1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1. LANDSCAPE
A landscape is the visible features of an area of
land, its landforms and how they integrate
with natural or man-made features. A
landscape includes the physical elements of
geophysical defined landforms such as (ice-
capped) mountains, hills, water bodies such as
rivers, lakes, ponds and the sea, living
elements of land cover including indigenous
vegetation, human elements including
different forms of land use, buildings and
structures, and transitory elements such as lighting and weather conditions.
Combining both their physical origins and the cultural overlay of human presence, often
created over millennia, landscapes reflect a living synthesis of people and place that is
vital to local and national identity. The character of a landscape helps define the self-
image of the people who inhabit it and a sense of place that differentiates one region
from other regions. It is the dynamic backdrop to people’s lives. Landscape can be as
varied as farmland, a landscape park, or wilderness. The earth has a vast range of
landscapes, including the icy landscapes of Polar Regions, mountainous landscapes, vast
arid desert landscapes, islands and coastal landscapes, densely forested or wooded
landscapes including past boreal forests and tropical rainforests, and agricultural
landscapes of temperate and tropical regions.
The activity of modifying the visible features of an area of land is referred to as
landscaping.
There are several words that are frequently associated with the word landscape:

 Scenery: The natural features of a landscape considered in terms of their

appearance, esp. when picturesque: spectacular views of mountain scenery.
 Setting: In works of narrative (especially fictional), it includes the historical
moment in time and geographic location in which a story takes place, and helps
initiate the main backdrop and mood for a story.
 Picturesque: The word literally means "in the manner of a picture; fit to be made
into a picture",
 A view: "A sight or prospect of some landscape or extended scene; an extent or
area covered by the eye from one point" (OED).
 Wilderness: An uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region.
 Cityscape (also townscape): The urban equivalent of a landscape. In the visual
arts a cityscape (urban landscape) is an artistic representation, such as a painting,
drawing, print or photograph, of the physical aspects of a city or urban area.
  Seascape: A photograph, painting, or other work of art which depicts the sea, in
other words an example of marine art.

1.2. LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor public areas, landmarks, and structures
to achieve environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the
systematic investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes
in the landscape, and the design of interventions that will produce the desired outcome.
The scope of the profession includes landscape design; site planning; storm water
management; environmental restoration; parks and recreation planning; visual resource
management; green infrastructure planning and provision; and private estate and
residence landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning
and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture is called a
landscape architect.
Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of botany,
horticulture, the fine arts, architecture, industrial design, geology and the earth sciences,
environmental psychology, geography, and ecology. The activities of a landscape
architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for
campuses and corporate office parks, from the design of residential estates to the design
of civil infrastructure and the management of large wilderness areas or reclamation of
degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills. Landscape architects work on all types of
structures and external space – large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with
"hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials, while paying attention to ecological
sustainability.
The variety of the professional tasks that landscape architects collaborate on is very
broad, but some examples of project types include:

 The planning, form, scale and siting of new developments

 Parks of General design and public infrastructure
 Sustainable development
 Storm water management including rain gardens, green roofs, groundwater
recharge, Green infrastructure, and constructed wetlands.
 Landscape design for educational function and site design for public institutions
and government facilities
 Parks, botanical gardens, arboretums, greenways, and nature preserves
 Recreation facilities; i.e.: playgrounds, golf courses, theme parks and sports
facilities
 Housing areas, industrial parks and commercial developments
 Estate and residence landscape master planning and design
 Highways, transportation structures, bridges, and transit corridors

