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Multi-Chaos, Fractal and Multi-Fractional Artificial
Intelligence of Different Complex Systems
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Multi-Chaos, Fractal and
Multi-Fractional Artificial
Intelligence of Different
Complex Systems

Edited by
Yeliz Karaca
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
Dumitru Baleanu
Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey and Institute of Space Sciences, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
Yu-Dong Zhang
University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Osvaldo Gervasi
Perugia University, Perugia, Italy
Majaz Moonis
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Contents

List of contributors xi 3. Artificial intelligence way of thinking,

Preface xiii processes, complexity and complex
Acknowledgment xvii systems 40
4. Concluding remarks and future directions 49
1. Introduction References 50
Further reading 54
Yeliz Karaca and Dumitru Baleanu
4. High-performance computing and
2. Theory of complexity, origin and computational intelligence
complex systems applications with a multi-chaos
perspective
Yeliz Karaca
Damiano Perri, Marco Simonetti,
1. Introduction 9 Osvaldo Gervasi and Sergio Tasso
2. Theory of complexity, origin and complex
systems 13 1. Introduction 55
2.1 A brief history of complexity and the 2. Related works 56
related areas of different complex 3. High-performance computing approaches
systems 13 to solving complex problems 56
2.2 Theories pertaining to complexity 3.1 Cloud containers 56
and their historical account 14 3.2 Container insights 57
3. Complex order processes toward modern 3.3 GPGPU computing 58
scientific path: from Darwin and onwards 15 3.4 GPGPU insights 59
3.1 A conceptual outline: complexity 3.5 GPGPU and neural networks 59
and complex systems 17 4. Quantum computing to treat multi-chaos
4. Concluding remarks and future directions 17 scenarios 60
References 18 4.1 Bits and qubits 61
4.2 Quantum register 62
3. Multi-chaos, fractal and multi- 4.3 Relevant quantum algorithms 63
fractional AI in different complex 4.4 Quantum computing insights 65
5. Techniques enabling the solution of
systems
complex problems based on
Yeliz Karaca computational intelligence 69
5.1 Approaches based on machine
1. Introduction 21
learning 69
2. Challenging dimensions of modern
5.2 Machine learning insights 70
science, complexity and complex systems 25
6. The dilemma of respecting privacy in
2.1 Data reliability and complexity 26
multi-chaos situations 70
2.2 Chaos thinking, processes and
6.1 GDPR 70
complexity 30
6.2 AI and privacy 72
2.3 Fractal thinking, processes and
7. Conclusions 72
complexity 33
8. Acronyms 74
2.4 Fractional thinking, processes and
References 74
complexity 35

v
vi Contents

5. Human hypercomplexity. Error and heavy-tailed distributions to the can-

unpredictability in complex cer cell dataset 124
multichaotic social systems 3.2 Computational applications for fit-
ting Mittag-Leffler function based on
Piero Dominici heavy-tailed distributions to the
1. Introduction 77 diabetes dataset 125
2. The complexity of living energy and 4. Conclusion and future directions 127
living beings 78 References 131
3. Complicated, complex, and
hypercomplex systems 79 8. Artificial neural network modeling of
4. Taking a step back: a brief history of systems biology datasets fit based on
complexity 80 Mittag-Leffler functions with
5. An epistemology of error 84 heavy-tailed distributions for
6. “Objects” are relations 85 diagnostic and predictive precision
7. Everything depends on everything else 87 medicine
8. Cognitive cages 88
9. è troppo, o troppo ravvicinato? 90 Yeliz Karaca and Dumitru Baleanu
References 90 1. Introduction 133
1.1 The motivation of the integrative
6. Multifractal complexity analysis- method proposed 135
based dynamic media text 2. Complex biological datasets and
categorization models by natural methodology 136
language processing with BERT 2.1 Complex biological datasets 136
2.2 Methodology 136
Yeliz Karaca, Yu-Dong Zhang, 3. Experimental results and discussions:
Ahu Dereli Dursun and Shui-Hua Wang artificial neural network modeling of
1. Introduction 95 complex biological datasets to be fit
2. Data and methodology 99 based on Mittag-Leffler function with
2.1 Complex media text data 99 heavy-tailed distributions for diagnosis
2.2 Fractal complexity analysis 99 and prediction 140
2.3 Natural language processing 103 3.1 Artificial neural network modeling of
3. Experimental results and discussion 104 cancer cell datasets to be fit based
4. Conclusion and future directions 111 on Mittag-Leffler function with
References 113 heavy-tailed distributions for
diagnosis and prediction 140
7. Mittag-Leffler functions with 3.2 Artificial neural network modeling of
heavy-tailed distributions’ algorithm diabetes datasets to be fit based on
based on different biology datasets Mittag-Leffler function with heavy-
tailed distributions for diagnosis
to be fit for optimum mathematical
and prediction 141
models’ strategies 4. Conclusion and future directions 146
Dumitru Baleanu and Yeliz Karaca References 147

1. Introduction 117
1.1 The motivation of the integrative
9. Computational fractional-order
method proposed 119
calculus and classical calculus
2. Complex biological datasets and AI for comparative differentiability
methodology 120 prediction analyses of
2.1 Complex biological datasets 120 complex-systems-grounded
2.2 Methodology 121 paradigm
3. Experimental results and discussion: com-
Yeliz Karaca and Dumitru Baleanu
putational application of Mittag-Leffler
function based on heavy-tailed distribu- 1. Introduction 149
tions for different biological datasets 123 1.1. The motivation and challenges
3.1 Computational applications for fit- of the integrative method
ting Mittag-Leffler function based on proposed 152
 Contents vii

2. Datasets and methodology 153 5.1 Constitutive equations: time

2.1 The modeling of different complex domain 191
datasets 153 5.2 Frequency domain: sinusoidal
2.2 Methods 154 responses 192
2.3 Artificial neural networks 156 5.3 Response function 192
3. Experimental results and discussion 157 6. Prony’s series in linear viscoelasticity 192
3.1 Computational application of 6.1 Example 1. completely monotone
Caputo fractional-order derivative responses as Prony’s series and
models 157 related discrete spectra 192
3.2 Computational application of 6.2 Example 2: KWW as a stress relax-
Caputo fractional-order derivative ation function 194
and classical derivative models for 6.3 Example 3. Mittag-Leffler function
comparative prediction analyses of as stress relaxation modulus 195
cancer cell and stroke with FFBP 6.4 Example 4. The Bagley-Torvik
algorithm 160 equation 197
4. Conclusion and future directions 162 7. Final comments 198
References 166 References 198

10. Pattern formation induced by 12. A chain of kinetic equations of

fractional-order diffusive model of BogoliuboveBorneGreene
COVID-19 KirkwoodeYvon and its application
to nonequilibrium complex systems
Naveed Iqbal and Yeliz Karaca
Nikolai (Jr) Bogoliubov, Mukhayo
1. Introduction 169
Yunusovna Rasulova, Tohir Vohidovich Akramov
2. Model
171
and Umarbek Avazov
2.1 Stability analysis of E2 j
1 ; j
2 ; j
3 172
3. Spatiotemporal model 172 1. Introduction 201
3.1 Conditions for turing instability 173 2. Formulation of the problem 202
4. Weakly nonlinear analysis 174 3. The solution of the BBGKY hierarchy for
5. Numerical simulation 179 many-type particle systems 204
6. Conclusion 182 3.1 Introduction 204
References 184 3.2 Formulation and solution of the
problem 204
11. Prony’s series and modern 4. Derivation of the GrossePitaevskii
equation from the BBGKY hierarchy 206
fractional calculus
4.1 Formulation of the problem 207
Jordan Hristov 4.2 Derivation of hierarchy of
kinetic equations for
1. Introduction 187
correlation matrices 207
2. Prony’s method 187
4.3 For the case s ¼ 1 209
3. Exponential sums approximation of
4.4 Another method for deriving the
functions 188
GrossePitaevskii equation 210
3.1 Exponential sum
5. Summary 211
approximation for t b 188
References 211
3.2 Exponential sums
Further reading 213
approximation of
Mittag-Leffler function 189
3.3 Exponential sums 13. Hearing loss detection in complex
approximation of the setting by stationary wavelet Renyi
Kohlrausch function 189 entropy and three-segment
4. Fractional operators in applied rheology 190 biogeography-based optimization
4.1 Caputo derivative 190
Yabei Li, Junding Sun and Chong Yao
4.2 Caputo-Fabrizio fractional operator 190
5. Modeling linear viscoelastic responses 191 1. Introduction 215
viii Contents

2. Dataset 216 3.1 Complex convolutional neural

3. Methods 216 network 249
3.1 Feature extractiondstationary 3.2 Biogeography-based optimization 251
wavelet Renyi entropy 218 3.3 Implementation 254
3.2 Single hidden layer feedforward 3.4 Measure 256
neural network 219 4. Experiment results and discussions 256
3.3 Three-segment biogeography-based 4.1 Confusion matrix of the proposed
optimization 220 method 256
4. Implementation 222 4.2 Statistical results 257
5. Measure 222 4.3 Optimal number of fully
6. Experiment results and discussions 224 connected layers 258
6.1 Statistical analysis of the proposed 4.4 Comparison to state-of-the-art
method 224 approaches 258
6.2 Biogeography-based optimization 5. Conclusions 260
versus three-segment bio- References 260
geography-based optimization 224 Appendix 261
6.3 Optimal decomposition level 224
6.4 Comparison to state-of-the-art 16. Facial expression recognition by
approaches 225 DenseNet-121
7. Conclusions 226
Appendix 227 Bin Li
References 228 1. Introduction 263
2. Dataset 264
14. Shannon entropy-based complexity 3. Methodology 264
quantification of nonlinear 3.1 Convolution 264
stochastic process: diagnostic and 3.2 Pooling 265
predictive spatiotemporal 3.3 Batch normalization 266
uncertainty of multiple sclerosis 3.4 Rectified linear unit 267
subgroups 3.5 K-fold cross-validation 268
3.6 DenseNet-121 270
Yeliz Karaca and Majaz Moonis 4. Experiment result and discussions 271
1. Introduction 231 4.1 Statistical analysis 271
2. Materials and methods 234 4.2 Comparison with state-of-the-art
2.1 Materials 234 approaches 273
2.2 Methods 234 5. Conclusions 275
2.3 k-Nearest neighbor and decision References 275
tree algorithms 237
3. Experimental results 238 17. Quantitative assessment of local
4. Conclusion and future directions 241 warming based on urban dynamics
References 243 Lucia Saganeiti, Angela Pilogallo,
Francesco Scorza, Beniamino Murgante,
15. Chest X-ray image detection for Valentina Santarsiero and Gabriele Nolè
pneumonia via complex
1. Introduction 277
convolutional neural network and
2. Study areas 277
biogeography-based optimization 3. Materials and methods 278
Xiang Li, Mengyao Zhai and Junding Sun 3.1 Urbanization dynamics 279
3.2 Land surface temperature 280
1. Introduction 247
4. Results and discussion 281
2. Dataset 248
5. Conclusions 286
3. Methodology 249
References 287
 Contents ix

