are best extinguished by smothering. Class C:Electrical equipment, appliances and wiring in
which the use or a nonconductive extinguishing agent prevents injury from electrical shock. ClassD: Certain
flammable metallic substances such as sodium and potassium. These materials are normally not found in
the Medical Center. FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE DESIGN CRITERIA- should have a straight flight, not less than 25
meters in width, and 25 cm treads and risers not more than 19 cm. FIRE ALARM- a set of devices that detect
and alert people to the presence of smoke, fire, carbon monoxide, or other fire-related emergencies. FIRE
RESISTANCE OF MATERIAL-A fire resistant material is one which is designed to resist burning and withstand
heat. An example of a fire-resistant material is one which is used in bunker gear worn by firefighters to protect
them from the flames of a burning building. SIGNAGE INSIDE BUILDING FOR FIRE SAFETY- This particular
signage is designed to safeguard occupants and indicates certain steps that people must take to comply with
fire regulations. Mandatory safety sign includes “fire door keep shut” notice. COMPARTMENTALISTION-The
idea is to divide a structure into "fire compartments", which may contain single or multiple rooms, for the
purpose of limiting the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases, in order to enable the three goals of fire
protection: life safety. property protection. FIXED APPARATUS FOR FIRE FIGHTING- Fire Hose Reels,
Sprinklers And Drenchers ,Wet And Dry Risers,Gas Flooding And Foam Systems. Means of escape for fire
safety Escape routes should be kept clear of all obstructions. Exit doors, Emergency windows, Stairways,
Fire escapes
FIRE PROOF DOOR-Fire doors are specialist doors which have been tested against the elements and purpose-
built to withstand roaring fires for as long as possible. They enable buildings to compartmentalise and delay
the spread of fire from one area to another, and form a crucial part of a passive fire protection strategy.
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM-(PA system) is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with a
microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a large public. SMOKE DETECTOR-
Smoke alarms detect fires by sensing small particles in the air using a couple of different kinds of technologies.
1.AIR-BORNE NOISE-The noise that comes into building through air from distant sources is called air-borne
noise. A part of it directly enters the hall through the open windows, doors or other openings while another
part enters by transmission through walls and floors. 2.STRUCTURE-BORNE NOISE-The noise which comes
from impact sources on the structural extents of the building is known- as the structure-borne noise. It is
directly transmitted to the building by vibrations in the structure. The common sources of this type of noise
are foot- steps, moving of furniture, operating machinery etc.
SOUND DIFFUSERS-These devices reduce the intensity of sound by scattering it over an expanded area, rather
than eliminating the sound reflections as an absorber would. Traditional spatial diffusers, such as the
polycylindrical (barrel) shapes also double as low frequency traps. Temporal diffusers, such as binary arrays
and quadratics, scatter sound in a manner similar to diffraction of light, where the timing of reflections from
an uneven surface of varying depths causes interference which spreads the sound. QUADRA PYRAMID
DIFFUSER,PYRAMIDAL DIFFUSER,DOUBLE DUTY DIFFUSER,QUADRATIC DIFFUSER. SOUND ABSORBERS
TYPES ACOUSTICAL MATERIAL These sound absorbing acoustical panels and soundproofing materials are
used to eliminate sound reflections • Typical materials are open cell polyurethane foam, cellular melamine,
fiberglass, fluffy fabrics and other porous materials.These materials vary in thickness and in shape to achieve
different absorption ratings depending on the specific sound requirements.TYPES -Acoustical foam
panels,White paintable acoustical wall panelsFabric wrapped panels Acoustical wall coverings,Ceiling tiles
,Baffles and banners for Ceiling,Fiber glass blankets and roll. CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER Conventional fire
sprinklers are designed to create a spherical type of discharge with a proportion of water being thrown
upwards to the ceiling. They are usually made with a universal type deflector, which means they can be used
in either the upright or pendent position. CEILING FLUSH PATTERN- The flush sprinkler is a concealed sprinkler