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  Urban design, town and city squares, waterfronts, pedestrian schemes, and
parking lots
 Natural park, tourist destination, and recreating historical landscapes, and
historic garden appraisal and conservation studies
 Reservoirs, dams, power stations, reclamation of extractive industry applications
or major industrial projects and mitigation
 Environmental assessment and landscape assessment, planning advice and land
management proposals.
 Coastal and offshore developments and mitigation
 Ecological Design any aspect of design that minimizes environmentally
destructive impacts by integrating itself with natural processes and sustainability
Landscape managers use their knowledge of landscape processes to advice on the long-
term care and development of the landscape. They often work in forestry, nature
conservation and agriculture.
Landscape scientists have specialist skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology
or botany that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects
can range from site surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or
management purposes. They may also report on the impact of development or the
importance of particular species in a given area.
Landscape planners are concerned with landscape planning for the location, scenic,
ecological and recreational aspects of urban, rural and coastal land use. Their work is
embodied in written statements of policy and strategy, and their remit includes master
planning for new developments, landscape evaluations and assessments, and preparing
countryside management or policy plans. Some may also apply an additional specialism
such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning.
Green roof (or more specifically, vegetative roof) designers design extensive and
intensive roof gardens for storm water management, sustainable architecture,
aesthetics, and habitat creation.

1.3. PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE DESIGN

The principles of landscape design include the elements of unity, scale, balance,
simplicity, variety, emphasis, and sequence as they apply to line, form, texture, and
color. These elements are interconnected.

 Unity
 Line
 Form
 Texture
 Color
 Scale

LANDSCAPE DESIGN 3
  Balance
 Simplicity and Variety
 Emphasis
 Sequence

1.4. TERMS USED IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN

 Avenue: A wide road or pathway lined with trees on either side.
 Buffer: The use of landscape to curtail view, sound or dust with plants or earth
berms, wall, or any such element.
 Climber (Creeper/Vine): A non-supporting plant, woody or herbaceous, which
clings to a wall, trellis or other structures as it grows upward.
 Columnar: A slender, upright plant form.
 Egress: A way out, or exit.
 Elevation: A contour line or notation of relative altitude, useful in plotting
existing or proposed feature.
 Exotic: A plant that is not native to the area in which it is planted.
 Fencing: A barrier of plant or construction material used to set off the boundary
of an area and to restrict visual or physical passage in or out of it.
 Foliage: The collective leaves of a plant or plants.
 Geo-textile : Any permeable textile (natural or synthetic) used with foundation,
soil, rock, earth or any other geotechnical engineering-related material as an
integral part of a human made project, structure or system.
 Grade: The slope or lay of the land as indicated by a related series of elevations.
o Natural Grade: Grade consisting of contours of unmodified natural land
form.
o Finished Grade: Grade accomplished after landscape features are
installed and completed as shown on plan as proposed contours.
 Gradient: The degree of slope of a pipe invert or road or land surface. The
gradient is a measure of the slope height as related to its base. The slope is
expressed in terms of percentage or ratio.
 Grading: The cutting and/or filling of earth to establish smooth finish contours for
a landscape construction project. Grading facilitates good drainage and sculpts
land to suit the intent of landscape design
 Grasses: Plants that characteristically have joint stems, sheaths and narrow
blades (leaves).
 Groundcover: The planting material that forms a carpet of low height; these low-
growing plants are usually installed as the final part of landscape construction.
 Hard Landscape: Civil work component of landscape architecture such as
pavement, walkways, roads, retaining walls, sculpture, street amenities,
fountains and other built environment.