18. Managing information security risk 6. Challenges of medicinal problems using

and Internet of Things (IoT) impact IoT: a case study 309
on challenges of medicinal 7. Conclusion 309
problems with complex settings: References 310
a complete systematic approach
19. An extensive discussion on
Eali Stephen Neal Joshua, utilization of data security and
Debnath Bhattacharyya and N. Thirupathi Rao big data models for resolving
1. Introduction to information security 291 healthcare problems
1.1 Various vulnerabilities in N. Thirupathi Rao, Debnath Bhattacharyya
healthcare 292 and Eali Stephen Neal Joshua
2. Information security in healthcare 296
2.1 Background of health information 1. Information security 311
privacy and security 296 1.1 Confidentiality 311
2.2 State of information security 1.2 Integrity 311
research in healthcare 298 1.3 Availability 311
2.3 Threats to information privacy 298 1.4 Information security policy 312
3. Impact of IoT in medical problems 300 1.5 Information security measures 312
3.1 Internet of Things in healthcare 300 1.6 Managing information security 312
3.2 Challenges of IoT in medical 2. Internet of Things 312
problems 301 2.1 Connecting with the IoT 313
3.3 Applications of IoT in healthcare 302 2.2 IoT for physicians 313
4. Medical problems with complex settings 303 2.3 IoT for hospitals 313
4.1 The challenge of interoperability 303 2.4 IoT for health insurance companies 314
4.2 Keeping up with old technology 303 2.5 IoT for patients 314
4.3 User-unfriendly interfaces 303 2.6 Redefining healthcare 314
4.4 Exacerbating malpractice 3. Information security and IoT 315
claims 303 3.1 Information security threats 315
4.5 Overcomplicated asset 3.2 Information security threats? 315
tracking 304 4. Data security and IoT in medicine 316
4.6 Overall implementation 304 4.1 Benefits of IoT healthcare 316
5. IoT and information security 304 4.2 Challenges in information security
5.1 Understanding the needs of IoT and IoT with respect to medicine 317
security 304 5. Big data and its applications 318
5.2 Data interoperability and 6. IoT and big data applications in
information security 305 medicine 319
5.3 Information security issues of 7. Complex system in healthcare 321
e-health 306 8. Role of IoT and big data applications in
5.4 Healthcare information system medicine 323
with complex settings 306 9. Conclusion 323
5.5 Providers’ perspective of regulatory References 323
compliance 307
5.6 Information-access control 308 Index 325
This page intentionally left blank
List of contributors
Tohir Vohidovich Akramov, Nuclear Physics, Academy
of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Na-
tional University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Umarbek Avazov, Nuclear Physics, Academy of Sciences
of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Dumitru Baleanu, Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey;
Institute of Space Science, Magurele, Bucharest,
Romania
Debnath Bhattacharyya, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh,
India
Nikolai (Jr) Bogoliubov, Steklov Institute of Mathematics
of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Piero Dominici, CHAOSeInternational Research and Ed-
ucation Programme “Complex Human Adaptive Orga-
nizations and Systems”, Perugia University, Italy;
Department of Philosophy, Social, Human and Educa-
tional Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy; WAAS -
World Academy of Art and Science, Rome, Italy
Ahu Dereli Dursun, Institute of Social Sciences, Com-
munication Studies, Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul,
Turkey
Osvaldo Gervasi, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Jordan Hristov, University of Chemical Technology and
Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Naveed Iqbal, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
Yeliz Karaca, University of Massachusetts Medical
School, Worcester, MA, United States
Xiang Li, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan,
PR China
Yabei Li, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan,
PR China
Bin Li, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan, PR
China
Majaz Moonis, University of Massachusetts Medical
School, Worcester, MA, United States
Beniamino Murgante, University of Basilicata, Via del-
l’Ateneo Lucano, Potenza, Italy
Eali Stephen Neal Joshua, Vignan’s Institute of Infor-
mation Technology (A), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pra-
desh, India
Gabriele Nolè, CNR-IMAA, C.da Santa Loja Zona
Industriale Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy
Damiano Perri, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy;
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Angela Pilogallo, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo
Lucano, Potenza, Italy
N. Thirupathi Rao, Vignan’s Institute of Information
Technology (A), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh,
India
Mukhayo Yunusovna Rasulova, Nuclear Physics, Acad-
emy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Lucia Saganeiti, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
Valentina Santarsiero, University of Basilicata, Via del-
l’Ateneo Lucano, Potenza, Italy; CNR-IMAA, C.da
Santa Loja Zona Industriale Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy
Francesco Scorza, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ate-
neo Lucano, Potenza, Italy
Marco Simonetti, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy;
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Junding Sun, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo,
Henan, PR China
Sergio Tasso, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Shui-Hua Wang, University of Leicester, Leicester,
United Kingdom
Chong Yao, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo,
Henan, PR China
Mengyao Zhai, Hebi Polytechnic, Hebi, Henan, PR China
Yu-Dong Zhang, University of Leicester, Leicester,
United Kingdom
xi
This page intentionally left blank
Preface
Multi-Chaos, Fractal and Multi-Fractional Artificial
Intelligence of Different Complex Systems is an edited book
that addresses different uncertain processes inherent in the
complex systems, attempting to provide global and robust
optimized solutions distinctively through multifarious
methods, technical analyses, modeling, optimization
processes, numerical simulations, case studies and appli-
cations not excluding theoretical aspects of complexity.
Based on advanced mathematical foundation, our edited
book foregrounds multichaos, fractal, multifractional,
fractional calculus, fractional operators, quantum, wavelet,
entropy-based applications and artificial intelligence
(AI) mathematics-informed and data-driven processes.
The primary focus and purpose, herein, is related to the
needs and solutions for new analytic strategies and
mathematical modeling to attain accurate, timely and
optimized solutions.
Appealing to an interdisciplinary network of scientists
and researchers to disseminate the theory and application of
multichaos, fractal and multifractional AI of different
complex systems in medicine, neurology, mathematics,
physics, biology, chemistry, information theory, engineer-
ing, computer science, social sciences and other far-
reaching domains, the overarching aim is to enable the
provision of global and optimized robust solutions
distinctively with a perspective through multifarious
methods, different from the conventional perspective, as
directed toward paradoxical situations, different uncertain
processes, nonlinear dynamic systems inherent in complex
systems. Elaborating on the most intriguing theoretical as-
pects, modeling and applications of multichaos, fractal,
multifractional, fractional calculus, fractional operators,
quantum, wavelet, entropy-based applications and AI
mathematics-informed and data-driven processes around
the common theme of complexity and nonlinearity under
consideration, current applications, future directions and
perspectives, limitations, strengths and opportunities are
provided in our edited book for scientists, researchers,
students, and anyone who is interested in the enigma of
complexity. The invaluable inputs of 31 experts worldwide
specialized in mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry,
neurology, information theory, computer science, engi-
neering, applied sciences, sociology, philosophy and
communication, among others, from 11 countries, are sig-
nificant to establish a holistic body of work and spectrum,
owing to their personal contributions in their respective
fields. The edited book includes a total of 19 chapters, as
has been inspired by the aforesaid considerations; the
chapters along the book are outlined in terms of their
content as follows.
Chapter 1 is the “Introduction” (by Yeliz Karaca and
Dumitru Baleanu), which provides the basic motivations
underlying complexity, complexity thinking and theory
along with the important role of computational processes
with extensive applications in integration with fractals,
multifractals, fractional methods, chaos, nonlinear dynam-
ical properties and stochastic elements. Computational
technologies, with machine learning as the core component
of AI, is stated to have broad use and transformative im-
pacts, enabling the training of complex data to automate or
augment some of the critical human skills. Thus, it is
presented that our edited book foregrounds multichaos,
fractal, and multifractional in the era of AI, which requires
the integration of advanced mathematical models and
mathematics-informed frameworks as well as AI address-
ing fractal, fractional calculus, fractional operators, quan-
tum, wavelet, entropy-based applications aside from the
means of modeling, technical analyses and numerical
simulations as some of the most broadly employed methods
for the solution of multifaceted problems characterized by
nonlinearity, nonregularity, self-similarity and many other
properties, frequently encountered in different complex
systems. Accordingly, the chapter presents the overarching
aim of the edited book of ours, its key objectives, moti-
vational aspects and the detailed content of all other
chapters presented herein.
Chapter 2 entitled “Theory of Complexity, Origin
and Complex Systems” (by Yeliz Karaca) attempts to
touch on the possible dimensions of complex systems in
different fields with a focus on origin-related, historical,
evolutionary and epistemological viewpoints of complexity
by taking into consideration the various multiple interacting
factors of systems with the goal of providing a global un-
derstanding between variables, sensitivity to initial control,
and strange, nonperiodic and unpredictable time evolution.
The detailed presentation in the chapter tries to ensure that
xiii
xiv Preface
the foundation for the complex systems’ interpretations can
be explored in different related areas of complexity.
Chapter 3 “Multichaos, Fractal and Multifractional AI
in Different Complex Systems” (by Yeliz Karaca) provides
an overview including multichaos, fractal, fractional and AI
way of thinking with regard to the solutions of the complex
system problems concerned with natural and social sci-
ences. Ethical decision-making frameworks and strategies
related to big data and AI applications are also presented in
detail to enable assistance for the identification of the
related problems in different settings and thinking
methodically so that tensions between conflicting aspects
can be managed systematically.
Chapter 4, “High-Performance Computing and
Computational Intelligence Applications with Multichaos
Perspective” (by Damiano Perri, Marco Simonetti, Osvaldo
Gervasi and Sergio Tasso), addresses the experience of the
COVID-19 pandemic, which has accelerated many chaotic
processes in modern society besides revealing the need to
understand complex processes to achieve common well-
being in a very serious and emergent way. A set of best
practices and case studies, which provide assistance to the
researchers while handling computationally complex
problems, are presented in the chapter, providing a general
sketch of various topics, which could be of help to re-
searchers and developers to deal with complex and chaotic
situations within the scope of machine learning and the
issue of privacy including the recent related regulations.
Chapter 5 “Human Hypercomplexity. Error and
Unpredictability in Complex Multichaotic Social Systems”
(by Piero Dominici) has the perspective that traditional
linear models and deterministic approaches can no longer
be capable of the analyzing the dynamics of unstable
dynamics. The chapter provides perspectives on the
complexity of living energy and living beings, along with
12 essential planes of awareness, the characteristics of
complicated, complex and hypercomplex systems, episte-
mology of error and complex and chaotic characteristics of
social systems.
Chapter 6 “Multifractal Complexity Analysis-Based
Dynamic Media Text Categorization Models by Natural
Language Processing with BERT” (by Yeliz Karaca,
Yu-Dong Zhang, Ahu Dereli Dursun and Shui-Hua Wang)
addresses the challenges and complexity inherent in digital-
based complex media texts. The study puts forth the
significance of the fractal behavior while articulating the
distinguishing quality of BERT owing to its capability of
classification accuracy and adaptiveness into integrated
methodologies.
Chapter 7 (Part I) “Mittag-Leffler Functions With
Heavy-Tailed Distributions’ Algorithm Based on Different
Biology Datasets to be Fit for Optimum Mathematical
Models’ Strategies” (by Dumitru Baleanu and Yeliz
Karaca) addresses the challenges of integrating fractional
calculus in cases of complexity, which necessitates an
effective use of empirical, numerical, experimental, and
analytical methods to tackle complexity. The proposed in-
tegrated approach in this chapter uses the MittageLeffler
function with two parameters (a, fl) for the purpose of
investigating the dynamics of two diseases: cancer cell and
diabetes.
Chapter 8 (Part II) “Artificial Neural Network Modeling
of Systems Biology Datasets Fit Based on Mittag-Leffler
Functions with Heavy-Tailed Distributions for Diagnostic
and Predictive Precision Medicine” (by Yeliz Karaca and
Dumitru Baleanu) obtains the generation of optimum
model strategies for different biology datasets along
with the Mittag-Leffler functions with heavy-tailed distri-
butions. The integrative modeling scheme proposed in the
chapter is concerned with the applicability and reliability of
the solutions obtained by the two-parametric Mittag-Leffler
functions with heavy-tailed distributions. Accordingly, the
proposed integrated approach in this chapter investigates
the dynamics of diseases related to biological elements. The
application of multilayer perceptron, as one of the Artificial
Neural Network (ANN) algorithms, is directed for the
diagnostic and predictive purpose of the disease. The
content of the chapter intends to enable the building of
precise models to avoid unpredictable risks and identify
opportunities in nonlinear complex situations, along with
the integration of precision medicine.
Chapter 9 “Computational Fractional Order Calculus
and Classical Calculus AI for Comparative Differentiability
Prediction Analyses of Complex Systems-grounded Para-
digm” (by Yeliz Karaca and Dumitru Baleanu) intends to
provide an intermediary facilitating function for both the
physicians and individuals through establishing an accurate
and robust model based on the integration of fractional
order calculus and ANN in terms of the diagnostic and
differentiability predictive purposes with the diseases,
which display highly complex properties. The integrative
and multistaged approach proposed includes the application
of the Caputo fractional derivative with two-parametric
Mittag-Leffler function on the stroke dataset and cancer
cell dataset. The chapter reveals that modeling many
complex systems can be possible by fractional order de-
rivatives based on fractional calculus and computational
complexity is shown to provide us with applicable sets of
ideas or integrative paradigms to understand the intricate
properties of complex systems.
Chapter 10 “Pattern Formation Induced by Fractional
Order Diffusive Model of COVID-19” (by Naveed Iqbal
and Yeliz Karaca) presents the investigation of the Turing
instability produced by fractional diffusion in a COVID-19
model. Differential equations with complex order fractional
derivatives enable the regulation of complicated fractional
systems, positive equilibrium points have been initially
specified, and Routh-Hurwitz criteria have been used to