that is installed pendent, with the base flush to the ceiling. It has an exposed heat-responsive element and
retracted deflectors which drop down to the normal position on actuation. Flush sprinklers are normally used
in hotel lobbies, dining rooms, offices, boardrooms and parts of retail stores. Flush sprinklers are not suitable
for use in atmospheres that are corrosive or subject to a high dust content.Flush sprinklers utilizing chains to
locate the deflector are only suitable for use with level ceilings unless specifically listed otherwise. SIDE WALL
PATTERN-Sidewall fire sprinklers, as the name suggests, protrude from the side of a wall, as opposed to
hanging down from the ceiling. Sidewall fire sprinklers are ideal to use in situations where ceiling access is
limited or where freezing is a potential concern. DRY UPRIGHT PATTERN-Upright Sprinkler: Upright sprinklers
have a spray pattern that appears similar to that of a pendent sprinkler. The difference is that upright
sprinklers are mounted to the top of branch lines or sprigs and installed in such a way that the water spray is
directed upwards against the deflector. Upright sprinklers can be used in dry pipe systems because water
can’t get trapped.ADVANTAGES OF THE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM:It is affordable and completely easy
to set up. You will not be needing to spend much on labor cost for setting it up. There is no requirement of
using many areas of your field for setting up the sprinkler irrigation. The interference with cultivation for
setting up the sprinkler irrigation is very less. So, you will not face a huge loss. Frequent application of water
can be supplied to the plants you will not need to do it yourself. The water distribution will always be equal.
The amount of water being supplied can be controlled so you will be also able to save water depending on
the necessity and requirements of plants. The sprinkler irrigation is suitable for setting up in all types of soil.
This system can be used for other purposes as well such as cooling during high temperature.
DISADVANTAGES OF THE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM:The cost investment cost required for purchasing
the equipment of the sprinkler irrigation system is high.Using the sprinkler irrigation for supplying saline
water can result in problems to arise.For spraying water droplets evenly there is a requirement of constant
water supply.There is a chance of water getting evaporated from the sprinkler irrigation when the
surrounding environment is windy and high in terms of humidity. There is a chance of the nozzles of the
sprinklers getting clogged due to the deposit of debris and sediments from water that is used.There is a
requirement of continuous power supply for operating the sprinkler irrigation system
FIRE CONSULTANT -The Architect of the project will be responsible for making provisions for fire protection
and fire fighting measure as provided in this Chapter and for that she / he may consult an expert in this field,
as in case of other professionals for structural, sanitary and others. AIR-CONDITIONING a) Air- conditioning
system should be installed and maintained so as to minimise the danger of spread of fire, smoke or fumes
thereby from one floor of fire area to another or from outside into any occupied building or structure. b) Air
-Conditioning systems circulating air to more than one floor area should be provided with dampers designed
to close automatically in case of fire and thereby prevent spread of fire or smoke. Such a system should also
be provided with automatic controls to stop fans in case of fire, unless arranged to remove smoke from a fire,
in which case these should be designed to remain in operation. c) Air- conditioning system serving large places
of assembly (over one thousand persons), large departmental stores, or hostels with over 100 rooms in a
single block should be provided with effective means for preventing circulation of smoke through the system
in the case of fire in air filters or from other sources drawn into the system even though there is insufficient
heat to actuate heat smoke sensitive devices controlling fans or dampers. Such means shall consist of
approved effective smoke sensitive controls. FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS- Buildings shall be planned,
designed and constructed to ensure fire safety and this sha1l be done in accordance with part IV Fire
Protection of National Building Code of India, unless otherwise specified in these Bye-Laws. In the case of
buildings (identified in Bye-Laws No. 7.1) the building schemes shall also be cleared by the Chief Fire Officer.