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 Hardy Plant: Plants that can withstand harsh temperature variations, pollution,
dust, extreme soil conditions, and minimal water requirements and the likes.
These plants have ability to remain dormant in such conditions and survive.
 Hedge: Number of shrubs or trees (often similar species) planted closely together
in a line. A hedge may be pruned to shape or allowed to grow to assume its
natural shape.
 Herb: An annual plant with a non-woody or fleshy structure. Certain herbs are
highly useful for cooking or of high medicinal value.
 Ingress: A way in, or entrance.
 Invert: The low inside point of a pipe, culvert, or channel.
 Kerb: A concrete or stone edging along a pathway or road often constructed with
a channel to guide the flow of storm water and thereby serving dual purpose.
 Mound: A small hill or bank of earth, developed as a characteristic feature in
landscape.
 Native: A plant indigenous to a particular locale.
 Planting: Planting is the operation of transferring young plant from nursery to
their permanent place in landscape.
 Screen: A vegetative or constructed hedge or fence used to block wind,
undesirable views, noise, glare and the like, as part of in landscape design; also
known as 'screen planting' and 'buffer plantation'.
 Sediment: The product of erosion processes; the solid material, both mineral and
organic, that is in suspension, is being transported or has been moved from its
site of origin by air, water, gravity or ice.
 Shrub: A woody plant of low to medium height, deciduous or evergreen,
generally having many stem.
 Soft Landscaping: The natural elements in landscape design, such as plant
materials and the soil itself.
 Spot Elevation: In surveying and contour layout, an existing or proposed
elevation noted as a dot on the plan.
 Street/Outdoor Furniture: Items of furnishing in outdoor landscape.
 Swale: A linear wide and shallow depression used to temporarily store, route or
filter runoff. A swale may be grassed or lined.
 Topsoil: The uppermost layer of the soil.
 Transplanting: Moving a plant from its place of origin to another location.
Transplanting is the process of bodily lifting of mature and large plants from their
position to a new position.
 Tree: A woody plant, generally taller than 2.00 m, with a well-distinguished trunk
or trunks below the leaf crown.
o Deciduous Tree: Tree that sheds all its leaves in autumn or in dry season.
o Evergreen Tree: Tree that remains green for most part of the year and
sheds leaves slowly throughout the year.

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  Tree Grate: A metal grille, installed at the base of a tree otherwise surrounded by
pavement that allows the free passage of air, water, and nutrients to the tree
root, but does not interfere with the foot traffic.
 Tree/Plant Guard: The protection constructed around a tree to reduce vandalism and to
prevent damage. It could be made of metal, bamboo, concrete, etc.
2. HARDSCAPE
Hardscape refers to hard landscape
materials in the built environment
structures that are incorporated into a
landscape. This can include paved areas,
driveways, retaining walls, sleeper
walls, stairs, walkways, and any other
landscaping made up of hard wearing
materials such as wood, stone, concrete
etc. as opposed to softscape, the
horticultural elements of a landscape.
From an urban planning perspective, hardscapes can include very large features, such as
paved roads, driveways or fountains and even small pools. Most water features are
hardscapes because they require a barrier to retain the water, instead of letting it drain
into the surrounding soil.
Hardscaping allows the erection of man-made landscaping features that would
otherwise be impossible due to soil erosion, some that compensate for large amounts of
human traffic that would cause wear on bare earth or grass. For example, sheer vertical
features are possible.
The term "hardscapes" also refers to all the various types of inanimate means we
employ to get our grounds under control and make them both practical and appealing. It
is a static non-plant features of the overall landscape plan. Hardscapes provides
permanent definition and help to establish outdoor environment. It is the work in the
concept of artistry and the long term increasing the value of home. The right hardscape
elements can improve the appearance, value and function of the landscape. Hardscape
allows to mold the site to suit the needs without sacrificing its natural beauty. It can be
used to create an interesting landscape on a former pasture, add a pond or expand the
outdoor living area. Native or imported stone, modular block retaining walls and
interlocking pavers can be used alone or in combination to solve landscaping problems
or enhance the look of any site.
Without nearby bare soil, or natural drainage channels or culverts, hardscape with an
impervious surface requires artificial methods of drainage or surface runoff to carry off
the water that would normally be absorbed into the ground as groundwater and prevent
premature wear to itself. Lack of capacity, or poorly planned or executed drainage or
grading of the surface can cause problems after severe storms or heavy extended
periods of rain fall, such as flooding, washout, mud flows, sink holes, accelerated

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erosion, wet rot to wood elements, drowning of plants trees and shrubs and even
foundation problems to an adjacent home like cracking the foundation, basement
flooding due to water infiltration, pest infiltration like ants and other insects entering
through damaged areas.