assess the stability of positive equilibrium point. Local
equilibrium points and stability analysis have been
employed to find the conditions for Turing instability. The
analysis, by exploring the system’s dynamical behavior and
the bifurcation point centered on the death rate, anticipates
to serve as a leverage in different disciplines concerning
COVID-19 model through the lenses of distinct viewpoints;
and within that framework, fractional calculus is known to
unfold the fundamental mechanisms and multiscale
dynamic phenomena.
Chapter 11 “Prony’s Series in Time and Frequency
Domains and Relevant Fractional Models” (by Jordan
Hristov) deals with Prony’s series approximation of mono-
tonically responses in material viscoelastic rheology and
the possibilities of implementation on this sort of basis
relying on modern fractional operations with nonsingular
kernels, which is to say the Caputo-Fabrizio operator. The
chapter provides the origins of Prony’s series in time and
frequency domains together with the relevant approxima-
tion and calculation techniques. In this way, contributions
in pure mathematics and experimental aspects are put forth,
while the elaboration and application of Prony’s series are
said to have the extension possibility to modeling problems
emerging in mechanical engineering, chemical engineering
and other related disciplines.
Chapter 12 “A Chain of Kinetic Equations of Bogoliu-
bov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon and Its Application to
Nonequilibrium Complex Systems” (by Nicolai (Jr) Bogo-
liubov, Mukhayo Yunusovna Rasulova, Tohir Akramov and
Umarbek Avazov) is directed to the study of the Bogoliubov-
Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon chain of kinetic equations
(BBGKYchke) and its applications to modern problems of
physics. The chapter has the focus on the need of creating a
mathematical apparatus fulfilling the existing theory of one-
particle systems and systems made up of a huge number of
particles. Two types of BBGKY chains are addressed for
both classical and quantum particle systems. The solution of
the BBGKYchqke for generalized Yukawa potential (gYp) is
provided, solving of the BBGKYchqke with the gYp for
systems of many type particles is also elaborated on, and
the Gross-Pitaevskii equation derived based on the
BBGKYchqke is presented.
Chapter 13 “Hearing Loss Detection in Complex
Setting by Stationary Wavelet Renvi Entropy and Three-
Segment Biogeography-Based Optimization” (by Yabei
Li) addresses hearing loss with the main objective of
improving the accuracy and efficiency of detecting images
in sensorineural hearing loss through a new solution. To
this end, an improved feature extraction method stationary
wavelet Renvi entropy as well as optimization algorithm for
model and feature extraction, namely three-segment
biogeography-based optimization have been proposed.
Chapter 14 “Shannon Entropy-Based Complexity
Quantification of Nonlinear Stochastic Process: Diagnostic
Preface xv
and Predictive Spatio-temporal Uncertainty of Multiple
Sclerosis Subgroups” (by Yeliz Karaca and Majaz Moonis)
aims at facilitating the accurate classification and course of
three subgroups of multiple sclerosis (MS) (relapsing
remitting MS, secondary progressive MS, primary pro-
gressive MS), which is a debilitating neurological disease.
An entropy-based feature selection method (Shannon
entropy and minimum redundancy maximum relevance) as
well as linear transformation methods (principal component
analysis and linear discriminant analysis) have been
applied. Each new dataset obtained has been addressed as
input for the training procedure of k-nearest neighbor and
decision tree algorithms. The accuracy rates for the MS
subgroups’ classification have also been analyzed
comparatively based on the optimized experimental results,
which demonstrate that Shannon entropy, as a distinctive
entropy method, has proven to be higher in terms of ac-
curacy compared with the other feature selection methods.
Accordingly, a new perspective with a multilevel aspect has
been presented to cope with the complex dynamic systems
where uncertainty and heterogeneity prevail for critical
decision-making and manageable tracking in medicine and
relevant fields.
Chapter 15 “Chest X-ray Image Detection for Pneu-
monia via Complex Convolutional Neural Network and
Biogeography-Based Optimization” (by Xiang Li, Meng-
vao Zhai and Junding Sun) proposes a novel chest X-ray
image detection for pneumonia. The detection model
proposed is reliant on the combination of complex con-
volutional neural network (CNN) and biogeography-based
optimization. It has been proven that the model has
higher sensitivity and accuracy in terms of detecting the
pneumonia-related chest X-ray images with a detection
performance being significantly better than that of
advanced approaches in complex medical settings. The
utilization of BBO, employed as the global optimization
algorithm of the related model, also provides the benefit of
optimizing the stride size of the convolution kernel on CNN
to obtain better detection effects with less model training
cost.
Chapter 16 “Complex Facial Expression Recognition
by DenseNet-121” (by Bin Li) is concerned with facial
expression recognition system, which has gradually been
integrated into different fields of our lives with the advent
of AI era. The application prospects of intelligent face
recognition via computer technology are very broad, which
can also be applied to the diagnosis of facial paralysis in
medicine. Handling the complex nature of facial expression
since it involves emodiversity and emotional complexity,
the chapter shows that facial expression recognition is a
difficult task bringing about some problems such as low
accuracy and poor generalization ability of network model
recognition. To address these challenges, the authors have
proposed a DenseNet-121 image feature extraction method,
xvi Preface
combined with CNN for facial expression recognition. The
presentation of an improved face emotion recognition
system proposed employing a method based on densely
connected neural network also facilitates the avoiding of
complex feature extraction required by traditional deep
learning while saving on the training time.
Chapter 17 “Quantitative Assessment of Local Warm-
ing Based on Complex Urban Dynamics Using Remote
Sensing Techniques” (by L. Saganeiti, Angela Pilogallo,
Francesco Scorza, Valentina Santarsiero, Gabriele Nole
and Beniamino Murgante) is concerned with urban growth,
which is one of the cornerstones of sustainable develop-
ment policies that require to be implemented at initial states
for a well-managed urbanization process and experience.
The chapter provides a simultaneous analysis of the vari-
ations of land surface temperature and urbanized environ-
ment over a period of 15 years within two regions that
differ in size, population density, and growth dynamics.
The research also provides an appealing and innovative
contribution to grasp the relationships between urban
growth spatial patterns and the urban thermal environment.
Detailed analyses presented in the chapter are beneficial in
supporting decision-making processes underlying future
urban policies and assessment of development scenarios
with regard to quality of life, environmental sustainability
and preservation of ecosystems.
Chapter 18 “Managing Information Security Risk and
Internet of Things Impact on Challenges of Medicinal
Problems with Complex Settings: a Complete Systematic
Approach” (by Eali Stephen Neal Joshua, Debnath Bhatta-
charyya and N. Thirupathi Rao), discovers the crossway of
healthcare and significant data, providing details with respect
to information security, different vulnerabilities in health-
care, data breaches, distributed denial of service assaults,
insider threats, information security in healthcare, health
information privacy and security, and various information
threat elements regarding medical health reports. The chapter
also points out the impact of IoT in medical problems, IoT in
healthcare, and challenges in IoT in medical problems. The
information threats are outlined in detail in the chapter,
which presents the challenges of medicinal problems using
IoT through a case study that shows the efficiency of IoT
owing to exponentially increasing patient monitoring (blood
pressure monitoring, glucose monitoring, and pulse rate
monitoring) in the healthcare plans.
Chapter 19 is entitled “An Extensive Discussion on Uti-
lization of Data Security and Big Data Models for Resolving
Complex Healthcare Problems” (by N. Thirupathi Rao,
Debnath Bhattacharyya and Eali Stephen Neal Joshua), and it
is concerned with the utilization of technology in the health-
care settings with a focus on the employment of the IoT
technology, providing an extensive elaboration of its oppor-
tunities, benefits, impacts, existing gaps, security threats and
adaptive frameworks that need to be developed. The chapter,
with updated information for our current time, presents
detailed discussions on big data in healthcare, information
security, confidentiality, integrity, and availability by
considering the related stakeholders in the area that are the
physicians, patients, hospitals and insurance companies. The
chapter presents the complex system with its components in
various healthcare domains, and this attribute concerns many
different disciplines including but not limited to medicine,
microbiology, biomedical engineering, computer science and
big data analytics. Awareness into and efficient management
of all the components involved is noted to have benefits for the
patients who will be knowledgeable in terms of pertinent
medical resources and faith in healthcare professionals. In
addition, access into a variety of medical services based on
technological devices will be of great benefit to all the stake-
holders and complex settings.
We are of the opinion and anticipation that our edited
book will provide new dimensions into layers of
complexity thinking, momentum to progressive ideas into
complexity, complexity thinking and processes, and above
all out-of-the-box way of thinking for everyone interested
in the theory, applications and modeling of complexity and
different complex systems.
September, 2021
Yeliz Karaca
University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, United States
Dumitru Baleanu
Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey and Institute of
Space Sciences, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania
Yu-Dong Zhang
University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Osvaldo Gervasi
University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
Majaz Moonis
University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, MA, United States
Acknowledgment
Yeliz Karaca would like to express her deep respect and
gratitude to her family members: her mother, Fahrive Ekecik
Karaca; her father, Emin Karaca; and her brother, Mehmet
Karaca and his family who have always provided unconditional
true love, offering all kinds of support all the way through. Yeliz
Karaca is also sincerely indebted to her ancestor, late grand-
father, Hasan Hüseyin Ekecik, holding the superiority service
award by the Turkish Grand National Assembly for his bene-
ficial contributions in public welfare, education and social
development both at national and international scales, whom
she has taken as an esteemed role model in her life.
Dumitru Baleanu would like to thank his wife
Mihaela-Cristina for her continuous support.
Yu-Dong Zhang would like to express his acknowl-
edgment to all his family members, including his wife and
son, who support his research work all the time.
Osvaldo Gervasi would like to express his deepest
thanks for the continuous support in the course of his work
to his wife Lorella Giovannelli and his children Marta,
Andrea and Damiano and to his parents Loretta Pucci and
Angelo Gervasi for the profound values that Osvaldo
Gervasi was able to transmit to his children.
Majaz Moonis is deeply grateful to his father Professor
Moonis Raza who taught and encouraged the idea of
research, his mother and wife who in all adversities stood
behind him and made it possible to continue his work.
xvii
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Chapter 1
Introduction
Yeliz Karaca1 and Dumitru Baleanu2, 3
1
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States; 2Çankaya University, Ankara, Turkey; 3Institute of Space Science,
Magurele, Bucharest, Romania
Complexity, having existed since antiquity, entails the
understanding of the complex components’ origin, with
meticulous computations and causal processes. Nonline-
arity, self-organization, adaptation, synchronization, noise,
a high number of descriptive variables or dimensions
involved in the description of differential equation systems,
and reaction to responses in the external environment are
some of the numerous characteristics of a complex system
in which multiple interactions emerge. Along these lines,
complexity thinking and theory, one of the basic premises
of which is the acknowledging of the existence of a hidden
order to the behavior and evolution of complex systems,
requires a horizon that takes the subtle and hidden prop-
erties of different domains into account, necessitating their
own means of optimized solutions and applicability.
Bearing in mind the quote by Stephen Hawking: I think the
next [21st] century will be the century of complexity is
critically significant not only for this era but also for on-
wards. Accordingly, the idea of complexity is stated to be
part of a new unifying framework for science and a revo-
lution in our understanding of systems the behavior of
which has proved to be difficult in terms of prediction,
management and control.
In a complex system, different and multiple ways need
to be contemplated for the provision of solutions and
sorting out the problems. The system is likely to change
depending on these selections, which shows us the complex
systems’ adaptiveness. And, the more insight is developed,
the answers to the problems keep changing which enables
more learning in the process. Given this, modern science
has embarked on the attempts for a thorough, holistic,
multifaceted and accurate interpretation of natural and
physical phenomena, which has proven to provide suc-
cessful models for the analysis of complex systems and
harnessing of control over the various related processes.
Computational complexity, in this regard, comes to the
foreground by providing the applicable sets of ideas and/or
Multi-Chaos, Fractal and Multi-Fractional Artificial Intelligence of Different Complex Systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90032-4.00013-4
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
integrative paradigms to recognize and understand the
intricate properties and dynamics of many different com-
plex systems. The lenses of such transformative thinking in
conjunction with mathematics-informed frameworks
encompass chaos, fractal and multi-fractional ways as well
as the indispensable incorporation of technology, with
Artificial Intelligence, as a far-reaching leg, which are all
essentially required to be capable of addressing and tack-
ling complexity manifesting chaotic, nonlinear, and dy-
namic characteristics.
Chaos refers to irregular and unpredictable behavior
characterized by sensitive reliance on initial conditions. The
tendency of nature toward pattern formation, iteration and
creation of order out of chaos all point to the generation of
expectations of predictability. Chaos and its study in con-
sort with the advances in scientific realm are important
roots of modern study of complex systems that display
dynamic, nonlinear, open qualities and interconnection
with the environment constituting many interacting com-
ponents, with new unanticipated patterns emerging. Chaos,
in this context, is said to have somehow strict definitions
portraying a nonlinear world, addressing deterministic
systems with trajectories diverging exponentially in time,
which is also among the properties of behaviors in complex
systems. In mathematics and physics, chaos theory is
concerned with the nonlinear dynamical systems’ behavior,
which under certain circumstances exhibits a phenomenon
referred to as chaos marked by sensitivity to initial
conditions.
Fractals are also components of dynamic systems, being
the images thereof, driven by recursion, which is to say the
image of chaos. Accordingly, fractals are used for modeling
structures where patterns recur repeatedly and describe
random or chaotic phenomena. For the handling of
complex systems, the concept of progressive smoothness
on finer scales may not always prove to be useful as a
starting point from mathematical point of view. This
1
2 Multi-Chaos, Fractal and Multi-Fractional Artificial Intelligence of Different Complex Systems
acknowledgment is important as a fundamental change in
outlook when traditional geometry studying the properties
of objects and spaces with integral dimensions is not useful.
Effective fractional dimensions of objects, named as frac-
tals, are integrated into an integral dimension space. Being
never-ending patterns, fractals can be curves or geometric
figures, with each part appearing to be the same as the whole
pattern, which is called self-similarity brought about by a
process or function’s iterative repetition. Fractals are, in
other words, images of dynamic systems driven by recur-
sion, namely the image of chaos. Fractals are employed to
model structures in which patterns recur in a repeated way
and to describe random or chaotic phenomena.
The advent of increasing capacity of computational
processes in numerical methods, interest in fractional de-
rivative equations (FDEs) has been on the rise to be able to
represent complex physical courses where dynamics may
not be as accurately detected through classical differential
equations. Fractional dynamics, in this regard, refers to
such systems for which derivatives and integrals of frac-
tional orders are employed to describe objects likely to be
characterized by power-law nonlocality, fractal properties,
or long-range dependence. For this reason, fractional-order
system model can be regarded as a key for describing the
system performance in a better way, with predictive reli-
ability and applicability. In view of these concepts and
challenges, it is important not to disregard data reliability,
chaos thinking and processes, fractal thinking and pro-
cesses, as well as artificial intelligence way of thinking and
processes around complexity as the common theme under
consideration. The related computational processes with
broad applications in integration with fractals, multi-
fractals, fractional methods, chaos, nonlinear dynamical
properties, stochastic elements and so forth can provide
systematic optimized solutions. Furthermore, computa-
tional technologies, with machine learning as the core
component of AI, enjoy the broad use and transformative
impacts enabling us to train complex data to automate or
augment some of the critical human skills. Hence, the
crosscutting nature of AI provides motivational power to
formulize research in a systematic way. Artificial neural
networks (ANNs), which are networks of computer systems
inspired by the human brain and biological neural networks
have the capability of learning and modeling complex,
dynamic and nonlinear relationships. As the simplification,
abstraction and simulation of the human brain, ANNs also
reflect the related fundamental characteristics of this com-
plex organ. Thus, optimized solutions need to be conceived
and applied in a facilitating way and efficiently with some
required degree of flexibility, too. Considering the impact
of data technologies vis-à-vis all aspects of conditions of
modern era and life, it becomes highly important to
establish a balance between data use and ethical matters.
Computational technologies in different complex systems
based on mathematical-driven informed frameworks can
enable the generation of more realistic, applicable, adaptive
models open to learning and flexibility under transient,
dynamic, chaotic and ever-evolving conditions of different
complex systems.
To put it differently, complexity along with all the
variations in networks and systems demonstrates that the
decisions made are not based on one single parameter per
se, but also on multiple numbers of parameters with hid-
den and subtle information being at stake. To this end,
multifarious adaptive methods within mathematics-
informed frameworks have gained prominence for the
optimized solution of complex problems. This will enable
us to ensure that solution is not superficial or pretentious
but reliable, robust, and smooth enabling the maintenance
of quality, sustainability and meritocracy.
The overarching aim of this book is to address the need
concerning novel analytic strategies and mathematical
modeling to achieve reliable and optimized global solutions
with regard to Multi-chaos, Fractal, and Multi-fractional in
the era of Artificial Intelligence, which requires the indis-
pensable integration of advanced mathematical models and
AI for a much smarter level of blended systems in complex
settings. Appealing to an interdisciplinary network of sci-
entists and researchers to disseminate the theory and
application of Multi-chaos, Fractal, and Multi-fractional AI
of Different Complex Systems in medicine, neurology,
mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, information
theory, engineering, computer science, social sciences and
other far-reaching domains, the primary focus is to enable
the provision of global and optimized robust solutions
distinctively with a perspective through multifarious
methods, different from the conventional perspective, as
directed toward paradoxical situations, different uncertain
processes, nonlinear dynamic systems inherent in complex
systems.
Based on these ideas and consideration, the prominent
objectives of our edited book can be outlined as follows:
- Constructing and presenting a multifarious approach for
critical decision-making processes embodying para-
doxes and uncertainty,
- Combining theory and applications with regard to
multi-chaos, fractal and multi-fractional AI of different
complex systems and many-body systems,
- Enabling the provision of global and optimized robust
solutions distinctively with a perspective through
multifarious methods and mathematics-informed
frameworks, as different from the conventional
perspective,
- Providing an outlook directed toward the prediction and
management of paradoxical situations, different uncer-
tain processes, and nonlinear dynamic components
inherent in a given complex system,