WET SYSTEM The simplest and most widely used application. The pipework is permanently charged with
water. It is only suitable in premises, where temperatures remain above zero, although small sections of
exposed pipework could be protected by trace element heating. The maximum number of sprinklers on one
control valve is 1000.DRY SYSTEM an air charged system applied to unheated premises such as warehousing,
where winter temperatures could drop below zero. The maximum number of sprinklers on one control valve
is 250, but this may increase to 500 if the air controls include an accelerator
ALTERNATIVE WET & DRY SYSTEM-essentially a wet system, but due to the slightly slower response time as
air precedes water on discharge, the pipework is charged with water for most of the year and only air charged
in winter. The maximum number of sprinklers is the same as a dry system.
REVERBERATION & REVERBERATION TIME - This persistence of sound in an enclosed space due to reflection
is called reverberation and the reverberation time is measured as the interval of time for the sound to fall in
intensity by 60 db from its initial value after the source of sound itself is silenced. HOW TO OPTIMIZE REVERB
TIME-The reverb time of a studio can be optimized by adjusting the amount and placement of sound-
absorbing and sound-reflecting materials in the room. Sound-absorbing materials, such as acoustic foam,
carpet, or curtains, reduce the reverb time by absorbing some of the sound energy. Sound-reflecting
materials, such as wood, metal, or glass, increase the reverb time by bouncing some of the sound energy back
into the room. The goal is to balance the absorption and reflection of sound to create a smooth and even
decay of sound across the frequency spectrum. METHOD OF CUTTING OF AIRBORNE NOISE- Structure-borne
sound can be diminished through the use of a suspended ceiling system, a secondary wall structure, and
raised floors. High-mass structures that incorporate cavities or offset construction can be utilised in order to
prevent the passage of vibrations. ACOUSTIC SHADOW- An acoustic shadow results when sound waves fail
to spread outward due to disruptions or physical barriers such as buildings, geographical obstructions, or
wind currents and can alter our perceptions of events, and can also be controlled to diminishing the impact
of high decibel noises. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SOUND- Direct sound reaches the listener first, before it
interacts with any other surface. The same sound reaching the listener after it reflects from various surfaces
is indirect sound. To be audible a sound reflection arriving up to 30 ms after the direct sound must be
about 10 dB louder. SOUND FOCI AND DEAD SPOT.- When a sound wave is reflected by a concave surface,
large enough compared to the wavelength, it concentrates on a spot where sound pressure rises excessively.
This is called a 'sound focus'. As a consequence, sounds become weak and inaudible at some other spots,
called 'dead spots'. SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT-Sound absorption coefficient is used to evaluate the
sound absorption efficiency of materials. It is the ratio of absorbed energy to incident energy and is
represented by α. If the acoustic energy can be absorbed entirely, then α = 1. DEFECTS OF SOUND- Due to the
reflection of sound two main defects are developed, viz., echoes and reverberation. SPRINKLER SYSTEM- A
sprinkler system consists of pipes along a ceiling that contain water under pressure, with an additional source
of water for a constant flow. FIRE HYDRANT- The upper section, or barrel, of the hydrant is always filled with
water, and each outlet has its own valve with a stem that sticks out the side of the barrel. DRY &WET RISER-
Dry riser: a system of valves and pipe work which enables the fire service to pump water onto upper floors
of a building. Wet riser: a system of valves and pipe work which is kept permanently charged with water,
generally utilising pumps and tanks. CLASSIFICATION-FIRE CLASS A: Ordinary solid combustibles such as
paper, wood, cloth and some plastics. Class B:Flammable liquids such as alcohol, ether, oil, gasoline and
grease, which are best extinguished by smothering. Class C:Electrical equipment, appliances and wiring in
which the use or a nonconductive extinguishing agent prevents injury from electrical shock. ClassD: Certain
flammable metallic substances such as sodium and potassium. These materials are normally not found in
the Medical Center. FIRE ESCAPE STAIRCASE DESIGN CRITERIA- should have a straight flight, not less than 25
meters in width, and 25 cm treads and risers not more than 19 cm. FIRE ALARM- a set of devices that detect