The function of hardscape are as follows:

 Create links between the buildings

 Define private areas
 Give security to private areas
 Cater for vehicular or pedestrian movement
 Assist people with disability
Common materials used as hardscape in various place are:

 Stone
 Brick
 Concrete
 Tiles
 Wood

2.1. STONE
Stone is extensively used and very popular
landscape element which adds a touch of elegance
to the landscape. It is naturally found in nature and
hence does not require any kind of maintenance
but should be handled properly as it is too heavy to
carry. Stone has following important characteristic
which explains its strength and they are:

 It offers variety of colors, textures, patterns and sizes.

 It radiates quality and durability as it does not require any maintenance.
 It maintains durability as they are timeless and provide unique appearance.
 It is available in wide range and it is environmental friendly.
Stones can be classified as:

 Igneous rock
 Sedimentary rock
 Metamorphic rock

2.1.1. Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks are the densest, hardest and most
water resistant rocks on earth. Igneous rock is

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formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock may form
with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or
on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.
There are varieties of igneous rocks but the most commonly used igneous rocks in
landscapes such as Granite and Basalt where Basalt known for its black or dark-grey
coloration is used in exterior pavements, but in smaller quantities compared to granite.
These are among the costliest hardscapes options available.
Granite
Granite is a light-colored igneous rock with
grains large enough to be visible with the
unaided eye. It forms from the slow
crystallization of magma below Earth's surface.
It is composed mainly of quartz and feldspar
with minor amounts of mica, amphiboles and
other minerals gives granite a red, pink, gray or
white color with dark mineral grains visible
throughout the rock.

2.1.2. Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by
the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and
within bodies of water. Sedimentary rocks are only a
thin veneer over a crust consisting mainly of igneous
and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are
deposited in layers as strata, forming a structure called
bedding. Sedimentary rocks are also important sources
of natural resources like coal, fossil fuels, drinking water
or ores.
Sedimentary rocks are used in various ways in
landscape which is explained as below:

 Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed
primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the
form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly
forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is
usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms
from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and
fecal debris. It can also be a chemical

LANDSCAPE DESIGN 8
sedimentary rock formed by the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lake or ocean
water. Due to its softness character it is best for detail and ornamentation.

 Sandstone
Sandstone is a classic composed mainly of sand-
sized minerals or rock grains. Most sandstone is
composed of quartz and/or feldspar because
these are the most common minerals in the
Earth's crust. Sandstone may be any colors such
as tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and
black. It is used for artistic purposes to create
ornamental fountains and statues.

 Flagstone
Flagstone is a sedimentary rock that is split into
layers along bedding planes. Flagstone is usually
a form of a sandstone composed of feldspar and
quartz in grain size. It is a generic flat stone,
usually used for paving slabs or walkways,
patios, fences and roofing. It may be used for
memorials, headstones, facades and other
constructions.

 Bluestone
Bluestone is one of the kind of sandstone which
is a fine grained sandstone with bluish to
greenish hues. It is very popular paving material
because it brings a beautiful hue to the garden
and is suitable for modern as well as rustic
styles. Bluestone is used as flooring materials
and to create pleasing veneers, wall caps,
building stones, treads, steps, and others. It is
present in many public structures, commercial
establishments, and residential units across the country and elsewhere.

 Gravel
Gravel is an affordable outdoor paving material
that can be installed quickly and easily. When
used for paving, gravel has a very natural and
casual appearance, making it an excellent option
for cottage gardens, or Tuscan style courtyards.
Gravel will last a lifetime and when laid over

LANDSCAPE DESIGN 9
landscaping fabric it will block weeds. Gravel provides excellent drainage, allowing water
to readily flow through to the dirt underneath.
2.1.3. Metamorphic Rocks
A metamorphic rock is a result of a transformation of a preexisting rock. The original
rock is subjected to very high heat and pressure, which cause obvious physical and/or
chemical changes. The commonly used metamorphic rocks are slate, marble, gneiss and
schist.