- Facilitating the dissemination of theory and application
of multi-chaos, fractal, and multi-fractional AI in
different complex systems of various areas,
- Establishing a balance between data use and ethical
matters while employing computational technologies
in different complex systems of numerous domains,
- Acting as a bridge between application of advanced
computational mathematical methods and AI based on
comprehensive analyses and broad theories.
Accordingly, each chapter of this edited book addresses
different uncertain processes inherent in the complex sys-
tems and attempts to provide accurate, flexible, global, and
robust optimized solutions distinctively, with a perspective
through the related multifarious methods fit for the content.
To this end, this edited book of ours foregrounds Multi-
chaos, Fractal and Multi-fractional in the era of Artificial
Intelligence, which definitely requires the integration of
advanced mathematical models and mathematics-informed
frameworks as well as AI addressing fractal, fractional
calculus, fractional operators, quantum, wavelet, entropy-
based applications apart from the means of modeling,
technical analyses, and numerical simulations as some of
the most extensively used methods for the solution of
related multifaceted problems characterized by nonline-
arity, nonregularity, self-similarity and many other prop-
erties, frequently encountered in different complex systems.
Motivated by the aforementioned considerations, the
content of the chapters along with their novel aspects are
outlined as follows.
Chapter 2 entitled “Theory of Complexity, Origin and
Complex Systems” (by Yeliz Karaca) attempts to encom-
pass the possible dimensions of complex systems in
different fields focusing on origin-related, historical,
evolutionary and epistemological viewpoints of complexity
with the goal of providing a global understanding thereof,
taking into consideration the various multiple interacting
factors of systems. In addition, through the presentation of
complex order processes toward modern scientific path, it
aims to understand the related conditions and demands for
handling complex problems of the 21st century and on-
wards. It, furthermore, intends to elaborate on accounts of
past, present and future in different complex systems,
which can help us adopt a deeper understanding and
implement the steps along the way. By providing the
complex order processes toward modern scientific path,
from Darwin and onwards, a conceptual outline is also
presented along with the details of complexity and complex
systems. Complex systems, complexity thinking and the-
ory, in fact, can broaden the horizon and scope of modern
way of thinking, which needs to depend on transition from
evolutionary dimension as a revolutionary stage and as a
new paradigm for natural sciences and social sciences.
Therefore, the characterization, definition, analysis and
Introduction Chapter | 1 3
understanding of complex systems include a powerful
relation between variables, sensitivity to initial control as
well as strange, nonperiodic and unpredictable time evo-
lution. Overall, this detailed presentation aims to ensure
that the foundation for the complex systems’ interpretations
can be explored in different related areas of complexity.
Chapter 3 named “Multi-chaos, Fractal and Multi-
fractional AI in Different Complex Systems” (by Yeliz
Karaca) provides an overview that includes multi-chaos,
fractal, fractional and Artificial Intelligence (AI) way of
thinking regarding the solution of the complex system
problems concerned with natural and social sciences.
Moreover, ethical decision-making frameworks and strate-
gies related to big data and AI applications are provided in
detail for the purpose of enabling assistance to identify the
related problems in different settings and thinking
methodically in order that tensions between conflicting
aspects can be managed in a systematic way. Data reli-
ability and complexity, chaos thinking and processes and
complexity, fractal thinking and processes and complexity,
fractional thinking and processes and complexity, finally,
AI way of thinking and processes and complexity are
among the points elaborated in the chapter. Thus, the
chapter is directed toward modern scientific thinking which
has to adopt the systemic properties, addressing them by
revealing the spontaneous processes pertaining to self-
organization in a dynamical system in a state far from the
equilibrium point and close to the disequilibrium point with
no existence of an external force acting on the system. This
way of thinking, naturally, poses a challenge against
reductionist way of thinking and the dichotomy between
the natural world and social world, by considering the
concepts around complexity, evolution and order in detail.
Chapter 4 named “High Performance Computing and
Computational Intelligence Applications with Multi-chaos
Perspective” (by Damiano Perri, Marco Simonetti,
Osvaldo Gervasi and Sergio Tasso) addresses the experi-
ence of the COVID-19 pandemic which has actually
accelerated many chaotic processes in modern society be-
sides pronouncing the urge to understand complex pro-
cesses to achieve common well-being in a very serious and
emergent way. The main contribution of the chapter is
directed to the set of best practices and case studies, which
provide assistance to the researchers while handling
computationally complex problems. By analyzing different
technologies and applications, complex phenomena are
sought to be understood in the environment with ever
increasing complexity bearing in mind different elements
such as technology, algorithms and changing lifestyles,
while striving to achieve maximum efficiency as well as
outcomes besides protecting the integrity of individuals’
personal data and, above all, respecting the human being as
a whole. The chapter considers that all these challenges
impose a radical change in many different areas, including
4 Multi-Chaos, Fractal and Multi-Fractional Artificial Intelligence of Different Complex Systems
ones related to computational resources, which makes it
very important to manage complex problems brought about
by multi-chaotic situations. One section of the chapter is on
computational intelligence, with the description of some of
the techniques that enable the acceleration of complex
problems’ resolution by exploiting the potential provided
by machine learning techniques (like Multi-layer Percep-
tron and Convolutional Neural Network) that can attain
dimensions which used to be unimaginable in the past. The
chapter also deals with the features of a quantum computer,
which can process data at a rate exponentially faster than a
classical computer. Taken together, the chapter provides a
general sketch of various topics which could be of help to
researchers and developers to deal with complex and
chaotic situations within the scope of machine learning and
the issue of privacy including the recent related
regulations.
Chapter 5 bears the title of “Human Hypercomplexity,
Error and Unpredictability in Complex Multi-Chaotic So-
cial Systems” (by Piero Dominici), which has the outlook
that traditional linear models and deterministic approaches
can no longer be capable of the analysis of reality’s un-
stable dynamics. The chapter provides perspectives on the
complexity of living energy and living beings; 12 essential
planes of awareness; the characteristics of complicated,
complex and hypercomplex systems; epistemology of error
as well as complex and chaotic characteristics of social
systems. The author of the chapter provides insights into
the ambivalent nature of complexity, cognitive, subjective,
social, ecological and ethical aspects of complexity
including linguistics and communication as well as a
“culture of communication.” Given that, hypercomplexity
is not an option; but a fact of life. However, the problem-
atics is related to the condition that we have not been
trained and educated to recognize it, much less to inhabit it.
Thus, it is important to bear in mind that complexity is a
structural characteristic of human groups, relations, social
systems and the biological world.
Chapter 6 entitled “Multifractal Complexity Analysis-
Based Dynamic Media Text Categorization Models by
Natural Language Processing with BERT” (by Yeliz
Karaca, Yu-Dong Zhang, Ahu Dereli Dursun and Shui-Hua
Wang) addresses the challenges and complexity pertaining
to media texts. Due to properties like being unstructured,
noisy and nonstandard, accurate conveyance of meaning
becomes problematic and against this background, the
study aims at ensuring regularity and self-similarity within
the digital-based complex media text by multi-fractal
methods, which are multifractal Bayesian, multifractal
regularization and multifractal wavelet shrinkage. Bidirec-
tional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)
as the Natural Language Processing (NLP) method is
employed to attain the accurate classification and catego-
rization of the words within texts in the dataset. The related
steps of the integrative method proposed in the study in-
cludes regularity enhancement by the application of the
three aforementioned multifractal methods to the text
dataset. By obtaining the significant, self-similar and reg-
ular attributes, new datasets were generated with the
respective application of the multifractal methods. Subse-
quently, BERT, as the NLP technique, was employed to the
text dataset and the three new datasets were obtained for the
classification purposes. In this way, accurate word detection
within the text for the category classification was ensured
for the analyses. The analysis results for the text dataset and
the new datasets were compared by BERT and the most
optimal result could be attained by multifractal Bayesian
method. The study enunciates the significance of the
behavioral patterns of fractal while setting forth the
distinctive quality of BERT owing to its capability of
classification accuracy and adaptiveness into integrated
methodologies.
Chapter 7 (Part I) entitled “Mittag-Leffler Functions with
Heavy-tailed Distributions’ Algorithm based on Different
Biology Datasets to be Fit for Optimum Mathematical
Models’ Strategies” (by Dumitru Baleanu and Yeliz Karaca)
is motivated by the challenge of integrating fractional cal-
culus in cases of complexity, which requires an effective use
of empirical, numerical, experimental and analytical
methods to tackle complexity. One of the most noteworthy
tools in the fractional calculus context is noted to be the
Mittag-Leffler (ML) functions whose distributions have
extensive application domains while dealing with irregular
and nonhomogeneous environments for the solutions of
dynamic problems. The proposed integrated approach in this
chapter addresses the Mittag-Leffler (ML) function with two
parameters for the purpose of investigating the dynamics of
two diseases: cancer cell and diabetes. The following are the
steps of the study: ML function with two parameters was
applied to the biological datasets, namely the cancer cell
dataset and diabetes dataset. It was aimed to obtain new
datasets (ml_cancer cell dataset and ml_diabetes dataset)
with significant attributes for the diagnosis, prognosis and
classification of diseases. Next, heavy-tailed distributions,
which are Mittag-Leffler distribution, Pareto distribution,
Cauchy distribution and Weibull distribution, were applied
to the new datasets obtained. The comparison of them was
done relating to the performances by employing the log
likelihood value and the Akaike Information Criterion
(AIC). Following these steps, the ML functions that repre-
sent the cancer cell and diabetes data were identified so that
the two parameters Ea;b ðzÞ which yield the optimum value
based on the distributions fit could be found. By finding the
most significant attributes with heavy-tailed distributions

(The Mittag-Leffler distribution, Pareto distribution, Cauchy
distribution and Weibull distribution) based on Mittag-
Leffler function with two parameters ða; bÞ, the diagnosis,
prognosis, and classification of the diseases were ensured in
the chapter. The integrative scheme proposed along with the
optimal strategical means were for the accurate and robust
mathematical models’ strategies concerning the diagnosis
and progress of the diseases. Accordingly, the results ob-
tained demonstrate that the integrative approach with
Mittag-Leffler with heavy-tailed distribution algorithm is
applicable, fitting very well to the related data with the
robust parameter values observed and estimated in transient
chaotic and unpredictable settings.
Chapter 8 (Part II) has the title “Artificial Neural
Network Modeling of Systems Biology Datasets Fit Based
on Mittag-Leffler Functions with Heavy-tailed Distributions
for Diagnostic and Predictive Precision Medicine” (by Yeliz
Karaca and Dumitru Baleanu), which obtains the generation
of optimum model strategies for different biology datasets
along with the Mittag-Leffler functions with heavy-tailed
distributions. The integrative modeling scheme proposed
in the chapter is concerned with the applicability and reli-
ability of the solutions obtained by the two-parametric
Mittag-Leffler functions with heavy-tailed distributions.
Accordingly, the proposed integrated approach in this
chapter investigates the dynamics of diseases related to
biological elements. Emerging in the different solutions of
varying complex biological systems, the ML function with
two parameters was applied to the biological dataset,
namely cancer cell and diabetes and the new datasets were
generated. The heavy-tailed distributions (The Mittag-
Leffler distribution, Pareto distribution, Cauchy distribu-
tion and Weibull distribution) were applied to the new
datasets obtained with their comparison performed in rela-
tion to the performances (by employing the log likelihood
value and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC)). ML
functions that represent the cancer cell and diabetes data
were identified so that the two parameters Ea;b ðzÞ yielding
the optimum value based on the distributions fit could be
found. Subsequently, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), as one
of the ANN algorithms, was applied for the diagnostic and
predictive purpose of the disease related to the optimized
ML functions that represent the cancer cell and diabetes
datasets obtained and the performances of the ML functions
with heavy-tailed distributions were compared with ANN
training functions (Levenberg-Marquart, Bayes Regulari-
zation and BFGS-Quasi-Newton). The results based on
mathematical models demonstrate that the integrative
approach with Mittag-Leffler and ANN applications is
applicable and also fits very well to the related data with the
robust parameter values observed and estimated. The inte-
gration of ANN with the self-organization and self-learning
capability in pattern identification and recognition along
Introduction Chapter | 1 5
with the rational thinking and acting ability while making
inferences and decisions based on past experience has also
been shown to be critical. Since AI enables the building of
precise models to avoid unpredictable risks and identify
opportunities in nonlinear complex situations, its integration
in precision medicine is also foregrounded in this chapter.
Chapter 9 named “Computational Fractional-Order
Calculus and Classical Calculus AI for Comparative
Differentiability Prediction Analyses of Complex-systems-
grounded Paradigm” (by Yeliz Karaca and Dumitru
Baleanu) aims to provide an intermediary facilitating
function both for the physicians and individuals through
establishing an accurate and robust model based on the
integration of fractional-order calculus and ANN for
the diagnostic and differentiability predictive purposes with
the diseases which display highly complex properties. The
integrative and multi-staged approach proposed in the
chapter includes the application of the Caputo fractional
derivative with two-parametric Mittag-Leffler function on
the stroke dataset and cancer cell dataset. The establishing
of new fractional models with varying degrees is performed
and the reason why the Mittag-Leffler function has been
opted is for its distributions of extensive application do-
mains, which can enable it to handle irregular and hetero-
geneous environments for the solution of dynamic
problems. Subsequently, the new datasets related to cancer
cell and stroke were obtained by employing Caputo frac-
tional derivative with the two-parametric Mittag-Leffler
function. Furthermore, classical calculus is applied to the
raw datasets; and the performance of the new datasets as
obtained from the Caputo fractional derivative with the
two-parametric Mittag-Leffler function, the datasets ob-
tained from the classical calculus application and the raw
datasets is compared by using Feed Forward Back Propa-
gation (FFBP), as one of the algorithms of ANN. As per the
accuracy rate results obtained, the FFBP application, the
suitability of the Caputo fractional-order derivative model
for the diseases has been demonstrated. The experimental
results obtained by this chapter also point to the applica-
bility of the complex-systems-grounded paradigm scheme
as has been proposed. It should also be noted that modeling
many complex systems can be possible by fractional-order
derivatives based on fractional calculus so that related
syntheses can be realized robustly and effectively. Conse-
quently, computational complexity is shown to provide us
with applicable sets of ideas or integrative paradigms to
recognize and understand the intricate properties of com-
plex systems.
Entitled “Pattern Formation Induced by Fractional-order
Diffusive Model of COVID-19,” Chapter 10 (by Naveed
Iqbal and Yeliz Karaca) provides the investigation of the
Turing instability produced by fractional diffusion in a
COVID-19 model. Considering that differential
6 Multi-Chaos, Fractal and Multi-Fractional Artificial Intelligence of Different Complex Systems
equations with complex order fractional derivatives enable
the regulation of complicated fractional systems, positive
equilibrium points have been initially specified and Routh-
Hurwitz criteria are used for the assessment of the positive
equilibrium point’s stability. Local equilibrium points and
stability analysis have been employed to find the conditions
for Turing instability. The analysis, by looking into the
system’s dynamical behavior and the bifurcation point
centered on the death rate, aims to serve as a leverage for
further studies in different disciplines concerning COVID-
19 model through the lenses of distinct viewpoints. The
results of the analyses reveal the highly complex connec-
tion between COVID-19 and fractional order diffusion, the
turing bifurcation point, and weakly nonlinear analysis used
in the fractional-order dynamics discussed in the chapter.
The Turing bifurcation point and weakly nonlinear analysis
used throughout the complex fractional-order dynamics
handled in the chapter are particularly relevant experi-
mentally and computationally since the related effects can
be examined and utilized in numerous mathematical,
chemical, and ecological models, along with engineering,
computer science, bioengineering, information science,
applied sciences and virology as well as other related areas.
Within this scale, fractional calculus is known to unfold the
fundamental mechanisms and multi-scale dynamic phe-
nomena in biological tissues. The results of the chapter are
important in terms of showing that, on a quantitative basis,
they can be extended to a variety of statistical, physical,
engineering, biological and further related models.
Chapter 11 whose title is “Prony’s Series in Time and
Frequency Domains and Relevant Fractional Models” (by
Jordan Hristov) addresses Prony’s series approximation of
monotonical responses in material viscoelastic rheology as
well as the possibilities of implementation on such a basis
depending on modern fractional operations with non-
singular kernels, namely the Caputo-Fabrizio operator. The
chapter also provides the outline of the origins of Prony’s
series in time and frequency domains along with the rele-
vant approximation and calculation techniques. The results
of the study expose the mutual relationships between the
operators with singular and nonsingular kernels. The
chapter sheds light on what type of operators are applicable
in models fitting and modeling their experimental data. In
this way, contributions in pure mathematics and experi-
mental aspects are put forth. Consequently, the elaboration
and application of Prony’s series are said to be extended to
modeling problems emerging in mechanical engineering,
chemical engineering as well as other related disciplines.
Chapter 12 is entitled “A Chain of Kinetic Equations of
Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon and Its Applica-
tion to Nonequilibrium Complex Systems” (by Nicolai (Jr)
Bogoliubov, Mukhayo Rasulova, Tohir Akramov and
Umarbek Vazov) which is devoted to the study of the
Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon chain of kinetic
equations (BBGKYchke) and its applications to modern
problems of physics. The chapter focuses on the need of
creating a mathematical apparatus which fulfills the exist-
ing theory of one-particle systems and systems made up of
a huge number of particles. A unique object which satisfies
the related conditions is the BBGKYchke as obtained from
the Liouville equation for many particles. Two types of
BBGKY chains are addressed for both classical and
quantum particle systems. And, in contrast with the Liou-
ville equation, the BBGKYchke has collision integrals. The
first approximation coincides with the well-known Boltz-
mann, Vlasov and Landau equations, while the last equa-
tions provide the description of the evolution of one or two
particles in modern physics. In the chapter, the example of
quantum many-particle systems has been provided, which
shows how the use of the BBGKYchqke, one-particle
problems can be generalized for the case of nonequilib-
rium systems that consist of interacting particles within a
kinetic theory framework. The chapter concerns such
nonequilibrium particle systems interacting with the
generalized Yukawa potential as well. Overall, the solution
of the BBGKYchqke for generalized Yukava potential
(gYp) is provided, and solving of the BBGKYchqke with
the gYp for systems of many type particles is elaborated on.
Finally, the Gross-Pitaevsky equation is derived based on
the BBGKYchqke.
Chapter 13 named “Hearing Loss Detection in Complex
Setting by Stationary Wavelet Rényi Entropy and Three-
segment Biogeography-based Optimization” (by Yabei Li
and Junding Sun) addresses another health problem which
is hearing loss that decreases the life quality of individuals.
The main objective of the research is to improve the ac-
curacy and efficiency of detecting images in sensorineural
hearing loss through a new solution. The chapter includes
the proposal of an improved feature extraction method
stationary wavelet Rényi entropy (SWRE) as well as opti-
mization algorithm for model and feature extraction,
namely three-segment biogeography-based optimization
(3SBBO). It is noted that the current hearing loss detection
methods have only a fixed scheme of feature extraction
process and optimization mostly for classifiers. The ex-
periments conducted demonstrate high rates of sensitivities,
which corroborate the fact that the approach adopted in the
research has attained a state-of-the-art performance and can
be applied in the diagnosis of hearing loss.
Chapter 14 entitled “Shannon Entropy-based
Complexity Quantification of Nonlinear Stochastic Pro-
cess: Diagnostic and Predictive Spatio-temporal Uncer-
tainty of Multiple Sclerosis Subgroups” (by Yeliz Karaca
and Majaz Moonis) considers the growth of complexity,
which in more nonlinear and complicated instances,
evolves with increasing information and entropy in a
monotonous way. Complex dynamic characteristics of
systems based on entropy require a detailed specification