and alert people to the presence of smoke, fire, carbon monoxide, or other fire-related emergencies. FIRE
RESISTANCE OF MATERIAL-A fire resistant material is one which is designed to resist burning and withstand
heat. An example of a fire-resistant material is one which is used in bunker gear worn by firefighters to protect
them from the flames of a burning building. SIGNAGE INSIDE BUILDING FOR FIRE SAFETY- This particular
signage is designed to safeguard occupants and indicates certain steps that people must take to comply with
fire regulations. Mandatory safety sign includes “fire door keep shut” notice. COMPARTMENTALISTION-The
idea is to divide a structure into "fire compartments", which may contain single or multiple rooms, for the
purpose of limiting the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases, in order to enable the three goals of fire
protection: life safety. property protection. FIXED APPARATUS FOR FIRE FIGHTING- Fire Hose Reels,
Sprinklers And Drenchers ,Wet And Dry Risers,Gas Flooding And Foam Systems. Means of escape for fire
safety Escape routes should be kept clear of all obstructions. Exit doors, Emergency windows, Stairways, The amount of water being supplied can be controlled so you will be also able to save water depending on
Fire escapes the necessity and requirements of plants. The sprinkler irrigation is suitable for setting up in all types of soil.
This system can be used for other purposes as well such as cooling during high temperature.
FIRE PROOF DOOR-Fire doors are specialist doors which have been tested against the elements and purpose-
built to withstand roaring fires for as long as possible. They enable buildings to compartmentalise and delay DISADVANTAGES OF THE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM:The cost investment cost required for purchasing
the spread of fire from one area to another, and form a crucial part of a passive fire protection strategy. the equipment of the sprinkler irrigation system is high.Using the sprinkler irrigation for supplying saline
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM-(PA system) is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with a water can result in problems to arise.For spraying water droplets evenly there is a requirement of constant
microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a large public. SMOKE DETECTOR- water supply.There is a chance of water getting evaporated from the sprinkler irrigation when the
Smoke alarms detect fires by sensing small particles in the air using a couple of different kinds of technologies. surrounding environment is windy and high in terms of humidity. There is a chance of the nozzles of the
sprinklers getting clogged due to the deposit of debris and sediments from water that is used.There is a
1.AIR-BORNE NOISE-The noise that comes into building through air from distant sources is called air-borne
requirement of continuous power supply for operating the sprinkler irrigation system
noise. A part of it directly enters the hall through the open windows, doors or other openings while another
part enters by transmission through walls and floors. 2.STRUCTURE-BORNE NOISE-The noise which comes FIRE CONSULTANT -The Architect of the project will be responsible for making provisions for fire protection
from impact sources on the structural extents of the building is known- as the structure-borne noise. It is and fire fighting measure as provided in this Chapter and for that she / he may consult an expert in this field,
directly transmitted to the building by vibrations in the structure. The common sources of this type of noise as in case of other professionals for structural, sanitary and others. AIR-CONDITIONING a) Air- conditioning
are foot- steps, moving of furniture, operating machinery etc. system should be installed and maintained so as to minimise the danger of spread of fire, smoke or fumes
thereby from one floor of fire area to another or from outside into any occupied building or structure. b) Air
SOUND DIFFUSERS-These devices reduce the intensity of sound by scattering it over an expanded area, rather
-Conditioning systems circulating air to more than one floor area should be provided with dampers designed
than eliminating the sound reflections as an absorber would. Traditional spatial diffusers, such as the
to close automatically in case of fire and thereby prevent spread of fire or smoke. Such a system should also
polycylindrical (barrel) shapes also double as low frequency traps. Temporal diffusers, such as binary arrays
be provided with automatic controls to stop fans in case of fire, unless arranged to remove smoke from a fire,
and quadratics, scatter sound in a manner similar to diffraction of light, where the timing of reflections from