 Slate
Slate appears like thin, smooth sheets and has many
landscape applications. It is widely used in the
landscape such as wall, copings and pavements. It
comprises of colors such as black, blue, grey, purple
and even some shades of red. The density and fine
grain of slate gives excellent ice and water
resistance.

 Marble
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock
composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals,
most commonly calcite or dolomite. It is used in
exterior walls and veneers, flooring, decorative
features, stairways and walkways.

2.2. BRICKS
Bricks are durable, and almost 100 percent of fired
brick is usable. Factory seconds and used brick can
be crushed and recycled for mulch or for pathways.
When bricks are laid on a sand base, rain and
irrigation water can pass through the joints,
preventing runoff. Bricks are relatively easy to install
and most homeowners can tackle small installation
projects. Long-term maintenance cost is low if the
bricks are installed properly. It is strong, durable and
attractive and gives flexibility in creating pattern,
form, texture, shadow, detail, and visual interest.

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In Nepal, mainly three types of brick are used in the building i.e. Kachi appa (sun dried
bricks),Dachi appa (burnt brick) and Telia bricks(bricks with oil)among which Telia bricks
are used for pavement.
Its uses are:

 Structural uses such as foundations walls and floors. Decorative/ornamental

uses.
 May be concealed by other finish materials such as stucco, plaster or paint, or
may be exposed both on the interior and exterior.
 Bricks are also used in the metallurgy and glass industries for lining furnaces.
 Brick have good thermal shock resistance, under load, high melting point, and
satisfactory porosity. Bricks are used for building and pavement.
Its advantages are:

 The use of materials such as brick and stone can increase the thermal mass of
building, giving increased comfort in the heat of summer and cold of winter and
can be ideal for passive solar applications.
 Affordable in cost
 The appearance especially when well crafted, can impart an impression of
solidity and permanence.
 Brick is very heat resistant material and thus will provide good fire protection.

2.3. CONCRETE
Concrete block is alternative of brick which
comes in a various range of sizes, shapes and
textures and can be made in any color. These are
light in weight and can be handled easily. It is
considered as a finishing element to give a
finishing touch to the components of building.
Asphalt also known as bituminous concrete is
economical, durable and relatively easy to
maintain and repair and used in the building surrounding for parking. It is also used on
roads, driveways, paths, trails and recreational area for curbing and borders.
Its characteristics are:

 High strength and durability.

 Low maintenance in cost.
 Versatile in nature.
 Capacity of fire resistance and thermal
mass

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Its uses are:

 Used in residential driveways

 House foundations and walls
 Paving and Curb & Gutter Applications
2.4. TILES
The word is derived from the French word
tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word
tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of
fired clay. A tile is a manufactured piece of
hard-wearing material such as ceramic,
stone, metal, or even glass, generally used
for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or
other objects such as tabletops.
Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to
similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool,
typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a tile is a construction
tile or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based
game). Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple
square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed
for internal uses and unglazed for roofing, but other materials are also commonly used,
such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone. Tiling stone is
typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors,
which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts.

Its characteristics are:

 It has a great level of porosity hence

it is water absorbent element.
 Its dimension and appearance varies.
 Gives resistance to humidity and
temperature changes.
 Gives slip resistance.

Its uses are:

 Used in homes
 Used in offices
 Used in industrial areas and outdoors

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2.5. WOOD
Wood is a porous and fibrous structural
tissue found in the stems and roots of trees
and other woody plants. It is also considered
as widely used element which enhance the
appearance of the landscape. It has been
used for thousands of years for both fuel and
as a construction material. Wood can be
used in any way that may be in form of
doors, windows, flooring and decorative
element. It is used both for interior and exterior purpose. Wood is also commonly used
as shuttering material to form the mold into which concrete is poured during reinforced
concrete construction. In buildings made of other materials, wood will still be found as a
supporting material, especially in roof construction, in interior doors and their frames,
and as exterior cladding. Wood has been an important construction material since
humans began building shelters, houses and boats.