and synthesis of the intricate elements as the system gets
more and more complex. Thus, the chapter carries the aim
of facilitating the accurate classification and course of three
subgroups of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), namely Relapsing
Remitting (RRMS), Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS),
Primary Progressive MS (PPMS), which is a debilitating
neurological disease. For this particular aim, an entropy-
based feature selection method (Shannon Entropy and
Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance) as well as
linear transformation methods (Principal Component
Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis) were applied to
the MS dataset, from which four new datasets with sig-
nificant attributes were generated. In addition, each new
dataset obtained was addressed as input for the training
procedure of k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and decision tree
algorithms. Finally, the accuracy rates for the MS sub-
groups’ classification were analyzed comparatively based
on the optimized experimental results which demonstrate
that Shannon Entropy, as a distinctive entropy method,
proved to be higher in terms of accuracy compared to the
other feature selection methods. The chapter, therefore,
intends to point a new perspective, with a multi-level
aspect, for critical decision-making and manageable
tracking in medicine and relevant fields, which all need to
cope with the complex dynamic systems in which uncer-
tainty and heterogeneity prevail.
Chapter 15 entitled “Chest X-ray Image Detection for
Pneumonia via Complex Convolutional Neural Network
and Biogeography-based Optimization” (by Xiang Li,
Mengyao Zhai and Junding Sun) proposes a novel chest X-
ray image detection for pneumonia, which is stated to be a
leading reason for death among children and afflict the
elderly worldwide. The detection model proposed by the
authors is based on the combination of complex convolu-
tional neural network (CNN) and biogeography-based
optimization (BBO). It is proven that the model has
higher sensitivity and accuracy in terms of detecting the
pneumonia-related chest X-ray images with a detection
performance being significantly better than that of
advanced approaches within complex medical settings. The
utilization of BBO, which is employed as the global opti-
mization algorithm of the related model, has the benefit of
optimizing the stride size of the convolution kernel on CNN
to obtain better detection effects with less model training
cost.
Chapter 16 entitled “Complex Facial Expression
Recognition by DenseNet-121” (by Bin Li) is on facial
expression recognition system, which has gradually been
integrated into different fields of our lives with the advent
of artificial intelligence era. The application prospects of
intelligent face recognition via computer technology are
very extensive, and can also be applied to the diagnosis of
facial paralysis in the field of medicine. The chapter han-
dles the complex nature of facial expression since it
Introduction Chapter | 1 7
involves emodiversity and emotional complexity and
makes the point that facial expression recognition is a
difficult task which may also bring about some problems
such as low accuracy and poor generalization ability of
network model recognition. To address such challenges, the
author of the chapter has proposed a DenseNet-121 image
feature extraction method, combined with convolutional
neural network (CNN) for facial expression recognition.
For this, the principle and method that this model can
quickly and accurately recognize human facial expressions
have been analyzed. Afterward, the experimental analysis
has been carried out. The experimental results prove that
the network model proposed has high precision and
robustness with a good ability of generalization. The pre-
sentation of an improved face emotion recognition system
proposed employing a method based on densely connected
neural network also helps in avoiding complex feature
extraction required by traditional deep learning and also
saving the training time.
Chapter 17 is named “Quantitative Assessment of Local
Warming Based on Complex Urban Dynamics Using
Remote Sensing Techniques” (by L.Saganeiti, Angela
Pilogallo, Francesco Scorza, Valentina Santarsiero, Gabri-
ele Nolè and Beniamino Murgante), which is concerned
with urban growth, which is one of the cornerstones of
sustainable development policies that require to be put into
practice at initial states for a well-managed urbanization
process and experience. Demographic qualities and city’s
growth as well as the consequent need to densify urban
aggregates are noted to be increasingly conflicting with the
theme of livability of urban spaces and the services they
provide for the well-being of the citizens. Accordingly, the
chapter provides a simultaneous analysis of the variations
of land surface temperature and urbanized environment
over a period of 15 years within two regions that differ in
size, population density, and growth dynamics. The results
reveal a much more marked increase in all of these com-
ponents as regards minimum temperatures in areas where
urbanization has been matched by a decrease in the number
of aggregates. The research, as presented in this chapter,
provides an appealing and innovative contribution to un-
derstand the relationships between urban growth spatial
patterns and the urban thermal environment. Detailed ana-
lyses with this sort of approach presented in the chapter are
considered to be beneficial in supporting decision-making
processes that underlie future urban policies and assess-
ment of development scenarios with regard to quality of
life, environmental sustainability and preservation of
ecosystems.
Chapter 18 is entitled “Managing Information Security
Risk and Internet of Things (IoT) Impact on Challenges of
Medicinal Problems with Complex Settings: A Complete
Systematic Approach” (by Eali Stephen Neal Joshua,
Debnath Bhattacharyya and N. Thirupathi Rao), which
8 Multi-Chaos, Fractal and Multi-Fractional Artificial Intelligence of Different Complex Systems
discovers the crossway of healthcare and significant data.
The chapter provides details regarding information security,
various vulnerabilities in healthcare, data breaches,
distributed denial of service (DDoS) assaults, insider
threats, information security in healthcare, health informa-
tion privacy and security as well as various information
threat elements regarding medical health reports. The
chapter also points out the impact of IoT in medical
problems, IoT in healthcare, challenges in IoT in medical
problems (data security and privacy, integration: multiple
devices and protocols, data overload and accuracy and cost)
as well as applications of IoT in healthcare. The informa-
tion threats are outlined in detail in the chapter which
presents the challenges of medicinal problems using IoT
through a case study that demonstrates the efficiency of IoT
as a result of exponentially increasing patient monitoring
(blood pressure monitoring, glucose monitoring, and pulse
rate monitoring) in the healthcare plans. The application
created is also important since it integrates personal and
enterprise medical IoT applications for the centralization of
medical statistics and providing a unified dashboard.
Last but not least, Chapter 19 is entitled “An Extensive
Discussion on Utilization of Data Security and Big Data
Models for Resolving Complex Healthcare Problems” (by
N. Thirupathi Rao, Debnath Bhattacharyya and Eali Ste-
phen Neal Joshua); and it is concerned with the utilization of
technology in the healthcare settings with a focus on the
employment of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology,
providing an extensive elaboration of its opportunities,
benefits, impacts, existing gaps, security threats as well as
adaptive frameworks that need to be developed. The chap-
ter, with updated information for our current time, presents
detailed discussions on big data in health care, information
security, confidentiality, integrity and availability by
considering the related stakeholders in the area that are the
physicians, patients, hospitals and insurance companies.
The chapter presents the complex system with its compo-
nents in various healthcare domains, and this attribute
concerns many different disciplines including but not
limited to medicine, microbiology, biomedical engineering,
computer science and big data analytics. Awareness into
and efficient management of all the components involved
are noted to have benefits for the patients who will be
knowledgeable in terms of pertinent medical resources and
faith in healthcare professionals. In addition, access into a
variety of medical services based on technological devices
will be of great benefit to all the stakeholders and settings.
By addressing different uncertain processes inherent in
complex systems and providing global and robust opti-
mized solutions distinctively, with a perspective through
multifarious methods, this comprehensive book attempts
to bridge some gaps by the presentation of novel methods,
integrative adaptive methods within mathematics-informed
frameworks and related applications which have all
become prominent to solve complex problems. The
fundamental aspects of complexity require to be addressed
in a way to capture the universal features, which requires
the transcending of particular domains relying on medical,
neurological, mathematical, physical, biological, chemical,
information-based, engineering, social, sociological, phil-
osophical and epistemological perspectives as elaborated
theoretically and exemplified through technical analyses,
modeling, optimization processes, numerical simulations,
case studies, as well as applications in our edited book.
Nevertheless, the identification of those determining fea-
tures may cause the sharp differences to arise. When in-
dividual complex systems are handled as the objects of
study in different disciplines, it is stated that little com-
mon ground is seen between the abstractions, methods
and models of them. As a matter of fact, complexity
science transcends and expands on the reductionist
framework of traditional understanding, which enables us
to understand that the components that make up the whole
along with the comprehending of the way each part in-
teracts with all the remaining parts as they emerge into a
new entity.
Optimized solutions based on multi-chaos, fractal,
multi-fractional and AI in different complex systems have
become sine qua non vis-à -vis all aspects of conditions of
modern era and artificial life. Thus, computational tech-
nologies in different complex systems based on
mathematical-driven informed frameworks will be able to
provide the generation of more realistic, applicable, adap-
tive models open to learning and flexibility under transient,
dynamic, chaotic and ever-evolving conditions of complex
systems. All these can suggest many beneficial and prac-
tical paths to be discovered while presenting a promising
paradigm with potential insights waiting to be gained,
which we have tried to cover in the chapters of our edited
book.
Chapter 2
Theory of complexity, origin and
complex systems
Yeliz Karaca
University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
1. Introduction
Complexity, as an idea and scientific concept that has
existed since antiquity, requires the understanding of the
origin of complex components, entails lengthy and metic-
ulous computations as well as causal processes. Multiple
interactions emerge among the components in a complex
system whose research address characteristics like adapta-
tion, self-organization, noise, synchronization, high number
of descriptive variables or dimensions, nonlinearity in
description of differential equation systems and reaction to
responses in the external environment. Given that, the
characterization, definition, analysis and understanding of
complex systems encompass powerful relation between
variables and discrimination by noisy nondeterministic
phenomena, sensitivity to initial control as well as strange,
nonperiodic and unpredictable time evolution. As physicist
Nigel Goldenfeld put very aptly, “Complexity starts when
causality breaks down.” Having structure with variations
and far-reaching conditions like spontaneous order,
nonlinearity, feedback, robustness, lack of central control,
numerosity, hierarchical organization and emergence are
considered, complexity reveals many deep layers involved
in complexity. The large number of independent interacting
components and multiple pathways by which the complex
system can evolve further indicate some of the reasons why
causality breaks down as complexity starts. Along these
lines, causality is relative, being prone to fundamental
variations depending on perception, external factors, the
environment, space, time and so on. Time is a flying and
flowing phenomenon; and if we, as the human agents, are
the pilots of the time which is on an infinitive continuum,
the decision-making processes need to be prompt aside
from being efficient and robust. It would not be possible to
proceed along one way on this continuum since constancy
causes nonstationary and steady state; for this reason,
Multi-Chaos, Fractal and Multi-Fractional Artificial Intelligence of Different Complex Systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90032-4.00003-1
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
multifarious and integrative way of thinking and methods
unifying the elements of different disciplines would address
the different parameters of complex systems and their
related problems with optimized solutions. Multifarious,
meaning the possession of many varied parts and aspects as
well as happening in a great variety, in fact, can help
identify the solutions of the complex problems taking into
account nearly all possible parameters of complex systems.
To this end, it is necessary to identify the optimal model
and by providing cross-validations, multifarious methods
consider the fact that each complex problem has a different
nature and the solution to each problem needs custom-
ization. Complexity along with all the variations in net-
works demonstrates that our decisions are not based on
only one single parameter, but on multiple numbers of
parameters with hidden information being at stake as well.
Multifarious adaptive methods within mathematics-
informed frameworks come into prominence for the solu-
tion of complex problems, which enable that the solution is
not superficial or pretentious but reliable, robust and
smooth ensuring the maintenance of quality, sustainability
and meritocracy. Time is not only comprised of de-
notations, it is beyond the traditional thinking of science,
with representations and reflections on life, which apply to
all domains of life. Evolutionary processes, nonlinearity,
and all the other dimensions of complexity rest on time,
reveal time and occur within time. In the ever-changing
current landscape and variations, with causality breaking
down, Stephen Hawking’s quote, “I think the next [21st]
century will be the century of complexity” is critically
significant. The idea of complexity is sometimes stated to
be part of a new unifying framework for science and a
revolution in our understanding of systems the behavior of
which has proved difficult to predict and control thus far.
The goal of complexity science is to achieve a global un-
derstanding by considering the multiple interacting factors
9
10 Multi-Chaos, Fractal and Multi-Fractional Artificial Intelligence of Different Complex Systems
of systems, many branches of possible states and high-
dimensional manifolds while keeping abreast of actuality
along the historical and evolutionary path, which itself has
also been through different critical points on the manifold.
Changing or removing the causes will not necessarily
change or remove the outcomes, and thus, modern scientific
way of thinking is geared toward the development of
models that benefit from local computations, interpolate
task-related manifolds in spaces with high dimensions
instead of just learning the rules or representations of the
world. Similar to evolutionary processes, models that are
overparameterized can be thrifty in terms of providing
applicable, versatile and robust solutions so that multifar-
ious set of functions can be learned and optimized out-
comes can be achieved. These applicable models and way
of thinking from which the models are derived pose broad
challenges to different areas of science if they rely on just
theoretical assumptions.
Evolution, order and complexity reveal the relationship
between natural and social worlds, which reflects a modern
way of thinking that definitely challenges the dichotomy
between the natural and the social. This study, accordingly,
provides a conceptual outline and historical account of
complexity and complex systems along with complex order
processes toward modern scientific path from Darwin and
onwards with a focus directed toward natural, applied and
social sciences.
The capacity of managing the modern societies ulti-
mately rests on a communication network that runs effec-
tively. Just like the neural nets of biological brains, those
networks determine the learning capability, which will
eventually help with survival. The dynamics of information
technologies in the framework of complex systems need to
be modeled within their natural, social, economic and
cultural environments, so as to say informational and
computational ecologies [1]. Under such complexity,
fundamental principles of complex thinking, such as being
holistic, human-oriented, and transdisciplinary, are all
dependent on the concepts of modern theory of evolution
and self-organization of complex systems. Along these
lines, nonlinearity of evolution, chaos, space-time elements
and complexity emerge as important aspects, which is very
well reflected by the quote of Ilya Prigogine: “Our vision of
nature is undergoing a radical change toward the multiple,
the temporal, and the complex” [2]. Aside from these no-
tions mentioned, the following concepts also come along
with complexity: openness, nonlinearity, chaos, self-
organization and synergetics. When something complex is
handled and defined, then all the other aspects including its
nature, structure, evolution as well as its principles should
be considered, which all point toward the definition of
modern science of complexity. In essence, the science of
complex systems has provided us with the conceptual and
methodological tools so that issues of evolution, self-
organization, emergence, and transformation can be
tackled and mechanisms of micro and macro levels can be
explained in terms of their behaviors over time [3].
Mechanistic thinking posits that the universe is under-
standable, analytical method is the only way of research,
and causality explains everything in the world. In contrast,
complexity way of thinking is totally different, stating that
different matters are interconnected and interaction shows
nonlinearity and noncausal determinism. Besides having
the self-generation and self-organization properties, this
strand of thinking includes uncertainty, noncontinuity,
inseparability and unpredictability [4]. Consequently, the-
ory of complexity enables us to gain powerful evidence and
elucidation to challenge traditional and mechanistic
thinking so that humanity can adopt a new way of thinking.
Complexity thinking requires a horizon that takes into
account the subtle properties of different domains, which
require their own means of solutions and applicability. In
neurological system complexity, “evolvability” is concerned
with the species owing their existence to the capability of
their ancestors with regard to evolving and adapting. Another
important point has to do with the correlation between the
complexity of brain design and optimality. The progress
made in the neurosciences has shown the complexity of even
very simple nervous systems, and complexity is manifested
in their structure, function, coding schemes used to represent
information as well as in their evolutionary history. These
viewpoints are of critical importance in the future science of
brain complexity as well [5].
The present and future science of complexity relies on
application aspects for optimal development and strategy
generation to solve the complex problems. To cite relevant
works, [6] introduced a measure, named as neural
complexity, to capture the relationship of two aspects of
brain organization, which are anatomy and physiology. The
complexity measure is applied in computer simulations
regarding the cortical parts of the brain so that the basic
principles of neuroanatomical organization limiting brain
dynamics can be examined. That approach is said to be
useful for the analysis of complexity in other areas related
to biology like embryogenesis and gene regulation as well.
Another work [7] is on the resting-state functional magnetic
resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to record and analyze the
brain’s neural activity. Noting that different regions of the
brain show different levels of complexity, the study ex-
amines individuals, correlated entropy/complexity changes,
concluding that there are important differences at the level
of subject when there is a memory task which is linked to
performance opposed to being at rest. Finally, the study by
[8] employs functional magnetic resonance imaging to
explore the functional networks that underlie cognitive
reasoning in humans with an anatomical abnormality,
called corpus callosum dysgenesis. The findings of the
study demonstrate that resting-state functional brain
 Theory of complexity, origin and complex systems Chapter | 2
network that supports cognitive control is preserved
partially in people with corpus callosum dysgenesis.
Medicine and healthcare systems also display highly
complex properties, particularly during uncertain situations
where promptness of response, accuracy of diagnosis, drug
regimens, interactions between the related parties and so
forth are of vital importance. Furthermore, humans them-
selves are complex, considering their mind, spirit, body and
social contexts. Healthcare settings’ complexity adds
further elements to the situation like the organizational
infrastructure and multi-faceted dynamics there.
Complexity thinking and science can assist all persons
involved in health issues so that simplistic linear thinking
can be avoided and multi-dimensional processes related to
patient care and healthcare service organizations can be
considered within a nonlinear and complex framework.
Consequently, in the study [9], it is stated that complex
systems approaches use a collection of advanced analytical
and methodological tools to be involved in innovative
theory testing and development. The exploration of
dynamically complex systems is done in virtual labora-
tories, which would not be possible to realize by traditional
methodologies. With regard to neuroimaging, the study
[10] illustrates the basic properties characterizing complex
systems while evaluating the way they relate to brain
structure and function based on the experiments of neuro-
imaging. Neural systems are reviewed from the complexity
science perspective by matching the complex systems’
properties with evidence obtained from contemporary
neuroscience. On the topic of law, complexity and medi-
cine, the study [11] discusses the strategic decision-making
in healthcare system by systems methodology based on the
fact that society is a complex system. The models devel-
oped in the frame of systems dynamics as well as the other
means are presented in the related study with a focus on the
importance of feedback loops. As can be seen, complexity
has its implications with other theoretical assumptions,
applications and methods in the field of neurology and
medicine [12e23].
Being staggeringly complex, biological systems
including cells, organisms and ecosystems at large cannot
be analyzed by abstracting them from the whole. Extending
across space, biological networks go across the dimension
ranging from the microscopic scale of intracellular orga-
nization to the global scale of planet ecology. It is
acknowledged that integrated system of complexity along
the evolutionary path is a significant feature of living sys-
tems. Thus, it can be stated that everything biological needs
to be viewed in an evolutionary framework. In addition,
one example of the reason why reductionist approach
would fail is related to the function of one cell in a multi-
cellular organism. Even though one understands the func-
tion of the cell, that would not necessarily mean that the
organism’s physiology can be understood completely [24].
11
As each cell’s activity would be affected by that of other
cells in the organs, tissues and organ systems within the
organism itself abstraction and isolation would not be of
help. Rather complexity thinking would show that inte-
gration into the system enables us to understand that system
has emergent properties and should be interpreted from that
vision. If we are to note some of the works where
complexity and biology are addressed, it can be said that
the study by [25] is on complexity measures for the com-
parison of genomic characteristics. The authors demon-
strate that the fluxes, block entropy content, conditional
probability and exit distance distributions can be utilized as
markers, which can help the discrimination between
eukaryotic and prokaryotic DNA so that in many cases
details about finer classes can be discerned. The complex
measures handled in the study highlight the discerning
power of genomic observables for the prediction of the
evolutionary position of DNA sequence even if its origin is
not known. Another study [26] handles degeneracy, which
is a ubiquitous biological characteristic related to genetic
code and immune systems. Degeneracy is stated to be
required for and result of natural selection. Deeper under-
standing of the way degenerate systems become associated
and synchronized across levels is also said to be an
important challenge to deal with in modern evolutionary
biology. [27] is a study which extends self-organizing
approach for a bacterial genome for the purpose of
analyzing the raw sequencing of human data. The authors
indicate that metagenomics allows for the genomic study of
uncultured microorganisms, and more economical and
faster technologies can help the sequencing of uncultured
microbes, which are sampled directly from their habitats
can provide transformation related to the view for the mi-
crobial world. Finally, the authors of the paper [28]
developed a notion for a model to understand stage tran-
sition systems through hierarchical coordinate systems.
Through this way, an algebraic definition for biological
systems’ complexity is handled along with the comparison
with genome size and number of cell types. The complexity
measure of the authors is said to be unique for maximal
complexity to fulfill a natural set of axioms, which also
shows a strong connection between hierarchical complexity
in biological systems and global semigroup theory, which
is one area of algebra. Biological complexity has its
extensions in other studies with different theoretical
assumptions, models and applications [29e33].
Engineering systems’ uncertainty increases with the
exponentially growing complexity of the system, which
makes tolerance to the uncertainty an essential factor. En-
gineering processes involve many facets and stages, so
complexity is indispensable for engineering as well. [34] is
a study concerned with risk assessment of complex systems
in a supervised dynamic probability manner. The method
developed with this vision is said to improve execution
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 *
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Le jour de l’an passa sans qu’une cérémonie quelconque le