in which case these should be designed to remain in operation. c) Air- conditioning system serving large places
an uneven surface of varying depths causes interference which spreads the sound. QUADRA PYRAMID
of assembly (over one thousand persons), large departmental stores, or hostels with over 100 rooms in a
DIFFUSER,PYRAMIDAL DIFFUSER,DOUBLE DUTY DIFFUSER,QUADRATIC DIFFUSER. SOUND ABSORBERS
single block should be provided with effective means for preventing circulation of smoke through the system
TYPES ACOUSTICAL MATERIAL These sound absorbing acoustical panels and soundproofing materials are in the case of fire in air filters or from other sources drawn into the system even though there is insufficient
used to eliminate sound reflections • Typical materials are open cell polyurethane foam, cellular melamine, heat to actuate heat smoke sensitive devices controlling fans or dampers. Such means shall consist of
fiberglass, fluffy fabrics and other porous materials.These materials vary in thickness and in shape to achieve approved effective smoke sensitive controls. FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS- Buildings shall be planned,
different absorption ratings depending on the specific sound requirements.TYPES -Acoustical foam designed and constructed to ensure fire safety and this sha1l be done in accordance with part IV Fire
panels,White paintable acoustical wall panelsFabric wrapped panels Acoustical wall coverings,Ceiling tiles Protection of National Building Code of India, unless otherwise specified in these Bye-Laws. In the case of
,Baffles and banners for Ceiling,Fiber glass blankets and roll. CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLER Conventional fire buildings (identified in Bye-Laws No. 7.1) the building schemes shall also be cleared by the Chief Fire Officer.
sprinklers are designed to create a spherical type of discharge with a proportion of water being thrown
WET SYSTEM The simplest and most widely used application. The pipework is permanently charged with
upwards to the ceiling. They are usually made with a universal type deflector, which means they can be used
water. It is only suitable in premises, where temperatures remain above zero, although small sections of
in either the upright or pendent position. CEILING FLUSH PATTERN- The flush sprinkler is a concealed sprinkler
exposed pipework could be protected by trace element heating. The maximum number of sprinklers on one
that is installed pendent, with the base flush to the ceiling. It has an exposed heat-responsive element and
control valve is 1000.DRY SYSTEM an air charged system applied to unheated premises such as warehousing,
retracted deflectors which drop down to the normal position on actuation. Flush sprinklers are normally used
where winter temperatures could drop below zero. The maximum number of sprinklers on one control valve
in hotel lobbies, dining rooms, offices, boardrooms and parts of retail stores. Flush sprinklers are not suitable
is 250, but this may increase to 500 if the air controls include an accelerator
for use in atmospheres that are corrosive or subject to a high dust content.Flush sprinklers utilizing chains to
locate the deflector are only suitable for use with level ceilings unless specifically listed otherwise. SIDE WALL ALTERNATIVE WET & DRY SYSTEM-essentially a wet system, but due to the slightly slower response time as
PATTERN-Sidewall fire sprinklers, as the name suggests, protrude from the side of a wall, as opposed to air precedes water on discharge, the pipework is charged with water for most of the year and only air charged
hanging down from the ceiling. Sidewall fire sprinklers are ideal to use in situations where ceiling access is in winter. The maximum number of sprinklers is the same as a dry system.
limited or where freezing is a potential concern. DRY UPRIGHT PATTERN-Upright Sprinkler: Upright sprinklers
have a spray pattern that appears similar to that of a pendent sprinkler. The difference is that upright
sprinklers are mounted to the top of branch lines or sprigs and installed in such a way that the water spray is
directed upwards against the deflector. Upright sprinklers can be used in dry pipe systems because water
can’t get trapped.ADVANTAGES OF THE SPRINKLER IRRIGATION SYSTEM:It is affordable and completely easy
to set up. You will not be needing to spend much on labor cost for setting it up. There is no requirement of
using many areas of your field for setting up the sprinkler irrigation. The interference with cultivation for
setting up the sprinkler irrigation is very less. So, you will not face a huge loss. Frequent application of water
can be supplied to the plants you will not need to do it yourself. The water distribution will always be equal.