Its characteristics:

 Highly aromatic and natural

resistance to insect damage.
 Hard texture Grain: fine grain, very
knotty-grain varies around knot.
 Very hard and gives soak resistance.

Its uses:

 Used in fuel and construction.

 Used in furniture and utensils.
 Used in arts and sculpture.

LANDSCAPE DESIGN 13
3. SOFTSCAPE
Softscape refers to the live
horticultural elements of a landscape.
Softscaping can include, flowers,
plants, shrubs, trees, flower beds,
and duties like weed/nuisance
management, grading, planting,
mowing, trimming, aerating,
spraying, and digging for everything
from plants and shrubs, to flower
beds. Wheel barrows and manual
tools like rakes, shovels, picks, and
gas power tools are commonly used. The term softscape stands in contrast to hardscape
which represents inanimate objects of a landscape such as pavers, stones, rocks, planter
boxes, arbors , water feature as well as structures of wood and natural stone and
concrete, like: retaining walls, patios, fences and decks, pergolas, stairs, etc.
The function of softscape are:

 lend character to the landscaping

 create an aura, ambience, and reflect the sensibilities of the inhabitants

SOFT LANDSCAPE MATERIALS

When the hardscaping is complete, it’s
time to add the living part of the
landscape, which is the softscape.
Softscape features may be permanent,
such as evergreen trees and shrubs, or
they may be temporary, such as with
perennial flowers. This is what makes
softscaping so much fun, as it’s always
changing to fit the season and vision of
the homeowner. Examples of softscape features include:

 Grass
 Trees
 Shrubs
 Flowers
 Soil
 Vegetable gardens

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PLANT MATERIALS
The major sets of factors that influence the choice of plant material are related to the
characteristics, both botanical and physical of plant material and the context in which
the plant material is to be used. The inter-relationship of these sets of factors is the basis
for developing a sound approach to the process of designing with plants. - Physical and
Botanical Characteristics of Plant Material The information on plant material should be
available in a systematic format to include definition, significance and design
implications of the following aspects:
 Nomenclature (botanical and trade-name)
 Origin, family and natural habitat
 Growth characteristic and form as a function of habitat
 Physical characteristics, for example bark, texture, foliage, etc.
 Propagation and maintenance
 Use in landscape design.

3.1. TREES
Some examples of the functional implications of using
evergreen and deciduous plant material for specific
situations are:
a. Evergreen trees for:
 Places requiring shade throughout the year,
 Strong visual screening
 Part of windbreak or shelter planting, Evergreen trees
 Areas where leaf lifter is to be discouraged.

b. Deciduous trees for

 Greater visual variety,
 Partial visual barrier,
 Areas where under-planting is to be encouraged
(for example grass)
Deciduous trees

Selection of plant material for landscape design:

The success of landscape design with plants depends on how to choose the appropriate
plants for a particular situation. Thoughtful selection of the trees, shrubs, climbers,
bulbs, foliage plants, grass, groundcover and aquatic plants transform the barren
landscape into meaningful landscape. Efforts should be made to select an appropriate
plant material for the given situation based on the following criteria:
 Habit

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  Color
 Season of flowering
 Form
 Rate of growth and Environmental considerations

3.2. PLANTS
3.2.1. Annual
An annual plant is a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to the
production of seed, within one year, and then dies. Summer annuals germinate during
spring or early summer and mature by autumn of the same year. Winter annuals
germinate during the autumn and mature during the spring or summer of the following
calendar year. One seed-to- seed life cycle for an annual can occur in as little as a month
in some species, though most last several months. Plants that complete its life cycle,
from germination to the production of seed, within one year, and then dies are called

African daisy Angel's Trumpet Pansy

Moonflower
Annual Plant.
3.2.2. Perennial
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives for more than two years. The
term is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The
term is also widely used to distinguish plants with little or no woody growth from trees
and shrubs, which are also technically perennials. Perennials, especially small flowering
plants, that grow and bloom over the spring and summer, die back every autumn and
winter, and then return in the spring from their rootstock, are known as herbaceous
perennials. However, depending on the rigors of local climate, a plant that is a perennial
in its native habitat, or in a milder garden, may be treated by a gardener as an annual
and planted out every year, from seed, from cuttings or from divisions.