différenciât aux yeux de Hiên d’un dimanche ordinaire. Puis vint le
Têt, jour de l’an annamite.
Ce fut un grand jour. Dès l’aube, Hiên le Maboul et Bèp-Thoï,
ayant fait brûler des bâtonnets d’encens sous l’appentis afin de se
concilier les bons et les mauvais esprits, coururent allumer des files
de pétards devant la porte de l’Aïeul, qui fut éveillé en sursaut.
Dès qu’il fut levé, les deux tirailleurs se présentèrent devant lui,
et, l’ayant salué avec ensemble, lui offrirent des bananes, des
oranges et des œufs frais ; puis Bèp-Thoï, lissant sa barbiche
grisonnante, adressa une longue harangue à son chef :
— Aïeul à deux galons, voici l’année nouvelle : puisse-t-elle
conserver à tes serviteurs un maître tel que toi !… J’ai de longues
années de service : j’ai fait la campagne du Tonkin contre les
Chinois, puis contre les Pavillons-Noirs ; en ce temps-là, il n’y avait
point encore de tirailleurs tonkinois… J’étais alors ordonnance d’un
capitaine que les pirates tuèrent d’un coup de fusil : je ramenai son
corps et j’eus la médaille du Tonkin. Puis je servis sous les ordres de
beaucoup de lieutenants, dont j’ai gardé les portraits, mais dont j’ai
oublié les noms ; j’ai fait la guerre à leur suite, dans la plaine de
Lam, puis sur le Mékong, puis au Siam… Maintenant me voilà âgé ;
le mousqueton commence à se faire pesant sur mon épaule, et
bientôt je n’aurai plus d’autre distraction que de me rappeler tous les
officiers avec qui j’ai combattu et marché. Parmi tous ceux-là, que
j’ai servis en fidèle soldat, tu es au premier rang dans mon affection :
je pense que ton départ sera pour moi un plus cruel deuil que la mort
de mon père et de ma mère, car je t’aime plus que mon père et ma
mère… A toi de parler, Hiên !
Et Bèp-Thoï, très fier de son discours, poussa du coude son
camarade. Hélas ! de la brève allocution qu’il avait cependant
apprise, mot à mot, pendant des semaines, il ne restait plus une
bribe dans le cerveau rebelle du malheureux Hiên, et, lorsqu’il eut dit
à son tour : « Vénérable Aïeul, voici l’année nouvelle… », il resta
court, tremblant et suant.
— C’est bien ! dit l’Aïeul, vous êtes tous deux de braves gens.
Toi, Bèp-Thoï, tu es le modèle des vieux serviteurs, et toi, Hiên, un
excellent garçon, de cœur généreux. Que l’an nouveau vous donne
le bonheur…
Dehors éclatèrent des pétards et des voix résonnèrent sous la
véranda. La porte fut ouverte à deux battants, et l’Aïeul aperçut la
compagnie entière massant au bas du perron ses salaccos plats,
étincelants, et ses figures noires. Une formidable acclamation salua
l’apparition du lieutenant derrière la balustrade.
— Heureuse année, vénérable Aïeul !
— Heureuse année, petits frères !
Puis tous firent silence afin de laisser parler le sergent Cang.
— Aïeul à deux galons, que l’année te soit bonne comme tu as
été bon avec tes soldats ! Qu’elle te donne la félicité et la gloire…
Quant à nous, nous serons heureux tant que tu demeureras avec
nous, car ta présence est la garantie de notre tranquillité, de notre
paix. Tu es notre bonheur : avant ton retour qu’étions-nous ? Des
gueux misérables et courbés sous les injures. Nous ne savions plus
rire et la seule pensée des choses que nous allions dire nous
décourageait de causer entre nous comme autrefois. Nous étions
plus tristes que des pierres et plus humiliés que des chiens. Et j’en
connais qui voulaient déserter, gagner la brousse, et d’autres qui
rêvaient de se mettre le canon de leur mousqueton dans la bouche
et d’en finir… Est-ce vrai, frères cadets ?
— C’est vrai ! c’est vrai ! rugit la compagnie.
— Mais ceux qui méditaient de déserter, ceux qui méditaient de
se tuer retardaient leur fuite ou leur suicide dans l’espoir que tu
reviendrais… Tu ne revenais pas : on interrogeait les sampaniers
descendus de Baria, de Cua-Lap et de Nha-Trang ; ces gens-là
disaient qu’on ne te reverrait jamais, car tu étais monté sur la grande
montagne d’Annam où sont embusquées des tribus de sauvages
nus et des légions de méchants esprits. Et, comme ils t’aimaient
aussi, ils pleuraient avec nous.
— C’est vrai, ils pleuraient ! gémit le chœur, à ce rappel de la
terrible époque.
— Et tu es revenu ! Les chiens qui rampaient, l’échine tremblante,
ont relevé le nez, gambadent en aboyant de contentement.
Personne n’a déserté, personne ne s’est tiré de coup de fusil dans la
bouche… Ah ! comme les clairons sonnaient gaillardement sur la
route du camp, le matin où tu reparus parmi tes tirailleurs ! Comme
les rires s’envolaient jusqu’à la cime des aréquiers ! Et moi, vieux
sergent presque blanc de barbe et de cheveux, j’essuyais, tout en
marchant à ma place de serre-file, des larmes de joie : car je savais
bien que le mauvais rêve avait pris fin, et de loin je te voyais sourire
sous ton casque et je me disais, pleurant comme un imbécile :
« Puisse-t-il, puisse-t-il rester avec nous ! » Et maintenant je te dis
encore : « Reste avec nous désormais ! »
— Reste ! reste avec nous ! supplièrent les tirailleurs.
— Je tâcherai, dit l’Aïeul.
Des cris d’allégresse montèrent des cactus piétinés et les
pétards firent rage.
Et Hiên répétait :
— Reste ! reste, Aïeul à deux galons !
 XII

— L’Aïeul dort toujours ? demande Bèp-Thoï, assis sur les

carreaux de la véranda et rafistolant des cannes à pêche.
— Toujours ! répond Hiên, qui plonge un regard curieux à travers
les lames disjointes des persiennes.
Hiên se rassied et tend à son compagnon les cordonnets tressés,
les crins et les hameçons :
— L’après-midi est chaud, soupire-t-il.
— Oui, mais il y a de la brise : l’Aïeul aura beau temps pour la
pêche.
— Oui ! beau temps pour la pêche ! Quand le soleil pénètre l’eau,
les poissons viennent se chauffer près des roches, et l’on en prend
des quantités, parce que la lumière les aveugle et qu’ils ne
distinguent pas le pêcheur… L’Aïeul en rapportera son plein panier.
— Il ne rapportera rien du tout… On voit bien que tu n’as jamais
été à la pêche avec lui !… Il jette sa ligne, allume sa pipe et ouvre un
livre : il exhale de grosses bouffées de fumée bleue qu’il s’amuse à
suivre de l’œil, lit une page de son livre, lâche son livre pour
regarder les vagues en sifflotant d’un air content ; sa pipe éteinte, il
la rallume et recommence… Tu verras ça tout à l’heure… Quant au
poisson, il mange les appâts tout à son aise, et si, par hasard,
l’hameçon résiste, l’animal a tout le loisir de se décrocher ou
d’emporter l’engin avec lui.
— Mais moi, que ferai-je pendant ce temps-là ?
— Tu n’as qu’une chose à faire, t’étendre à l’ombre et dormir. A
ton réveil, l’Aïeul sera parti ; tu retireras les lignes et tu rentreras :
voilà tout !… Tu peux bien te dispenser de prendre un panier.
— Dis-donc, Bèp-Thoï, je crois que l’Aïeul a bougé.
 Bèp-Thoï regarde, à son tour, dans la chambre. Sur la natte de
rotin multicolore, l’Aïeul s’étire et bâille : la sieste a été longue et le
sommeil invincible pèse encore sur les paupières. Mais le vieux
tirailleur a poussé sans bruit la porte, qui livre passage derrière lui au
jour éclatant, et la face ahurie et bon enfant de Hiên s’encadre dans
l’embrasure.
— Les lignes sont prêtes !
L’Aïeul bâille une dernière fois et se lève décidément, très à son
aise dans le pyjama de tussor gris, enchanté de la lumière et de l’air
frais. Après avoir barboté dans son tub, il s’habille de toile kaki et
écoute patiemment les sages discours de son vieux boy.
— Aïeul, choisis pour t’asseoir une roche sèche et nue ; la
dernière fois que tu es allé à la pêche, ton pantalon était tout vert
d’algues écrasées et j’ai eu toutes les peines du monde à le laver.
— Entendu, vieux Bèp !
— Et puis, veille à tes lignes : elles reviennent toujours sans un
hameçon et même sans un crin.
— C’est compris !… Que veux-tu encore que je fasse pour te
complaire ?
— Prends garde aux coups de soleil : mai est proche !
— C’est bon ! c’est bon !… Partons, Hiên !
— Faut-il prendre un panier, vénérable Aïeul ?
— Mais oui !… En voilà, une question !… J’espère bien rapporter
une friture magnifique… quoique j’aie été, jusqu’ici, assez
malheureux.
— Il y avait un peu de ta faute, geint ce grognon de Bèp-Thoï. Au
lieu de surveiller le bouchon, tu siffles et tu lis et tu regardes les
vagues aller et venir.
— Je t’assure que je suis très attentif à ma besogne ; je n’ai pas
de chance, que veux-tu ?…
 L’Aïeul marche à grandes enjambées, la pipe aux dents, et un
livre sous le bras, et Hiên trotte derrière lui, équipé comme pour une
lointaine campagne de pêche : des lignes jalonnées de bouchons
rouges dansent sur son épaule droite, une épuisette sur son épaule
gauche ; des bidons, des boîtes à vers, des paniers à poissons
s’entre-choquent sur ses hanches et sur ses reins avec un tapage
de ferraille.
Le soleil tape sur le dos des deux promeneurs. Sur les hautes
branches des banyans, les cigales chantent éperdument leur hymne
interminable à la chaleur ; des tourterelles s’appellent doucement,
d’une dune à l’autre, par-dessus les rizières ; des huppes s’amusent
à lancer leur cri précipité aux échos de la forêt, qui le redisent d’une
voix accablée et assourdie ; des perruches se querellent, enrouées
comme des concierges. Il fait atrocement chaud : les palmes des
aréquiers, comme lasses, inclinent vers le sol leurs feuilles repliées
et flétries ; les bananiers prennent des poses vaincues de saules
pleureurs ; les cosses des flamboyants crèvent avec des détonations
brusques ; les fleurs des frangipaniers tournoient et roulent dans la
poussière du chemin qui ensanglante leurs lèvres blêmes, et l’on
croirait qu’elles ont mâché du bétel ; les hibiscus prudents ont
refermé leurs pétales autour du pistil, dont la pointe seule apparaît,
écarlate, parmi les feuilles d’un vert tendre.
Sur les bords d’un étang où des lotus agonisent entre les joncs,
un chœur de grenouilles maudit la sécheresse avec une éloquence
bruyante. Des chiens jaunes, pareils à des renards, ont élu pour y
dormir les degrés de brique de la fontaine et baignent leurs flancs
décharnés et palpitants aux flaques d’eau que le soleil n’a pas bues
encore. Derrière les stores mi-levés des cases, se balancent des
hamacs d’où pendent des jambes nues de fillettes.
L’Aïeul et son compagnon se hâtent le long des murs trop blancs
où sommeillent les margouillats gris, insoucieux du vol strident des
moustiques. Voici la baie enfin et la brise fraîche venue de l’ouest et
de l’océan Indien. Fête de lumière et de couleurs : l’azur éblouissant
du ciel se confond avec l’azur de la mer ; la flottille de sampans
découpe nettement sur l’eau bleue ses vergues brunes, ses
cordages d’aloès marron, ses coques noires où s’ouvrent des yeux
pourpres et qui se dandinent au passage de la houle moirée ; la
montagne dresse plus haut dans l’air vibrant ses croupes de granit
vêtues de verdure neuve.
Sur son contrefort pelé, la villa du gouverneur mire au soleil l’or
de ses mosaïques et l’émail de ses chimères. Les toits de tuiles
semblent des fleurs géantes écloses aux branches des lilas du
Japon, les ardoises de l’Hôtel Ollivier scintillent entre les cimes des
eucalyptus. Des pêcheurs, autour d’un sampan échoué, cognent à
coups de maillet le bordage sonore, rythmant la mélopée que
module leur chef ; le ressac bruissant entre les galets de la plage
chante en sourdine avec eux.
Devant la maisonnette du sergent Cang, voici Maÿ accroupie à
l’ombre et bâillant.
— Où vas-tu, vénérable Aïeul à deux galons ?
— Je vais à la pêche, sœur cadette.
— Il fait beau temps : le poisson abondera.
— Heu ! heu !
— Vénérable Aïeul, permets-moi de t’accompagner : je m’ennuie
à la maison ; il fait chaud ici et j’ai envie de me promener.
— Viens avec nous.
La fillette bondit et emboîte le pas aux deux hommes. Tout en
marchant, elle remarque l’air pénétré de Hiên, entend la musique
infernale que font les instruments de fer-blanc attachés à la ceinture
du tirailleur, et rit comme une source. Hiên se retourne,
soupçonneux.
— Pourquoi ris-tu ?
— Tu ressembles au mât de cocagne que l’on avait planté au
marché, le jour du Têt.
A cette comparaison moqueuse, mais juste, le pauvre diable ne
trouve rien à répondre, et, tout à coup, les bidons, les paniers, les
lignes dont il s’est encombré, et que, tout à l’heure encore, sous le
soleil ardent, il portait si vaillamment, lui paraissent pesants et
ridicules, et, comme on arrive à la levée où l’Aïeul choisit
habituellement sa place, Hiên se débarrasse avec joie de l’attirail qui
le rendit grotesque aux yeux de sa bien-aimée. Il déroule les lignes,
arme les hameçons de hideux vers rouges, assujettit les cannes
avec de gros cailloux.
Fameuse place, à l’ombre d’une touffe de bambou, éventée par
le souffle du large ! L’Aïeul oublieux des recommandations éplorées
de Bèp-Thoï, a jeté son dévolu sur une large pierre tapissée d’une
belle mousse verte : il s’assied et regarde la houle où filtre le soleil.
Les bouchons écarlates se balancent doucement, avec des allures
pacifiques d’engins inoffensifs ; des essaims de menus poissons
argentés défilent en bon ordre et d’un air indifférent autour des
appâts : sans doute les jugent-ils répugnants… « Ils n’ont vraiment
pas tort » ! songe le pêcheur, et, sans plus s’occuper de sa besogne,
il admire maintenant les fusées d’écume que la houle projette sur les
roches. Des ourlets d’eau pétillante montent à l’assaut de la digue,
submergent les rochers, qui reparaissent ruisselants et pareils, avec
leurs chevelures d’algues tordues par les lames, à des crânes de
noyés.
L’Aïeul ouvre le roman à couverture jaune qui gît dans la
mousse ; à travers les feuilles de bambous, le soleil crible les pages
de petits ronds dansants… Choix malheureux : c’est une banale
histoire d’adultère, où sont décrits avec complaisance les états
d’âme d’une petite provinciale neurasthénique et détraquée. L’Aïeul
estimant que l’héroïne eût mérité cent fois le fouet ou la douche,
enfouit l’ennuyeux volume dans le panier à poissons.
Rasséréné par cette exécution, il bourre minutieusement sa pipe
et l’allume, et la fumée s’envole en petits flocons blancs qui
réjouissent les yeux du fumeur. Le ronflement rythmé du ressac lui
suggère des souvenirs musicaux… Oui, c’est bien la chanson du
Rouet d’Omphale… Il fredonne la plainte du héros courbé aux
genoux de la femme ; comme les violons de Colonne, il passe du
piano au fortissimo, et les escouades de poissons qui rôdaient
autour des hameçons prennent décidément la fuite. Seul un crabe
énorme, averti, sans doute, des faibles dangers courus, se glisse
traîtreusement parmi les algues et grignote paisiblement les appâts.
Le chanteur, tenté par la mousse et l’herbe, s’est allongé sur le dos,
le casque sur les yeux. Le crabe peut maintenant dévorer tout à son
aise les vers rouges : l’Aïeul s’est assoupi et les clameurs des
cloches battues par l’écume ne cessent pas de le bercer.
Ses compagnons sont restés d’abord bien sagement à regarder
flotter les bouchons ; puis Maÿ a entraîné Hiên le long de la grève,
et, un instant, ils ont cherché entre les galets des hippocampes et
des coquillages ; ils ont lancé des cailloux aux crabes attardés,
enfoncé des branches dans la panse gélatineuse des méduses. Puis
la fillette a déclaré :
— Je suis lasse.
Et le bon amoureux l’a installée confortablement sous une sorte
de tonnelle de ricins.
Pour la distraire, il fait des ricochets superbes avec des débris de
tuiles. Il a ôté son veston de toile, et son torse noirci, ses biceps
saillants se tendent glorieusement au grand soleil qui dore la plage.
Maÿ le considère et se sent alanguie et nerveuse.
— Viens t’asseoir près de moi, Hiên.
Docile, Hiên vient s’accroupir aux pieds de la fillette.
— Vois comme j’ai chaud, Hiên !
Elle a posé ses deux mains brûlantes sur les épaules bosselées
de muscles durs qui tressaillent.
— Moi aussi, j’ai chaud, bégaie le géant accroupi et frissonnant.
Mais que fait donc Maÿ ?… Elle dégrafe sa longue tunique de
crépon noir ; les boutons d’argent roulent sous ses doigts hâtifs et
cèdent, un par un ; la voici demi-nue, offrant sa poitrine à la brise
fraîche. Elle s’étire et cambre son buste de statuette où perlent des
gouttes légères de sueur. Renversée sur le gazon, les mains
croisées sous la nuque, elle rit comme roucoulent les tourterelles et
parle d’une voix essoufflée :
— Mets-toi près de moi, Hiên.
 Il hésite : devant ce petit corps dévêtu et frémissant, il s’est senti
tout à coup désemparé, hébété ; un nuage rouge est descendu de
ses paupières devant ses yeux, ses oreilles bourdonnent, ses mains
tremblent de fièvre et cette sensation neuve l’inquiète…
Mets-toi donc là, imbécile !… Cette fièvre, c’est l’amour, le seul
amour vrai, l’amour des bêtes !… Tu vas être, pour cette petite fille
en délire, pareil à un dieu !… Et demain tu le seras encore, et
toujours !… Et tu auras conquis le bonheur…
— Prends-moi dans tes bras, Hiên !
Elle attire de toute la force de ses poignets minces le lourdaud ;
et il se défend, et il lui semble qu’il va salir son idole s’il entoure de
ses vilains bras poilus cette délicate divinité d’ivoire.
— Viens près de moi, Hiên !… plus près !…
Elle est folle !… Hiên se redresse à demi, les tempes battantes,
la considère avec ses yeux de bon bouledogue effaré. Et les lèvres
empourprées de bétel lui crachent l’injure :
— Individu idiot !
Il se doute alors vaguement qu’il a commis quelque fâcheuse
bévue, et, pour la réparer, pour apaiser la colère incompréhensible
de Maÿ, il rit, il rit bêtement, et ses doigts malhabiles torturent son
turban.
Les boutons d’argent ont refermé sur les seins minuscules la
tunique de crépon noir et Maÿ se lève, rouge encore, un sourire
méprisant à la bouche. Sans plus regarder le gueux agenouillé, elle
s’en va sur la route où pleuvent les fleurs de frangipanier ; elle
disparaît.
Il la voit fuir, abruti et malheureux, prêt à sangloter… Que lui a-t-il
fait ?… que lui a-t-il fait ?…
Il se secoue, comme au sortir d’un sommeil traversé de
cauchemars.
Le soleil ne brûle plus, son disque orange affleure l’horizon. Le
crépuscule va venir, et la nuit bientôt… L’Aïeul est parti.
 Hiên ramasse les lignes veuves d’hameçons, les paniers vides,
les boîtes à vers, les bidons qui recommencent sur ses flancs leur
musique infernale. Il marche d’un pas morne et le front bas, suivant
dans la poussière les traces des petits pieds nus de Maÿ. Une idée
fixe l’obsède maintenant et il la formule à mi-voix :
— Il ne faut pas que je raconte cette histoire à l’Aïeul !… Je ne
parlerai pas à l’Aïeul !…
*
* *