Balloon Flower Chrysanthemum Hibiscus Hosta

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3.2.3. Bulbs
A bulb is a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases that function as food storage
organs during dormancy. (In gardening, plants with other kinds of storage organ are also
called "ornamental bulbous plants" or just "bulbs".) A bulb's leaf bases, also known as
scales, generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to
survive adverse weather conditions. At the center of the bulb is a vegetative growing
point or an unexpanded flowering shoot. The base is formed by a stem, and plant
growth occurs from this basal plate. Roots emerge from the underside of the base, and
new stems and leaves from the upper side. Tunicate bulbs have dry, membranous outer
scales that protect the continuous lamina of fleshy scales. Species in the genera Allium,
Hippeastrum, Narcissus, and Tulipa all have tunicate bulbs.

Agapanthum Allium Parrot Tulip Tulip

3.2.4. Fruit
Fruits are the means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds. Accordingly, fruits
account for a substantial fraction of the world's agricultural output, and some (such as
the apple and the pomegranate) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic
meanings. In common language usage, "fruit" normally means the fleshy seed-
associated structures of a plant that are sweet or sour, and edible in the raw state, such
as apples, bananas, grapes, lemons, oranges, and strawberries. On the other hand, in
botanical usage, "fruit" includes many structures that are not commonly called "fruits",
such as bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains. The section of a fungus
that produces spores is also called a fruiting body

Strawberry Blueberry Cherry Peach

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3.2.5. Herbs
Herbs are any plants used for food, flavoring, medicine, or perfume. Herbs have a variety
of uses including culinary, medicinal, and in some cases spiritual usage. General usage of
the term "herb" differs between culinary herbs and medicinal herbs. In medicinal or
spiritual use any of the parts of the plant might be considered "herbs", including leaves,
roots, flowers, seeds, resin, root bark, inner bark (and cambium), berries and sometimes
the pericarp or other portions of the plant.

Dill Lavender Rosemary Sage

3.2.6. Houseplant
A houseplant is a plant that is grown indoors in places such as residences and offices.
Houseplants are commonly grown for decorative purposes, positive psychological
effects, keeping fresh or health reasons such as indoor air purification. Plants used in this
fashion are most commonly, though not always, tropical or semi-tropical epiphytes,
succulents or cacti.

Trdescantia

Arrowhead Vine Dieffenbachia Dracaena

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3.2.7. Shrub
A shrub is a small to medium-sized woody plant. It is distinguished from a tree by its
multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 6 m (20 ft) tall. Plants of many species
may grow either into shrubs or trees, depending on their growing conditions. Small, low
shrubs, generally less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, such as lavender, periwinkle and most small
garden varieties of roses, are often termed subshrubs.

3.2.8. Vine

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A vine (Latin vTnea "grapevine", "vineyard", from vTnum "wine") in the narrowest sense
is the grapevine (Vitis), but more generally it can refer to any plant with a growth habit
of trailing or scandent (that is, climbing) stems or runners. The word also can refer to
such stems or runners themselves, for instance when used in wicker work

Cedar Crabapple Redbud Serviceberry

Boston Ivy Honeysuckle Mandevilla Trumpet

Vine Vine

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3.3. TYPES OF PLANTS USED
A. Velvet Cloak Smoke Tree (Cotinus coggygria 'Velvet Cloak')

 It has beautiful, deep purple leaves.