Il a parlé à l’Aïeul. Il lui a tout dit, accroupi près de la chaise

longue et remuant l’éventail japonais, et l’Aïeul a froncé les sourcils
et, retirant sa pipe de sa bouche, a fait simplement cette réponse :
— Individu idiot !
 XIII

Hiên le Maboul déroula sur les planches du lit de camp sa natte

siamoise où se voyaient dans une plaine verte des lions cerise et
des pagodes jaunes. Il descendit sa caisse de l’étagère où sa place
était marquée parmi d’autres caisses uniformément noires et
timbrées de chiffres rouges. Il l’ouvrit et, méthodiquement, avec des
précautions de ménagère comptant son linge, en sortit tout son petit
bagage.
Il plia selon les rites les vestons de toile blanche empesés, les
vestons de toile kaki rapiécés et flasques, les paletots de molleton
bleu sombre, les pantalons de coutil et de cotonnade ; il bâtit ensuite
avec le tout une magnifique colonne carrée, qu’il coiffa d’un salacco.
A la base du monument, il sema les jambières, les jugulaires et les
ceintures. Il déploya sa trousse de cuir fauve, aligna sur un mouchoir
illustré le miroir d’étain, les ciseaux, la brosse à dents, le peigne de
bambou, le dé, et démonta l’instrument de bois qui lui servait à la
fois d’alène, de bobine et d’étui à aiguilles. Reculant de deux pas, il
contempla son ouvrage d’un œil admiratif.
Autour de lui, et d’un bout à l’autre de la case, des nattes
s’étaient déroulées sur le lit de camp et des caisses noires avaient
vidé leur contenu multicolore sur les nattes. La compagnie se
préparait à une « revue de détail », et les deux grandes cases
bruissaient comme des ruches.
Les sergents français, le casque en bataille, allaient et venaient,
prodiguant des ordres et des encouragements, jurant et s’épongeant
le front avec leurs mouchoirs à carreaux. Des tirailleurs de corvée
époussetaient les étagères et les charpentes goudronnées,
chassaient les pacifiques margouillats et les geckos bruyants,
massacraient les araignées, balayaient les monômes de fourmis,
crevaient les édifices des termites. Des caporaux faisaient laver les
persiennes peintes au coaltar. Les hommes « de chambre », le balai
de rotin aux doigts, fourrageaient sous le lit de camp, sourds aux
clameurs des innocents camarades à qui, par inadvertance, ils
donnaient de leur balai dans les chevilles. Les vieux tirailleurs
médaillés, graves et muets, se tenaient accroupis auprès de leur
paquetage étalé d’un tour de main et fumaient la pipe à eau.
Dehors le grand soleil calme s’épanouissait. Hiên promena la
brosse sur ses cartouchières et sur son ceinturon cirés à
l’encaustique, fit reluire les boutons et la plaque de cuivre avec du
sable mouillé. Puis, s’étant assis et s’étant muni de tout un arsenal
de tournevis, d’écouvillons, de brosses, de chiffons, de fioles, il
ébaucha la grande œuvre : le nettoyage de son mousqueton. Pièce
par pièce, il l’astiqua, le frotta, le récura, le dégraissa, jusqu’à ce
que, plaçant l’œil à la bouche du canon, il vit les rayures étinceler,
jusqu’à ce que la culasse d’acier poli parût nickelée. Avec des soins
minutieux, il coucha l’arme éblouissante sur le bord de la natte et
courut se laver les mains à l’abreuvoir. Puis il s’habilla et attendit les
événements.
La grosse voix du sergent Castel recommandait aux retardataires
de se hâter, car l’heure passait. Sur le ciment, où des artistes
avaient tracé des dessins géométriques avec des caisses de tôle
percées de petits trous, le trot affolé des pieds nus se précipita.
Il y eut encore des cris, des injures, et le silence se fit au moment
où le « Fixe ! » hurlé à pleins poumons par un caporal annonça
l’entrée du lieutenant. Les deux lits de camp adossés alignaient, d’un
bout à l’autre des deux travées, leurs piles bigarrées d’effets, leurs
nattes vertes, débordant sous l’étalage des cartouchières et des
trousses, et les deux haies de tirailleurs figés et contemplant les
premières poutres de la charpente.
L’Aïeul, suivi du morose Pietro et des comptables importants et
raides, s’avançait, foulant de ses bottines vernies les rosaces
humides. Il vérifiait des livrets, inspectait des doublures, se mirait
dans des plaques de ceinturon, manœuvrait des culasses de
mousquetons, faisait jouer des baïonnettes dans des fourreaux. A
chaque tirailleur il adressait un discours bref, louant ou critiquant sa
tenue, reprochant des peccadilles récentes ou glorifiant les services
rendus aux chantiers, tançant les paresseux, encourageant les
braves gens à persévérer.
Mais ces harangues étaient paternelles et les mauvais sujets
eux-mêmes s’en trouvaient réconfortés, prêts au repentir. Hiên reçut
de vifs éloges, qui allumèrent une flamme dans ses yeux sauvages
et lui donnèrent la tentation peu militaire de saisir les mains de son
chef et d’y poser les lèvres. Il conserva cependant l’attitude du soldat
sans armes et la discipline n’eut point à souffrir d’une manifestation
contraire à toutes les règles établies.
Des honneurs plus éclatants encore étaient réservés à ce bon
tirailleur. Lorsque fut terminée l’inspection, la compagnie se forma en
carré sous les flamboyants et l’Aïeul exprima à ses hommes toute sa
satisfaction. Puis il ajouta :
— Vous tous présents, je félicite particulièrement Phâm-vân-
Hiên. Vous êtes tous témoins des progrès réalisés par lui : il s’est
appliqué, chaque jour, à faire mieux que la veille ; il s’est instruit ; il
est devenu un vrai tirailleur, ardent au travail, soumis et propre…
N’a-t-il pas mérité des félicitations, petits frères ?
— Oui, vénérable Aïeul, il les a méritées !
— C’est bien ! ne criez pas si fort !… Je le félicite donc, et devant
vous tous, je proclame qu’il est un bon soldat.
Les tirailleurs se dispersèrent, commentant l’heureuse chance de
leur camarade et jacassant comme un vol de perruches. Et l’Aïeul,
resté seul avec Hiên, vit les prunelles de son serviteur se ternir et
ses mains danser, signe d’émotion grave. Il prévint le déluge
imminent.
— Va chercher une paire de rames, dit-il, nous allons faire une
promenade dans la baie pour noyer ton attendrissement.
*
* *

Entre les coques blanches et effilées des baleinières, le petit

canot vert pomme s’insinua. Hiên ramait et l’Aïeul tenait la barre. Ils
contournèrent l’appontement, évitèrent un lourd ponton ancré dans
le sable et gagnèrent le large. Ils longèrent les jonques assemblées
au milieu de la baie ; les pêcheurs assis en rond sur les roufs
couleur de rouille leur souhaitèrent en riant une heureuse traversée ;
ils passèrent… La houle les prit et les balança sans violence.
L’Aïeul demanda subitement :
— Aimes-tu toujours Maÿ, petit frère ?
Hiên faillit, ainsi interpellé, lâcher ses rames pour assurer son
turban et bredouilla confusément :
— Si j’aime Maÿ ?… si j’aime Maÿ ?…
— Ne te trouble pas : je ne me moque pas. Réponds à ma
question : aimes-tu toujours Maÿ ?
— Je l’aime toujours.
— Autant qu’au premier jour ?
— Davantage, Aïeul à deux galons !
— Sens-tu qu’il te serait impossible de renoncer à elle ?
— Comment pourrais-je l’oublier ? Je ne puis passer un seul jour
sans l’avoir vue ; il faut que je la voie, que je l’entende parler. Elle est
dans mes yeux, dans mes oreilles, dans mon cœur, dans toute ma
chair : comment pourrais-je l’arracher de moi ?
— Tu l’aimes à ce point ?
— Au point que tout ce qui me vient d’elle me semble doux, que,
faute d’obtenir son sourire, je mendie ses rebuffades. Je suis comme
le chien qui sait qu’il va recevoir un coup de trique, mais qui rampe
tout de même vers son maître pour lui lécher les mains.
— Je connais ton mal ; j’en ai souffert autrefois. J’ai guéri. Tu
peux guérir encore.
— Quel est le remède, Aïeul ?
— Renonce à Maÿ. Elle n’est pas faite pour toi. Tu es simple, elle
est compliquée ; tu es franc et honnête, elle est perverse et fausse.
Tu es pauvre ; elle raffole des bijoux, des belles tuniques, des
piastres neuves, toutes choses que tu ne pourras lui donner… Il te
restait une chance de bonheur : elle admirait ta force. Elle a perdu la
tête, un instant, en ton honneur : tu as été assez niais pour te
dérober… Elle ne te pardonnera pas de l’avoir respectée ; tu as
perdu à ses yeux ton prestige de solide gaillard pour n’être plus
définitivement qu’un nigaud maladroit. Tu as passé à côté du
bonheur, ne t’acharne pas à courir après. Il y a d’autres filles que
Maÿ.
— Aïeul ! Aïeul ! quelle fille est pareille à Maÿ ?
— Je connais cette antienne : je l’ai chantée. Et je ne la chante
plus. Tu sauras que les femmes sont toutes pareilles les unes aux
autres ; elles se valent toutes. Celles qui paraissent meilleures, il ne
leur a manqué, à celles-là, que l’occasion de faillir… Du moins, si tu
dois te marier, faut-il t’arranger pour mettre le plus possible d’atouts
dans ton jeu : choisis une bonne grosse fille qui ne soit pas
détraquée ni vicieuse.
— Je ne pourrai pas, je ne pourrai pas oublier Maÿ, gémit
lamentablement le pauvre Maboul.
— Tu l’oublieras, petit frère… Tu souffriras, parbleu ! Tu passeras
des nuits blanches ; il t’arrivera d’errer anxieusement autour de la
case de la bien-aimée ; tu n’auras plus de cœur à rien. Puis, un beau
matin, tu laisseras pour toujours sur ton lit de camp ton cauchemar
mauvais ; tu jugeras que ton idole est une ridicule pimbêche ; tu
brûleras gaiement ce que tu avais adoré. Tu seras grand, fort et
joyeux, parce que connaissant les femmes et les méprisant. Tu
seras heureux !
— Maÿ seule pourrait me donner le bonheur !
— Il ne peut venir des femmes que deuil et malheur. Oublie Maÿ.
— Je ne peux pas, je ne peux pas l’oublier !
— Alors oublie tout ce que je t’ai dit. Du moment que tu tiens
absolument à épouser cette petite fille et que tous mes arguments
ne peuvent prévaloir contre ton amour, épouse-la. Je peux me
tromper, du reste, et je le voudrais. Je ne demande pas mieux que
de te voir marié, père de nombreux enfants, choyé par ta compagne,
heureux enfin. Je ne veux qu’une chose : ton bonheur ; et, puisque,
d’après toi, il réside uniquement dans ton mariage avec Maÿ, je ferai
venir, ce soir, le sergent Cang et je renouvellerai ma démarche…
Rame un peu maintenant…
*
* *

Le sergent Cang a consenti : le mariage se fera dans six mois.

Selon l’usage annamite, Maÿ n’a pas été consultée : son père lui a
simplement amené Hiên et les deux fiancés ont échangé la noix
d’arec et la feuille de bétel. Elle n’a point souri ; elle n’a point pleuré :
à quoi bon ?
Le pauvre Hiên, encouragé par Thi-Baÿ, a voulu mettre ses
lèvres sur les joues froides et fermes de sa future femme. Elle s’est
laissé embrasser, les yeux morts. A quoi bon résister ?… lui a-t-on
demandé son avis ?…
L’Aïeul l’a fait comparaître dans sa belle maison tendue de soie
et gardée par des bouddhas barbus ; il l’a félicitée, en présence de
Hiên, et lui a fait don d’une boîte laquée où, sur un lit de coton rose,
dormait un splendide collier d’or travaillé au poinçon. Elle a mis le
collier à son cou ; sa figure s’est illuminée, une seconde, et Hiên le
Maboul a été envahi d’une joie démente : il a cru que son bonheur
serait éternel et les paroles de l’Aïeul sont sorties de sa mémoire.