 Large deciduous shrub or small tree with deep purple
leaves and "puffs" of pink flowers in early summer.
 Plant in average garden soil that is rich in organic
matter and well-drained; tolerates some salt.
 Plant in full sun.
 Height: 10-15 feet
 Width: 15-20 feet
B. Jules Verne Peony (Paeonia lactiflora 'Jules Verne')

 This perennial is known for its fragrant double pink

flowers. Herbaceous perennial noted for its fragrant
double pink flowers.
 Plant in full sun to light afternoon shade; cut back
foliage after frost.
 Plant shallowly in rich, but well-drained soil; fertilize in
spring; divide in autumn, if desired.
 Height: 32 inches Width: 28-32 inches

C. Winter King Hawthorn (Crataegus viridis 'Winter King')

 Bright red fruit grows on the winter king hawthorn
through winter.
 Upright deciduous small tree with flat clusters of white
flowers in May followed by bright red fruit through winter
and occasional thorns.
 Plant in average garden soil that is rich in organic matter
and well-d rained
 Plant in full sun with good air circulation.
 Height: 15-20 feet Width: 18-20 feet

D. Liriope muscari 'Big Blue' — Big Blue Liriope

 Clump forming, evergreen ground cover with grass-
like foliage and lavender flowers in summer.
 Plant in rich organic soil that is well-drained.
 Plant in full sun to full shade.
 Prune back tattered foliage in late winter; divide in
spring if needed.
 Height: 12-18 inchesWidth: 1-2 feet

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E. Thornless Common Honeylocust (Gleditsia
triacanthosvar. inermis 'Suncole')
 This deciduous tree prefers full sun.
 Deciduous, irregular tree with fern-like
golden compound leaves and
 Tufts of white flowers in spring.
 Plant in full sun.
 Tolerant of a wide range of well-drained
soils.
 Height: 40-45 feet
 Width: 40-45 feet

F. Weigela

 Genus of between 6 and 38 species of

deciduous shrubs
 Family: Caprifoliaceae Growing to 1-5 m (3-
15') tall.
 Natives of eastern Asia
 The leaves are 5-15 cm long, ovate-oblong
with an acuminate tip, and with a serrated
margin. The flowers are 2-4 cm long, with a
five-lobed white, pink, or red (rarely yellow)
corolla, produced in small corymbs of several
together in early summer.
 The fruit is a dry capsule containing
numerous small winged seeds.

G. Clematis Vitalba

 Position: Full sun to partial shade

 Family: Ranunculaceae
 Flowering period: Summer
 Soil: Well drained soils
 Eventual Height: 15m
 Eventual Spread: 15m
 Hermaphrodite flowers: white to greenish
white and about 2cm in diameter
 Leaves: pinnately compound, consisting of
5 leaflets with entire leaf margins, the upper leaflet is sometimes 3 lobed.
 commonly known as Old man's beard

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Selecting the right plant is a very important step in establishing landscape. Selecting the
improper plant can increase maintenance chores through excessive pruning, extra
watering, and additional spraying to control insects and diseases. Selecting the right
plant can reduce these chores and increase the time to enjoy landscape. When a plant
has to be chosen for landscape, there are many things to consider. First, something must
be known about the physical features of the plant, such as its size, shape, and whether
or not it will have foliage all year long. Next, if the plant is hardy for area of the state, if
the plant will grow where it will be planted and soil's acidity level is adequate for the
plant or not. Finally, the use of plant must be considered.

4. LANDSCAPE DESIGN

4.1. EXISTING SITE

The site is located in Pulchowk Campus, Lalitpur. The site is the front yard of Department
of architecture. The existing site consists of a barren land where different activities takes
place like playing football, organizing programs and it is mostly used for sunbathing in
winter season. The site also consists of prototype model of ‘Ashraya’, a hut shaped
structure and there umbrella made of straw covering circular seating. The site also
consists of small cave with raised ground level. The surrounding of site consists of
Department of Architecture, Ananda Niketan, summer and winter Pavilion, CSBS House
and a small pond. There are different kinds of trees and plants.

Site location

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4.2. SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

4.3. DESIGN CONCEPT

 Development of OAT with reference from axis line

 Multi use of OAT during daily activities and during programs
 Transparent shading for aesthetic purpose and for feeling of closeness

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4.4. 3D IMAGES

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